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"Military capability is essential to enable State to exercise its right of self-defense. Such military capability is referred to as military defense capability. Although its purpose is for defense, it still presents a problem. The military defense capability of one State can be perceived by another State as a threat. For military defense capability not to be regarded as a threat, as argued in this study, the State has to observe certain parameters. One of those parameters is international law. International law as a restricting norm has proscribed limitations that a State has to observe when it exercises its right to establish and build up its military defense capability. The main purpose of this study is to examine how international law can assume its role to restrict the right of a State and to see how effectively international law has played its role. To this effect, the study is divided into two parts. The first part discusses some basic comprehension of military defense capability, how international law in general assumes its role of restricting certain activities of States and the limitations found under international law that enforce these restrictions. The second part is devoted to examining Japan as a case study. This part of the discussion centers on Japan's military defense capability and analyses whether Japan has observed the limitations. The study gives an overall conclusion, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of international law and Japan's degree of adherence to the limitations."

"Military capability is essential to enable State to exercise its right of self-defense. Such military capability is referred to as military defense capability. Although its purpose is for defense, it still presents a problem. The military defense capability of one State can be perceived by another State as a threat. For military defense capability not to be regarded as a threat, as argued in this study, the State has to observe certain parameters. One of those parameters is international law. International law as a restricting norm has proscribed limitations that a State has to observe when it exercises its right to establish and build up its military defense capability. The main purpose of this study is to examine how international law can assume its role to restrict the right of a State and to see how effectively international law has played its role. To this effect, the study is divided into two parts. The first part discusses some basic comprehension of military defense capability, how international law in general assumes its role of restricting certain activities of States and the limitations found under international law that enforce these restrictions. The second part is devoted to examining Japan as a case study. This part of the discussion centers on Japan's military defense capability and analyses whether Japan has observed the limitations. The study gives an overall conclusion, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of international law and Japan's degree of adherence to the limitations."

"ENGO Jepang memiliki sejumlah karakteristik yang berpotensi menawarkan pendekatan environmentalism alternatif melalui koalisi NGO untuk memenuhi kebutuhan instansi terkait. Secara umum ENGO memiliki prospek sebagai aktor transnasional dalam meningkatkan kesadaran publik tentang isu-isu lingkungan lokal dan global serta bergantung pada berbagai cara untuk mencapai tujuan mereka seperti pengadaan dan mengelola lahan yang terancam punah, melakukan penelitian lapangan, melobi lembaga pemerintah, dan melaksanakan kampanye informasi untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat. JEEF (Japan Environmental Education Forum) sebagai salah satu ENGO Jepang dibentuk secara resmi pada tahun 1992 oleh beberapa akademisi. JEEF berfokus pada pendidikan lingkungan dengan menggunakan isu-isu lingkungan negara-negara berkembang terutama Asia Tenggara. JEEF yang merupakan transformasi forum lingkungan ke ENGO telah memberikan perhatian mengenai masalah-masalah lingkungan seperti pemanasan global, penggundulan hutan, dan sanitasi. Penelitian ini membahas kerangka implementasi JEEF dalam menjembatani kepentingan negara-negara berkembang dan melayani seluruh lapisan masyarakat melalui kemitraan dengan ENGO lokal. Praktek JEEF dalam merespon masalah lingkungan global memperlihatkan pertukaran dialog dan koordinasi antar lembaga agar bantuan kemanusiaan tepat guna dan tepat sasaran.

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Japanese ENGOs possess a number of characteristics that potentially offer an environmentalism alternative approach to NGOs coalition for addressing relevant agencies needs. ENGOs generally have prospects in order to expand as increasing public awareness of domestic or global interconnected issues of the environment and rely on a variety of means to accomplish their goals include acquiring and managing endangered land, performing field research, lobbying government institution, and performing information campaigns to raise public awareness.

JEEF (Japan Environmental Education Forum) as one of the japanese ENGOs officially created in 1992 by a team of academicians. JEEF focuses on environmental education using environmental issues of emerging countries primarily in Southeast Asia. Environmetal issues including global warming, deforestation, and sanitation has been concerned by JEEF as a transformation of environmental forum into an ENGO.

This research discusses the framework of JEEF implementation in bridging the interests of less developed countries and serving all sectors of society to partner with Southeast Asia indigenous ENGOs. JEEF praxis in responding to environmental global issues has established coordination and the exchanging dialogue and inter-agency coordination in order to appropriate and well-targeted humanitarian assistance."

