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"An F2 rice population developed from a cross between a backcross inbred line (BIO-148) and its recurrent parent(IR64) was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for awn, panicle exertion and total spikelet number. BIO-148 isa BC2F8 line derived from a cross between IR64 (a high-yielding lowland rice variety) and Gajah Mungkur (an uplandtropical japonica rice variety). Two hundred plants were grown in the greenhouse, and their DNAs were isolated forgenotyping using SSR markers. Panicle exertion was observed during the grain-filling stage. The awn length of the seedand the total spikelet number per panicle were observed after harvesting. A total of four QTLs were identified usingsingle-marker regression with LOD>3, explaining 8.4-18.1% of phenotypic variation. A QTL for awn was identified onChromosome 8. A QTL for incomplete panicle exertion was identified on Chromosome 4. Two QTLs for total spikeletnumber were identified on Chromosome 4, in which the BIO-148 allele contributed to a higher number of spikelets perpanicle. The QTLs identified in this study will be useful in the improvement of yield potential for modern lowlandindica rice varieties by harnessing the hidden useful alleles from upland tropical japonica rice varieties.Identifikasi Lokus Sifat Kuantitatif (Quantitative Trait Loci/QTL) untuk Sifat Panjang Sungut, Eksersi Malaidan Jumlah Spikelet pada Populasi F2 Tanaman Padi yang berasal dari Galur Silang Balik antara Bio-148dengan Tetua Berulangnya, IR64. Populasi F2 dikembangkan melalui persilangan antara galur silang balik inbrida(Bio-148) dan tetua berulangnya (IR64) dan digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi lokus sifat kuantitatif (QTL) untuk sungut(awn), eksersi malai dan jumlah total spikelet per malai. Bio-148 merupakan galur BC2F8 yang berasal dari persilanganantara IR64 (varietas unggul hasil tinggi-dataran rendah) dengan Gajah Mungkur (jenis padi japonica tropis-datarantinggi). Dua ratus individu tanaman ditanam di rumah kaca dan diisolasi DNAnya untuk digenotip menggunakan markaSSR. Eksersi malai diamati pada fase pengisian bulir. Panjang sungut biji dan jumlah total spikelet per malai diamatisetelah panen. Sebanyak 4 QTL berhasil diidentifikasi menggunakan regresi marka tunggal (SMR) dengan LOD>3,yang menjelaskan 8.4-18.1% variasi fenotipik. Sebuah QTL untuk sungut diidentifikasi pada kromosom 8, QTL untukeksersi malai yang tidak sempurna diidentifikasi pada kromosom 4. Dua QTL untuk sungut diidentifikasi padakromosom 4, dimana alel dari Bio-148 berkontribusi terhadap tingginya jumlah spikelet per malai. QTL yangdiidentifikasi dalam studi ini akan berguna bagi peningkatan potensi hasil varietas padi indica dataran rendah denganmemanfaatkan alel-alel berguna yang tersembunyi yang berasal dari varietas padi tropical japonica dataran tinggi."

"An F2 rice population developed from a cross between a backcross inbred line (BIO-148) and its recurrent parent (IR64) was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for awn, panicle exertion and total spikelet number. BIO-148 is a BC2F8 line derived from a cross between IR64 (a high-yielding lowland rice variety) and Gajah Mungkur (an upland tropical japonica rice variety). Two hundred plants were grown in the greenhouse, and their DNAs were isolated for genotyping using SSR markers. Panicle exertion was observed during the grain-filling stage. The awn length of the seed and the total spikelet number per panicle were observed after harvesting. A total of four QTLs were identified using single-marker regression with LOD>3, explaining 8.4-18.1% of phenotypic variation. A QTL for awn was identified on Chromosome 8. A QTL for incomplete panicle exertion was identified on Chromosome 4. Two QTLs for total spikelet number were identified on Chromosome 4, in which the BIO-148 allele contributed to a higher number of spikelets per panicle. The QTLs identified in this study will be useful in the improvement of yield potential for modern lowland indica rice varieties by harnessing the hidden useful alleles from upland tropical japonica rice varieties."

