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"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan di Kecamatan Phatadpaeng, Kota Mae Sod, Provinsi Tak, Thailand. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi kadmium pada air dan tanah pertanian serta pada pemukiman petani dan rumah tangga. Konsentrasi kadmium pada 48 sampel tanah dan air pemukiman petani, 12 sampel rumah tangga, enam sampel tanah pertanian, dan delapan sampel air pertanian ditelusuri menggunakan Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Uji Mann-Whitney U digunakan untuk analisis perbedaan perbedaan konsentrasi kadmium antara tanah pertanian dan tanah pemukiman, air pertanian dan air pemukiman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan secara statistik pada seluruh matriks, namun air dan tanah pertanian menunjukkan konsentrasi tertinggi dibandingkan pemukiman petani dan rumah tangga. Konsentrasi kadmium pada seluruh sampel jauh di bawah nilai batas. Penelitian ini secara jelas memperlihatkan bahwa kondisi tempat bekerja menunjukkan level kadmium yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kondisi tempat tinggal. Penyebab pencemaran ini dapat berasal dari aktivitas di sekitar industri. Oleh karena itu, petani sebaiknya mempertimbangkan pajanan kadmium saat bekerja.

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This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Phatadpadaeng Subdistrict, Mae Sod District, Tak Province, Thailand. This study aimed to determine cadmium concentration in farmland soil and water as well as at the residence of farmers and households. As many as 48 samples of farmers’ residence soil and water, twelve samples of households and six samples of farmland soil and eight samples of farmland water were investigated for cadmium concentration using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the analysis of the difference of cadmium concentration between farmland soil and residence soil, farmland water and residence water. The results showed no statistically difference among all matrixes, however, farmland soil and farmland water showed highest concentration compared to those of resident farmers and households. The cadmium concentrations in all samples were far below the limit values. This study clearly showed that working conditions of farmers demonstrated higher level of cadmium compared to the living conditions. The cause of this contamination might be from the activities of the surroundings industry. Therefore, it would be recommended that farmers should consider for cadmium exposure while working in farm."

"Urban agriculture comprises a variety of farming systems,ranging from subsistence to fully commercialized agriculture.Pollution from automobile exhaust,industrial and commercial activities may affect humans,crops,and water in and around urban agriculture areas....."

"Pembangunan Near Surface Disposal (NSD) Limbah Radioaktif di Indonesia perlu dilakukan dengan semakin meningkatnya limbah radioaktif aktivitas rendah (low level radioactive waste). Akan tetapi analisis dan kajian terhadap dampak radiologis lingkungan pada Demonstration Plant NSD limbah radioaktif yang akan dibangun sampai saat ini belum dilakukan. Persyaratan terkait dampak radiologis yang ditimbulkan mengacu pada Peraturan Kepala BAPETEN Nomor 7 Tahun 2013 tentang Nilai Batas Radioaktivitas Lingkungan dan Peraturan Kepala BAPETEN Nomor 4 tahun 2013 tentang Proteksi dan Keselamatan Radiasi dalam Pemanfaatan Tenaga Nuklir. Pada penelitian ini, metode yang diterapkan berupa studi non-eksperimental. Dimana analisis terkait dampak radiologis akibat lepasan radionuklida dalam air dan tanah menggunakan perangkat lunak PRESTO (Prediction of Radiological Effects Due To Shallow Trench Operations) yang merupakan suatu model komputer untuk mengevaluasi paparan radiasi dari lapisan tanah yang terkontaminasi. Penerapan skenario yang dipilih dalam pengkajian keselamatan ini adalah skenario migrasi radionuklida Co-60 dan Cs-137 melalui jalur air tanah mengikuti pola aliran air tanah dangkal di daerah tapak NSD. Selain itu dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SigmaPlot ditentukan pula suatu persamaan guna menentukan besarnya konsentrasi dalam air sumur maupun air sungai. Hasil akhir menunjukkan konsentrasi radionuklida dalam sumur dan aliran sungai jauh di bawah ambang baku mutu yaitu konsentrasi aktivitas radionuklida di sumur berkisar antara 10-10 Bq/m3 sampai 100 Bq/m3 dan di sungai berkisar antara 10-15 Bq/m3 sampai 10-1 Bq/ m3. Dampak dari limbah radioaktif akan menurun mendekati radioaktivitas latar pada jarak kurang dari 10 m dan penetrasi radionuklida Co-60 dan Cs-137 ke dalam lapisan jenuh sampai dengan kedalaman 4 m. Selain itu dosis ekivalen yang memenuhi ketentuan 50mSv/tahun untuk masyarakat di sekitar tapak berada pada jarak sumur acuan di atas 15 m (>15m) yaitu 1,87x100 mSv/tahun sampai 2,38x10-14 mSv/tahun. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh suatu persamaan yang dapat memperkirakan pola konsentrasi radionuklida berdasarkan jarak dan kedalaman dari permukaan tanah terhadap waktu beroperasi fasilitas.

