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"This practice-oriented guide covers the handling and use of hazardous chemicals at the workplace, including labelling and storage, transportation, occupational safety and proper registration with the European authorities. Current European Union legislation and directives are cited throughout the text, making this a valuable reference for companies and institutions both inside and outside of the EU common market."

"Perjanjian vertikal merupakan perjanjian antara dua atau lebih pelaku usaha yang beroperasi pada tingkat rantai produksi dan/atau distribusi yang berbeda. Dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia, pasal yang mengatur tentang salah satu jenis perjanjian vertikal adalah Pasal 14 UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 (UULPM) yang mengatur tentang Integrasi Vertikal. Dalam penerapan Pasal 14 UULPM terdapat kekosongan hukum dalam menetapkan sejauh manakah suatu pelaku usaha dapat melanggar Pasal 14 UULPM dari perhitungan pangsa pasarnya. Dalam PT Grab dan PT TPI melawan KPPU (PN Jakarta Selatan, 2020), Majelis Hakim mempertimbangkan batasan pangsa pasar dalam kasus integrasi vertikal yang tidak memiliki dasar hukum yang tepat. Pertimbangan tersebut juga tidak sesuai dengan teori ekonomi dan doktrin rule of reason yang dianut dalam penegakan Pasal 14 UULPM. Pertimbangan demikian dapat berimplikasi pada ketidakpastian hukum di masa yang akan datang sehingga diperlukan regulasi mengenai batasan pangsa pasar yang dapat menjamin kepastian hukum dalam kerangka doktrin rule of reason. Pasal 3 dan Pasal 8 Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) Uni Eropa dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam penegakan hukum mengenai integrasi vertikal. Pertama, terdapat safe harbour yang mana para pelaku usaha yang memiliki pangsa pasar di bawah ketentuan dapat dikecualikan dari penegakan hukum sehingga terjamin kepastian hukum. Kedua, untuk pelaku usaha yang melebihi ketentuan batasan pangsa pasar, asesmen terhadap mereka tetap berpaku pada doktrin rule of reason ketimbang berpaku pada praduga ilegalitas karena batasan pangsa pasar dalam VBER hanya digunakan sebagai proksi untuk mengestimasi kekuatan pasar. Penulis menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif untuk menganalisis bagaimana ketentuan batasan pangsa pasar dalam VBER dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam penegakan Integrasi Vertikal dan bagaimana implikasi ketentuan batasan pangsa pasar yang bersifat safe harbour tersebut dalam penegakan integrasi vertikal.

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Vertical agreement is an agreement between two or more undertakings operating at a different level of production and/or distribution chain. In Indonesian Competition Law, Article 14 of Law No. 5 Year 1999 (UULPM) regulates Vertical Integration as one of many types of vertical agreement. A legal vacuum exists in the enforcement of Article 14 UULPM concerning the extent to which an undertaking can violate Article 14 UULPM, judging from the calculation of its market share. In PT Grab and PT TPI v. KPPU (South Jakarta District Court, 2020), the market share threshold for vertical integration which was opined by the Panel of Judges did not have appropriate legal basis. Furthermore, said threshold is also inconsistent with economic theories and the rule of reason doctrine that was adopted to enforce Article 14 UULPM. Such considerations may have legal uncertainty implications in the future so that there is an urgency to regulate market share threshold provision which can guarantee legal certainty within the framework of the rule of reason doctrine. Article 3 and Article 8 of the EU’s Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) can be taken into consideration in the enforcement of Vertical Integration. Firstly, the safe harbor nature of the provision ensures legal certainty so that undertakings with market shares below the threshold can be exempted from the law. Secondly, rule of reason is still applicable to assess the undertakings’ agreement whose market share exceeded the threshold, rather than assessing it under the presumption of illegality. This is because the threshold in VBER is only used as a proxy to estimate market power. The author uses juridical-normative method to analyze how can the market share threshold provision in VBER be considered to enforce Vertical Integration and how are the implications of said safe harbor provision in the enforcement of Vertical Integration."

"Among the various types of non-tariff barriers to trade, standards andtechnical regulations measure imposed by trading partners is one ofthe determinants to Indonesia's export activities that often have beenneglected. Probiem in meeting the standards (the terms “standards”and technical regulations” are used interchangeabiy throughout thisstudy) has always been on the top three of developed countries’complaints to the agriculture-based imports from Indonesia. On theother hand, stricter imposition of standards has now also being appliedby several importing countries, including the European Union (EU),which have been the main importers of Indonesian agriculturalproducts.This study covers Indonesia's export activities to four partner countriesin EU, on four selected agricultural commodity groups during theperiods of 1990-2005. Export activities were analyzed with a singie-country Gravity Modei approach (Chevassus-Lozza, et ai., 2005) whichuses the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function inderiving an operationai gravity model. Standards are included as thevariabies of trade restrictiveness, parameterized by stocks ofstandards developed both by the Indonesia as exporter, and EUcountries as importers. Estimation for the model was done through theSeemingiy Unreiated Regression (SUR) for disaggregated pooied data.The results of analysis shows that a single-country gravity model usedin this study is able to assess the impacts of standards measures onIndonesias export activities in the selected commodity groups. Anincrease of foreign specific standards imposition reduces Indonesiasexports by 0.07 per cent, thus, act as trade deterrence and lead tocompetition disadvantage for Indonesia. On the other hand, anincrease of Nationai Standards of Indonesia imposition gives roie tocompetitive advantage and increases Indonesias exports by 0.03 percent."