"Two flavonoid compounds, 5,7,3?,4?-tetrahydroxy-6-geranylflavonol (1) and kaempferol 7-O-β-glucose (2) have beenisolated from the leaves of Macaranga hispida (Blume), Mull.Arg. Isolation and purification were conducted bychromatography methods and chemical structure characterization was carried out by spectroscopic methods. The5,7,3?,4?-tetrahydrxyi-6-geranyl flavonol (1) and kaempferol 7-O-glucose (2) had moderate cytotoxic activity againstmurine leukemia P-388 cell lines with IC50 value of 0.22 and 101.5 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for antioxidantactivities of (1) and (2) were 2.83 and 13.95 μg/mL, respectively. The LC50 of (1) and (2) from BSLT were 350 and>1000 μg/mL, respectively.Identifikasi dan Studi Bioaktifitas Senyawa Flavonoid dari Macaranga hispida (Blume) Mull.Arg. Dua senyawaflavonoid, 5,7,3?,4?-tetrahidroksi-6-geranilflavonol (1) dan kaemferol 7-O-β-glukosa (2) telah diisolasi dari daunMacaranga hispida (Blume) Mull. Arg. Isolasi dan pemurnian dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi dan karakterisasistruktur kimia dilakukan dengan metode spektroskopi. 5,7,3', 4'-tetrahidroksi-6-geranil flavonol (1) kaemferol 7-Oglukosa(2) memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik sel murine leukemia P-388 dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing 0,22 dan 101,5μg/mL. Aktivitas antioksidan (1) dan (2) dinyatakan dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 2,83 dan 13,95 μg/mL.Nilai LC50 dengan uji BSLT (1) dan (2) masing-masing 350 dan >1000 μg/mL."

"The bunch size represented by the fruit number is the main parameter of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) yield. Thefruit number, which is determined during the initial phase of development, is related to various factors, including thegenetic properties of the trees. Trees that have more pistillate flowers have more fruit. The diversity of MADS-boxgenes assumed can be used as a marker for trees that have a higher number of pistillate flowers. Therefore, the aims ofthis research were to isolate and identify the MADS-box genes from flowers of tenera oil palm using PCR techniques.The SQUAMOSA (SQUA) gene and the GLOBOSA (GLO) gene are members of the MADS-box genes family that areresponsible for sepal, petal and stamen organ development. The genomic DNA of the staminate flowers of trees thathave more staminate flowers (P1) and the genomic DNA of the pistillate flowers of trees that have more pistillateflowers (P2) were isolated using the CTAB+ PVP method. The CTAB+PVP method was more efficient for isolatingpistillate flower genomic DNA than staminate flower genomic DNA. The genomic DNA of P1 and P2 was amplifiedwith two primers: BMS and BMG. The BMS primers gave a PCR product size of 1250 bp for the genomic DNA of P1and P2. Meanwhile, the BMG primers gave a PCR product size of 1250 bp and 1300 bp for P1 and P2, respectively.The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed for homology using the GenBank database. BLAST analysis showedthe PCR products have high homology with the SQUA1 gene and the GLO2 gene. Alignment analysis showed that theDNA fragments amplified with the BMS primers of the P1 and P2 sequences have variations in the exons and introns,and the variations were observed only in the introns of the DNA fragments amplified with the BMG primers.Identifikasi Gen MADS-box pada Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Ukuran tandan yang dipresentasikandengan jumlah buah merupakan parameter utama pada produksi kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Jumlah buah,yang dapat diduga selama fase awal perkembangan tanaman, berkaitan dengan berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalahproperti genetik pohon. Pohon yang mempunyai bunga betina lebih banyak mempunyai buah lebih banyak. Keragamangen MADS-box diduga dapat digunakan sebagai marka untuk pohon yang mempunyai banyak bunga betina. Tujuandari penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi gen MADS-box dari bunga kelapa sawit Teneramenggunakan teknik PCR. Gen SQUAMOSA (SQUA) dan gen GLOBOSA (GLO) termasuk dalam famili gen MADSboxyang berperan pada perkembangan organ sepal, petal dan stamen. DNA genom bunga jantan dari pohon yangmempunyai bunga jantan lebih banyak (P1) dan DNA genom bunga betina dari pohon yang mempunyai bunga betinalebih banyak (P2) diisolasi menggunakan metode CTAB+PVP. DNA genom P1 dan P2 diamplifikasi menggunakan duaprimer: BMS dan BMG. Primer BMS menghasilkan produk PCR berukuran 1250 bp untuk DNA genomP1 dan P2.Primer BMG menghasilkan produk PCR berukuran 1250 bp dan 1300 bp untuk P1 dan P2. Produk PCR disekuensingdan dianalisis homologinya menggunakan database GenBank. Analisis BLAST menunjukkan bahwa produk PCRmempunyai homologi yang tinggi dengan gen SQUA1 dan gen GLO2. Analisis alignment menunjukkan fragmen DNAyang teramplifikasi primer BMS dari sekuen P1 dan P2 mempunyai keragaman pada ekson dan intron, keragamanhanya terdeteksi pada intron fragmen DNA yang teramplifikasi primer BMG."

