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""ASEAN as an Actor in International Fora addresses a blind spot in ASEAN research and in comparative regionalism studies by assessing why, how, when and to what extent ASEAN member governments achieve a collective presence in global forums. Written for academic researchers and practitioners working in areas such as international relations, political science and international law, it examines ASEAN's negotiating behavior with a novel four-point cohesion typology. The authors argue that ASEAN's 'cognitive prior' and its repository of cooperation norms have affected ASEAN's negotiation capacities, formats, strategies and cohesion in international forums. Using two case studies - one on ASEAN's cohesion in the WTO agricultural negotiations and one on UN negotiations on forced labor in Myanmar - they examine ASEAN's collective actions at different stages of negotiation, in different issue areas and in different negotiating forums. The book concludes by providing recommendations for strengthening ASEAN's international negotiation capacities"--"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh travel constraints terhadap destination image wisata leisure di Indonesia berdasarkan persepsi international youth travelers. Travel constraints dibentuk oleh empat dimensi, yaitu unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, dan intrapersonal. Destination image dibentuk oleh tiga dimensi, yaitu tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, dan unique cultural attractions. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 100 orang responden yang berusia 18-35 tahun serta berkewarganegaraan Kanada, Korea Selatan, dan Perancis dengan metode PLS-SEM, independent T-test, dan ANOVA. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa pertama, terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari travel constraints terhadap destination image wisata leisure di Indonesia. Kedua, ditemukan juga perbedaan persepsi travel constraints dan destination image wisata leisure Indonesia, yakni antara international youth travelers yang sudah dan yang belum berkunjung ke Indonesia dan antara international youth travelers dari negara Kanada, Korea Selatan, dan Perancis.

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This research explores the influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia perceived by international youth travelers. Travel constraints are formed by for dimensions, which are unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, and intrapersonal. Destination image are formed by for dimensions, which are tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, and unique cultural attractions. A survey was conducted among 100 international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. The methods used in this research are PLS-SEM, independent T-test, and ANOVA. The findings of this research concluded that there is significant influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia. Moreover, there is different perception for travel constraints and destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia between international youth travelers who have been and have not been to Indonesia and also between international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France."

"The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is actively seeking ways for member countries to enhance their individual economic development within the context of overall regional advancement. Central to this is the creation of a regional intellectual property framework. This book examines the efforts to move beyond sovereign protections of intellectual property rights and establish meaningful inter-state cooperation on intellectual property issues. Rather than aim for IP harmonization, ASEAN recognizes its internal diversity and pursues an agenda of 'IP Interoperability'. The essays in this collection examine the unique dynamics of 'interoperability', analyzing the administration of intellectual property in a part of the world that is of increasing importance. The book enables the reader to compare and contrast the ASEAN model to other approaches in regional cooperation, such as Europe and Latin America, and also explores private international law as a potential vehicle for interoperability."

"ABSTRAKSistem finansial global memiliki ketergantungan pada kebutuhan informasi yang simetris sehingga dapat berjalan dengan efisien. Credit Rating Agency (CRA) hadir memenuhi kondisi asimetri informasi dalam sistem finansial sejak 1900an hingga kini. Peran CRA dalam system financial global mutlak diperlukan bagi investor untuk dapat menanamkan modalnya dalam pasar modal dan ke negara lain. Informasi kredit yang dikeluarkan oleh CRA dalam sistem finansial terangkum secara sederhana dalam bentuk alphabet rating setelah melalui proses penilaian dengan methodologi kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Oleh sebab itu, rating CRA secara cepat diterima dan digunakan secara global. Rating CRA diharapkan dapat menjadi ?gatekeeper? yang diharapkan mampu menjaga stabilitas sistem finansial. Namun dalam perkembangannya, instabilitas finansial yang terjadi seringkali menyoroti CRA yang dipandang lalai dalam menjalankan aktifitasnya. Dalam kondisi tersebut, CRA masih tetap saja digunakan oleh pelaku pasar sehingga memunculkan pertanyaan mengenai pentingnya CRA sebagai non-state actor dalam sistem finansial global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran CRA dalam sistem finansial. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa CRA sebagai non-state actor internasional memiliki karakteristik yang khusus sehingga penggunaannya dalam sistem sulit untuk digantikan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa CRA dapat dikategorikan sebagai aktor internasional berdasarkan indikator Ryo Oshiba, karena: 1) CRA memiliki independensi sebagai lembaga privat, 2) CRA mampu memobilisasi sumber daya dalam hal ini modal dalam sistem internasional, 3) CRA mampu mempengaruhi aktor lain baik aktor negara maupun non-negara terkait keputusannya untuk menempatkan modal dalam pasar modal domestik maupun internasional.

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ABSTRAKThe global financial system depends on symmetrical information so that it can run efficiently. Credit Rating Agency presence met the conditions of information asymmetry in the financial system since the 1900s until now. The role of CRA in the global financial system is absolutely necessary for investors to be able to invest in the capital market and to other countries. Credit information issued by CRA in the financial system are summarized simply in the form of rating after alphabet through assessment with quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Therefore, CRA rating can quickly be accepted and used globally. With that ability CRA is expected to be a "gate keeper" which can maintain the stability of the financial system. But in its development, financial instability that occurs often highlights the CRA deemed negligent in doing its activities. In these conditions, the CRA is still used by market participants so raises questions about the importance of CRA as non-state actors in the global financial system. This study aims to look at the role of CRA in the financial system. The results showed that the CRA as an international non-state actors have special characteristics, so its use in the system difficult to replace. The results show that the CRA can be categorized as an international actor based on Ryo Oshiba's international actor indicator, because: 1) CRA has independence as private institutions, 2) CRA able to mobilize resources (capital) in the system of international, 3) CRA is able to influence other factors both state actors and non-state-related decision to place the capital in domestic and international capital markets."