"ABSTRAKInvasi Israel ke Libanon membuat Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa membuat misiperdamaian internasional yang diberi nama UNIFIL (United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon. Untuk menyusun pasukan-pasukan dari negara-negaraanggotanya agar tergabung dalam UNIFIL, PBB melakukan seleksi terhadapnegara-negara anggotanya untuk berpartisipasi dengan cara memberian mandatmelalui Resolusi DK PBB 1701. Indonesia merupakan negara yang dimandatkanoleh PBB setelah sebelumnya pasukan UNIFIL hanya diisi oleh negara-negaraanggota NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menekankan metodestudi kasus dari peristiwa yang terjadi di Libanon Selatan yang melibatkanIndonesia sebagai pasukan pemelihara perdamaian (peacekeeper). Adapunpraktek pemeliharaan perdamaian (peacekeeping) yang dilakukan Indonesiasesuai dengan landasan Politik Luar Negeri RI (Polugri).Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan fakta historis dimana pada tahun-tahunmiliter Indonesia tergabung dalam UNIFIL telah membangun citra positifIndonesia khususnya di Libanon. Hal tersebut berdasarkan temuan-temuanmengenai banyaknya prestasi yang diperoleh Kontingen Garuda yang dibuktikandengan berbagai macam penghargaan baik oleh pemerintah Indonesia, pemerintahLibanon maupun Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa sehingga menjadi kebangaantersendiri bagi Indonesia.Namun demikian, pemerintah Indonesia sepertinya tidak lantas berpuas diridengan prestasi yang telah dicapai oleh tentara militernya. Dengan posisi militerIndonesia yang masuk dalam lima belas besar peringkat dunia, Indonesia masihmenginginkan masuk dalam posisi sepuluh besar peringkat militer dunia sehinggauntuk mencapai tujuan itu pemerintah terus melakukan upaya pembenahandidalam tubuh militer, penambahan jumlah personil yang dilengkapi dengan skill,penambahan anggaran yang menyesuaikan serta menjalin kerja sama denganaktor-aktor peacekeeping lainnya.

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ABSTRACTIsraeli invasion to Southern Lebanon was responsed by the United Nations (UN)to make the international peace mission called UNIFIL (United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon). To prepare troops from member countries that are members ofUNIFIL, the UN undertook the selection by the UN Resolution called mandate.Indonesia is one of UN members countries which is mandated by the UN after theprevious UNIFIL troops only be filled by the member countries of NATO (NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization). A pride for Indonesia because through TentaraNasional Indonesia (TNI) in the name of nation internationally, but it is contrastwith what Indonesia’s had with alutsista is uncomplete.This study used a qualitative approach by emphasizing the study method of theectivity that occurred in South Lebanon as involving Indonesian peacekeepers.The practice of maintaining peace (peacekeeping) are conducted in accordancewith the foundation of Indonesian Politics of Foreign Affairs (Polugri), Conceptof Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) and defensive militarydoctrine and form of implementation of International Cooperation.This study was conducted based on the historical facts in the years in which theIndonesian military have joined the UNIFIL build a positive image of Indonesia,especially in Lebanon. It is based on the findings of the many achievements inGaruda Contingent as evidenced by the various awards by the Indonesiangovernment, the Lebanese government and the United Nations so that it becomesa moment of pride for Indonesia.However, the Indonesian government seems not necessarily satisfied with theachievements by military troops. By entering the Indonesian military position inthe world rankings fifteen, Indonesia still wanted inside the top ten world rankingmilitary so as to achieve the purpose that the government continues to makeefforts to reform the military in the body, increasing the number of personnel whoare equipped with skills, adding adjust budget and collaborate with otherpeacekeeping actors."

"In the predawn hours of June 25, 1950, the North Korean Peoples Army (NKPA) struck across the 38th parallel and began its invasion of the Republic of South Korea...."

"Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Rhee Syngman (1948-1960), badan militer terbuka lebar bagi kaum perempuan untuk menghadapi Perang Korea (1950-1953). Namun, memasuki masa pemerintahan militer Park Chung-hee (1962-1979), badan militer justru ditutup erat dari peran perempuan. Penelitian ini menganalisis peran seorang tentara perempuan Angkatan Udara Korea Selatan, Letnan Kim Kyung Oh, dalam melakukan negosiasi dengan pemerintah untuk membuka kembali akademi militer bagi perempuan setelah berhenti beroperasi pada masa pasca-Perang Korea. Dengan menggunakan metodologi strukturisme Lloyd, penyusunan historiografi perempuan ini berfokus pada peran Letnan Kim Kyung Oh dalam menghadirkan kembali peran perempuan dalam badan militer Angkatan Udara Korea Selatan, dengan memfokuskan pada sumber sejarah lisan dan catatan otobiografi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran Letnan Kim Kyung Oh dalam menghidupkan kembali peran perempuan di badan militer Angkatan Udara pada tahun 1963 hingga 1990-an memberi konsekuensi ekspansi peran perempuan yang signifikan dalam peningkatan kesetaraan sosial sebagai bentuk upaya demokratisasi Presiden Kim Young-sam (1993-1997) dengan sistem pemerintahan sipilnya. Kontribusi Letnan Kim berhasil melahirkan pilot-pilot perempuan Korea Selatan yang mencetak prestasi dalam membangun dunia penerbangan dan militer Republik Korea.