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Near Surface Disposal (NSD) for Radioactive Waste that should be developed due to the increment of the low level radioactive waste, need to be analyzed and evaluated related to the radiological impact of environment. The provision that should be submissive regarding the radioactive release to the environment are BAPETEN Chairman's Regulation Number 7 Year 2013 on Environmental Radioactivity Limit Values and Number 4 Year 2013 on Radiation Protection and Safety in Nuclear Energy Utilization.

The research method applied is done by modeling the distribution of radionuclide releases process. Analysis related with the releases of radionuclide in water and soil is using PRESTO (Prediction of Radiological Effects Due to Shallow Trench Operations) which is a computer model for evaluating radiation exposure from contaminated soil layers. The application scenarios selected in this safety assessment is the migrations of Co-60 and Cs-137 scenario through the groundwater follow the shallow groundwater flow pattern in the NSD site. The SigmaPlot software is also used to determine the concentration equation in well water and river water.

The final results showed the concentration of radionuclide in wells and streams below the provision. Radionuclide activity concentrations in well ranged from 10-10 Bq/m3 to 100 Bq/m3 and in the river ranged from 10-15 Bq / m3 to 10-1 Bq / m3. The impact of radioactive waste of radionuclide Co-60 and Cs-137 will decrease to the background radiation level at a distance less than 10 m and penetrate into the saturated layer up to 4 m. Meanwhile, the equivalent dose around the site is 1,87x100 mSv/year until 2,38x10-14 mSv/year for a reference well distance above 15 m (> 15m). In this study have been obtained an equation that can predict radionuclide concentration patterns based on the distance and the depth of the ground surface against to the facility operation time."

"Data mining is concerned with the analysis of databases large enough that various anomalies, including outliers, incomplete data records, and more subtle phenomena such as misalignment errors, are virtually certain to be present. Mining Imperfect Data describes in detail a number of these problems, as well as their sources, their consequences, their detection, and their treatment. Specific strategies for data pretreatment and analytical validation that are broadly applicable are described, making them useful in conjunction with most data mining analysis methods. Examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the pretreatment and validation methods in a variety of situations, both simulation based, where "correct" results are known unambiguously, and real data examples that illustrate typical cases met in practice."

"This book addresses questions of relevance to governments and industry in many countries around the world, in particular concerning the link between contaminated-land-management programs and the protection of drinking water resources and the potential effects of climate changes on the availability of these same resources. On the “problem” side, it reports and analyzes methodologies and experiences in monitoring and characterization of drinking water resources (at basin, country and continental scales), pollution prevention, assessment of background quality and of impacts on safety and public health from land and water contamination and impacts of climate change. On the “solution” side, the book presents results from national cleanup programs, recent advances in research into groundwater and soil remediation techniques, treatment technologies, research needs and information sources, land and wastewater management approaches aimed at the protection of drinking water."

"Pesticide transport and transformation were modeled in soil column from the soil surface to goundwater zone..."