"Sistem finansial global memiliki ketergantungan pada kebutuhan informasi yang simetris sehingga dapat berjalan dengan efisien. Credit Rating Agency (CRA) hadir memenuhi kondisi asimetri informasi dalam sistem finansial sejak 1900an hingga kini. Peran CRA dalam system financial global mutlak diperlukan bagi investor untuk dapat menanamkan modalnya dalam pasar modal dan ke negara lain. Informasi kredit yang dikeluarkan oleh CRA dalam sistem finansial terangkum secara sederhana dalam bentuk alphabet rating setelah melalui proses penilaian dengan methodologi kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Oleh sebab itu, rating CRA secara cepat diterima dan digunakan secara global. Rating CRA diharapkan dapat menjadi gatekeeper yang diharapkan mampu menjaga stabilitas sistem finansial. Namun dalam perkembangannya, instabilitas finansial yang terjadi seringkali menyoroti CRA yang dipandang lalai dalam menjalankan aktifitasnya. Dalam kondisi tersebut, CRA masih tetap saja digunakan oleh pelaku pasar sehingga memunculkan pertanyaan mengenai pentingnya CRA sebagai non-state actor dalam sistem finansial global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran CRA dalam sistem finansial. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa CRA sebagai non-state actor internasional memiliki karakteristik yang khusus sehingga penggunaannya dalam sistem sulit untuk digantikan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa CRA dapat dikategorikan sebagai aktor internasional berdasarkan indikator Ryo Oshiba, karena: 1) CRA memiliki independensi sebagai lembaga privat, 2) CRA mampu memobilisasi sumber daya dalam hal ini modal dalam sistem internasional, 3) CRA mampu mempengaruhi aktor lain baik aktor negara maupun non-negara terkait keputusannya untuk menempatkan modal dalam pasar modal domestik maupun internasional.

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The global financial system depends on symmetrical information so that it can run efficiently. Credit Rating Agency presence met the conditions of information asymmetry in the financial system since the 1900s until now. The role of CRA in the global financial system is absolutely necessary for investors to be able to invest in the capital market and to other countries. Credit information issued by CRA in the financial system are summarized simply in the form of rating after alphabet through assessment with quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Therefore, CRA rating can quickly be accepted and used globally. With that ability CRA is expected to be a "gate keeper" which can maintain the stability of the financial system. But in its development, financial instability that occurs often highlights the CRA deemed negligent in doing its activities. In these conditions, the CRA is still used by market participants so raises questions about the importance of CRA as non-state actors in the global financial system. This study aims to look at the role of CRA in the financial system. The results showed that the CRA as an international non-state actors have special characteristics, so its use in the system difficult to replace. The results show that the CRA can be categorized as an international actor based on Ryo Oshiba's international actor indicator, because: 1) CRA has independence as private institutions, 2) CRA able to mobilize resources (capital) in the system of international, 3) CRA is able to influence other factors both state actors and non-state-related decision to place the capital in domestic and international capital markets."

"Tourism contributes about 12.3 to ASEAN GDP. ASEAN Economic Community Framework can be a great momentum to accelerate the regional development of tourism in ASEAN region, bear in mind, tourism is one out of 12 sectors that are prioritized in ASEAN Economic Community AEC . In order to augment ASEAN tourism development, several necessary steps are ought to be implemented, one of which is the implementation of ASEAN Common Visa. The possibility of a non ASEAN to enter ASEAN through one visa. The analysis on the mechanism, opportunity as well as threat to be tested for the proposal of ASEAN Common Visa is through the comparison method with the Schengen Visa scheme in European Union. ASEAN Common Visa should be done in order to ease a holistic integration. Precise calculations on legal infrastructure, time frame to implementation, readiness of infrastructure, technology as well as human resources. Visa mechanism shall be joined between Schengen visa scheme and ACMECS visa scheme, where there would be a single visa applicable and co joint information system. Nevertheless, border checks in the internal ASEAN shall be continued even though ASEAN Common Visa is enacted, to reduce the possibility of diminishing national sovereignty.

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Pariwisata merupakan penyumbang sekitar 12.3 PDB ASEAN. Kerangka Komunitas Ekonomi ASEAN merupakan momentum yang tepat untuk mempercepat pengembangan pariwisata regional ASEAN, mengingat pariwisata masuk dalam 1 dari 12 sektor prioritas Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN MEA . Untuk mewujudkan percepatan pengembangan pariwisata ASEAN, diperlukan beberapa langkah dan komitmen bersama yang harus ditempuh, salah satunya adalah implementasi ASEAN Common Visa. Ini memungkinkan warga negara non-ASEAN masuk ke ASEAN melalui satu visa. Analisa terhadap mekanisme, peluang dan tantangan dilakukan dalam menguji gagasan ASEAN Common Visa ini, yang dilakukan metode komparasi dengan konsep Visa Schengen yang ada di Uni Eropa. ASEAN Common Visa adalah hal yang lebih holistik. Perhitungan yang tepat diperlukan mengenai dasar hukum pembentukan, jangka waktu menuju implementasi, kesiapan infrastruktur, teknologi, dan sumber daya manusia. Mekanisme visa akan digabungkan antara mekanisme visa Schengen dan ACMECS yang mana tetap akan ada visa tunggal dan diberlakukan sistem informasi bersama Namun pengecekan dan pemeriksaan di tiap batas negara ASEAN akan diberlakukan agar tidak mengurangi kedaulatan negara masing-masing."