"The conservation of the endemic tree species Dipterocarpus littoralis (Bl.) Kurz. is hampered by the paucity ofinformation on its population biology and ecology. Consequently, a targeted survey was carried out in the WestNusakambangan Nature Reserve to assess its population size and structure as well as habitat preferences. In total, 676individuals of D. littoralis were located at 52 locations, with an extent of occurrence of 3.66 km2 and an area ofoccupancy of 1.71 km2. The population had an inverse-J-shaped distribution of diameter at breast height (DBH), with63% of individuals in the 0-5 cm class and another 21% in the 5-10 cm class; only 11 (1.6%) mature individuals(DBH≥30) were found. D. littoralis was associated with steep, low, southwest-facing sites and sites that had high littercover and thickness. Illegal logging and fuel-wood chopping were the main threats to D. littoralis and its habitat. Inaddition, an invasive shrub, Langkap (Arenga obtusifolia, Arecaceae), was a potential competitor with the seedlingsthroughout the reserve. In view of its endemism, narrow range and localized distribution, small population,environmental preferences, and the severe threats from anthropogenic activities and invasive species, D. littoralisappears to more than justify its conservation status of Critically Endangered.Status Populasi dan Preferensi Habitat Jenis Kritis Dipterocarpus Littoralis di Nusakambangan Barat,Indonesia. Usaha konservasi jenis endemik Dipterocarpus littoralis (Bl.) Kurz. terhambat karena kurangnya informasimengenai biologi dan ekologi populasi tumbuhan ini. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan survey terarah diCagar Alam Nusakambangan Barat untuk mengetahui struktur dan ukuran populasi serta preferensi habitat dari D.littoralis. Total sebanyak 676 individu D. littoralis di temukan di 52 lokasi dengan tingkat keberadaan (extent ofoccurrence) 3,66 km2 dan luas area yang ditempati (area of occupancy) 1,71 km2. Populasi D. littoralis memilikisebaran diameter batang setinggi dada (DBH) berbentuk huruf J terbalik dengan persentase individu dalam kelas DBH0-5 cm sebesar 63%, kelas 5-10 cm sebesar 21% dan individu dewasa (DBH ≥30) hanya sebesar 1,6%. Keberadaan D.littoralis berasosiasi dengan lokasi yang terjal, rendah, menghadap ke tenggara dan memiliki tutupan serta ketebalanserasah yang tinggi. Penebangan dan pengambilan kayu bakar secara liar merupakan ancaman utama terhadapkeberadaan D. littoralis dan habitatnya. Selain itu, tumbuhan invasif Langkap (Arenga obtusifolia, Arecaceae) yangtersebar di seluruh cagar alam merupakan saingan utama anakan D. littoralis. Karena bersifat endemik, area sebaranyang sempit dan terlokalisasi, ukuran populasi yang kecil, preferensi terhadap habitat tertentu, dan ancaman yang seriusdari aktifitas manusia dan jenis invasif, maka D. littoralis memiliki dasar yang kuat untuk tetap dalam status konservasiKritis (Critically Endangered)."

"ABSTRAKAmmonia and phosphorus have been recognized as the cause of eutrophication in surface water. Chuat Man Canal is faced with water quality degradation problem due to the high concentrations of ammonia and total phosphorus in the water body that makes it unsuitable for fish ponds. Removal of ammonia and phosphorus by the adsorption process is simple and not requires chemical use. In addition, ammonia is well adsorbed by activated carbon and zeolite while phosphorus is adsorbed by zeolite. This research used zeolite and activated carbon for the adsorption of ammonia and total phosphorus. The results of laboratory experiments at 30 °C 200 rpm 60 minutes, revealed that adsorption of ammonia using zeolite correlated with Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9031). For ammonia adsorption using activated carbon, it correlated with Langmuir (R2 = 0.9596) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.9113) isotherms, respectively. For field experiment, 9 zeolite and activated carbon adsorbent pads with ratio of 1.6:1 by weight were placed across the canal sections. Each pad had 2 openings and each opening contained its adsorbent volume of 1.0 × 0.015 × 0.6 m3 (width × length × height). The front opening contained 5 kg of activated carbon while the back part contained 8 kg of zeolite. During the study, water flow velocity at surface of water was ranged from 0.022 - 0.027 m/s. Concentration of ammonia in influent and effluent was ranged from 1.755- 8.817 mg/L and 1.473-7.063 mg/L, respectively while that for total phosphorus was ranged from 0.045 - 0.095 mg/L and 0.042 - 0.089 mg/L, respectively. The maximum removal efficiency occurred 20 and 43 minutes after installation of the adsorption pads which were 6.73% for total phosphorus and 23.17% for ammonia, respectively."