"Kadmium adalah unsur toksik yang terdapat di lingkungan dan tidak dibutuhkan oleh tubuh manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan konsumsi air sumur yang terpajan kadmium dengan kandungan kadmium di dalam urin. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan menggunakan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan di sekitar TPA Desa Namo Bintang Kecamatan Pancur Batu Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Populasi adalah seluruh laki-laki dan perempuan dewasa, dengan sampel berjumlah 96 orang yang diambil dengan metode stratified random sampling. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 63 orang (65,6%) terpajan pada air sumur dengan kandungan kadmium yang telah melebihi baku mutu dan seluruh sampel masyarakat (100%) terdapat kadmium di dalam urin yang telah melewati nilai ambang batas. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara konsumsi air sumur yang terpajan kadmium dengan kadmium di dalam urin.Pada analsiis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat yang mengkonsumsi air sumur yang terpajan Cd lebih dari 0,005 mg/l memiliki risiko 2,657 kali terdapat kadmium dalam urinnya setelah dikontrol dengan variabel umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, kebiasaan merokok, durasi pajanan, dan jarak dari TPA. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat dianjurkan untuk tidak menggunakan air sumur sebagai sumber air minum dan diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pemerintah Kabupaten Deli Serdang sebagai dasar untuk membuat perencanaan daerah bidang air minum dan sanitasi di wilayah studi.

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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element ubiquitous in the environment and not needed by the human body. The aim of this study was to determine relationship of consumption of well water exposed to cadmium with cadmium in urine. The study was performed with cross sectional design in the community residence around Namo Bintang Dumpsite. The population were adult males and females with a sample of 96 people taken by stratified random sampling. Data analyzed by logistic regression.

Study result showed that Cd levels from the dug wells revealed that 63 respondents (65,6%) had exposed to Cd higher than normal levels, 96 urine samples (100%) had high Cd levels above the normal limits. There were not significant correlations between the Cd levels from the wells and Cd in urine.

Multivariate analysis showed that community who consume well water exposed Cd more than 0,005 mg/l have 2,657 times higher risk cadmium in urine after adjusted by age, sex, occupation, smoking, duration of exposure, and the distance from dumpsite area. Therefore, Residents was suggested to not use wells water as a primary resource to drinking water and expected to be utilized by the government of Deli Serdang regency as a basis for regional planning areas water and sanitation in the study area."

"The Quezon City Controlled Dumping Facility (QCCDF) has been the ‘main disposal site ofQuezon City, the largest city within Metro Manila since the 1970s. With the huge volume ofwastes received every day and with no protective liner on the old mound and creeks directlyconnecting the facility to Marikina River, the main river system in eastern Metro Manila, surfaceand groundwater contaminations have been a critical concern. The main objective of the study is todetermine the effect of the disposal site on the surface water and groundwater quality by evaluatingthe water quality at different points in and around the landfill. Secondarily, it aims to investigatecorrelations between the water quality parameters as well as determine any seasonal effects on thewater quality. Sampling points from wells on and around the facility were collected for six monthscovering dry and wet season using Horiba water quality monitoring equipment and CHEMetrics V-2000 Photometer. Leachate quality parameters pH, turbidity, DO, and chloride are not affected bythe change in seasons as evidenced by statistical t-tests. Temperature is higher during the wetseason, while TDS is lower at this time which may be attributed to dilution due to rainfall. DO andturbidity in leachate is strongly negatively correlated, while temperature and C1‘ in leachate arepositively correlated. In groundwater, the change in season affects temperature, TDS and chlorideconcentrations. This trend is not evidenced in pH and turbidity. TDS and chloride are correlatedwith each other. Based on the surface water quality measurements, temperature, pH, DO, and TDSare affected by the change in season while turbidity and chloride are not, based on the comparisonof samples taken from different locations. Aside from strong correlation of Cl’ and TDS, as seen ingroundwater, very strong correlations are also observed between Cl’ and DO, and TDS and DO.Using chloride ion as indicator of leachate, the study reveals that the leachate tends to spreaddownward towards Marikina River. Based on the comparison of chloride concentrations near theoutfall of the leachate creek at Marikina River, it can be seen that the release of leachate at the riverimpacts the river as evidenced by an increase in chloride concentration downstream of the outfall."