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During the reign of President Rhee Syngman (1948-1960), military bodies were wide open for women to face the Korean War (1950-1953). However, entering the military administration of Park Chung-hee (1962-1979), the military body was strictly closed from the role of women. This research analyzes the role of one of Korean War female soldier of the South Korean Air Force, Lieutenant Kim Kyung Oh, in negotiating with the government to reopen the air force military academy for women after it stopped operating in the post-Korean War era. Using Lloyd's structurism methodology, this women's historiography focuses on Lieutenant Kim Kyung Oh's role in representing the role of women in the military agency of the South Korean Air Force, by focusing on oral historical sources and autobiographical records. This research shows that the role of Lieutenant Kim Kyung Oh in reviving the role of women in the air foce military in 1963 to 1990s resulted in a significant expansion of the role of women in increasing social equality as a form of democratization efforts by President Kim Young-sam (1993-1997) with its civil government system. Lieutenant Kim's contribution succeeded in giving birth to South Korean female pilots who made achievements in building the aviation and military of the Republic of Korea."

"Studi-studi mengenai keberadaan lokapasar di Indonesia menunjukkan dampak positif terhadap perkembangan ekonomi dan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) di Indonesia melalui kontribusi platform secara menyeluruh sebagai solusi untuk pengelolaan bisnis secara analitis dan efektif pada aspek operasional, logistik, pemasaran, dan resistensi terhadap pandemi. Akan tetapi, keberadaan TikTok Shop sebagai lokapasar jenis social commerce menghadapi berbagai respons negatif, meliputi menurunnya penjualan UMKM hingga 50%, tuduhan predatory pricing, dan masalah perdagangan lintas batas, yang menciptakan konstruksi wacana negatif di media sosial sehingga berujung pada ditutupnya TikTok Shop bersamaan dengan diresmikannya Permendag No. 31 tahun 2023 mengenai regulasi lokapasar. Penelitian ini menyoroti efek reaksi dan kesadaran publik pada X terhadap dinamika social forces di pasar digital Indonesia sehingga mendorong intervensi pemerintah ketika menghadapi dua kepentingan publik yang bersinggungan; perlindungan UMKM dan pengembangan perdagangan dalam negeri melalui transformasi digital. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan studi kasus menggunakan social network analysis dan framework analysis terhadap kasus aktual di Indonesia, yang memungkinkan eksplorasi mendalam tentang kompleksitas interaksi antara social forces dan logika institusional dalam konteks penutupan TikTok Shop. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada jejaring sosial X yang mendiskusikan TikTok Shop setelah munculnya konten mengenai dampak negatif TikTok Shop terhadap UMKM. Selain itu, ditemukan perubahan fokus pada proses penyusunan di Kementerian Perdagangan akibat adanya dorongan eksternal untuk berfokus pada perlindungan UMKM.

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Studies on the existence of marketplaces in Indonesia show a positive impact on economic development and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia through the overall contribution of the platform as a solution for analytical and effective business management in operational, logistics, marketing and resistance to pandemics. However, the existence of TikTok Shop as a social commerce type of marketplace has faced various negative responses, including a great decline in MSME revenue of up to 50%, accusations of predatory pricing, and problems with cross-border trade, which created the construction of negative discourse on social media, leading to the closure of TikTok Shop and the ratification of Permendag No. 31 tahun 2023 concerning marketplace regulations. This research highlights the effect of public reactions in X and awareness of issues towards the dynamics of social forces in the Indonesian digital market, in encouraging government intervention while dealing with two intersecting public interests: protecting MSMEs and improving domestic trade by digital transformation. This research adopts a social network and framework analysis of actual cases in Indonesia, which allows an in-depth exploration of the complexity of the interaction between social forces and institutional logic in the context of TikTok Shop closures. The results show a significant difference in X social network which discusses TikTok shops after the emergence of content regarding the negative impact of TikTok shops on MSMEs. Apart from that, it was also found that there was a change in the focus of drafting regulations at the Ministry of Trade as a result of external forces to focus on protecting MSMEs."

" ABSTRAK Skripsi ini membahas media mix yang menggabungkan berbagai media untuk menyampaikan pesan periklanan tertentu. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif untuk menjelaskan penggunaan media yang dipakai dalam konten Jepang, yakni Uta no Prince-sama. Konten media yang digunakan adalah game, animasi, media cetak, CD, DVD, game smartphone, dan sebagainya. Selain media mix, produsen juga memanfaatkan potensi karakter dengan melakukan character merchandising. Dengan menggabungkan kedua hal tersebut tercipta simbiosis mutualisme antara fans sebagai konsumen dan produsen sebagai pembuat media. Serta penggunaan internet sebagai penyebar informasi mengenai konten.

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ABSTRACT Media mix is a form of a promotion by incorporating various media for sending an advertisement message. This research using descriptive analysis method explains the use of media mix from a Japanese content called Uta no Prince sama. The media contents that were involved in this creation are game, animation, books, CDs, DVDs, smartphone games and so on. Other than media mix, the makers of the content used the potential of the character to create character merchandising. The results of collaborating it, is the mutual symbiosis of fans consuming the media and merchandises, and the makers producing it. Also the main use of internet to spread information about the content."