"The photoproduction of π0-mesons from the nucleon and deuteron has been studied for incidents of photon energies upto 1.5 GeV. By using the MAID-2007 model for the process on the nucleon, we predict results for the unpolarized andhelicity-dependent total cross sections of the semi-exclusive reaction γd→π0X (X=np+d) with the inclusion ofrescattering effects. We find that rescattering effects yield a substantially large contribution. The extracted results arecompared with the available experimental data and a satisfactory agreement is obtained. In addition, the contribution ofγd→π0X (X=np+d) to the finite GDH integral has been evaluated by explicit integration up to 1.5 GeV and a total valueof 256.96 μb has been obtained. Convergence of the GDH integral has been reached.Fotoproduksi Meson-π0 dari Nukleon dan Deuteron. Fotoproduksi meson-π0 dari nukleon dan deuteron telah dipelajariuntuk energi-energi foton datang hingga 1.5 GeV. Dengan menggunakan model MAID-2007 untuk proses produksipada nukleon, kami meramalkan hasil-hasil perhitungan penampang lintang total tidak-terpolarisasi dan penampanglintang total bergantung-helisitas dari reaksi semi-eksklusif γd→π0X (X=np+d) dengan memasukkan efek rescattering.Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa efek rescattering memberikan kontribusi sangat besar. Perbandingan hasil-hasilekstraksi dengan data eksperimen yang tersedia memperlihatkan kecocokan yang memuaskan. Sebagai tambahan,kontribusi dari proses γd→π0X (X=np+d) pada integral GDH berhingga telah dihitung dengan menggunakan integrasieksplisit hingga 1.5 GeV dan nilai total sebesar 256.96 μb telah diperoleh. Konvergensi dari integral GDH telah tercapai."

"Three flavonoid compounds, kaempferol (1), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (2), and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-α-L-rhamnoside (3), were isolated from the bark of Aglaia eximia (Meliaceae). The chemical structures of compounds 1?3 were identified with spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1HCOSY NMR), and MS, as well as a compared with previously reported spectra data. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against P-388 murine leukemia cells. Compounds 1?3 showed cytotoxicity against P-388 murine leukemia cells with IC50 values of 1.22, 42.92, and >100 mg/mL, respectively.

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Senyawa Flavonoid dari Kulit Batang Aglaia eximia (Meliaceae). Tiga senyawa flavonoid, kaempferol (1), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-ramnosida (2), dan kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glukosil-α-L-ramnosida (3), diisolasi dari batang Aglaia eximia (Meliaceae). Struktur kimia senyawa 1?3 diidentifikasi berdasarkan data spektroskopi, meliputi UV, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1H-COSY NMR), dan MS, serta perbandingan dengan data spektra yang diperoleh sebelumnya. Seluruh senyawa dievaluasi pengaruh sitotoksiknya terhadap sel murine leukimia P-388. Senyawa 1-3 menunjukkan aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel murine leukimia P-388 dengan nilai IC50 berturut-turut 1,22; 42,92, dan >100 mg/mL."

"Sludge oil contains 30%?50% hydrocarbon fractions that comprise saturated fractions, aromatics, resins, andasphaltene. Asphaltene fraction is the most persistent fraction. In this research, the indigenous bacteria that can degradeasphaltene fractions from a sludge oil sample from Balikpapan that was isolated using BHMS medium (Bushnell-HassMineral Salt) with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract, and 2% (w/v) sludge oil. The ability of thefour isolates to degrade asphaltene fractions was conducted by the biodegradation asphaltene fractions test using liquidcultures in a BHMS medium with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract and 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract as a carbon source. Theparameters measured during the process of biodegradation of asphaltene fractions include the quantification of TotalPetroleum Hydrocarbon (g), log total number of bacteria (CFU/ml), and pH. There are four bacteria (isolates 1, 2, 3, and4) that have been characterized to degrade asphaltic fraction and have been identified as Bacillus sp. Lysinibacillusfusiformes, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp., respectively. The results showed that the highest ability todegrade asphaltene fractions is that of Bacillus sp. (isolate 1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolate 2), withbiodegradation percentages of asphaltene fractions being 50% and 55%, respectively, and growth rate at the exponentialphase is 7.17x107 CFU/mL.days and 4.21x107 CFU/mL.days, respectively.Isolasi Bakteri Pendegradasi Fraksi Aspaltik dari Lumpur Minyak Bumi. Lumpur minyak bumi mengandung30%-50% fraksi hidrokarbon yang terdiri dari fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin, dan aspaltik. Fraksi aspaltik merupakanfraksi yang paling sulit didegradasi. Pada penelitian ini, bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aspaltik merupakan bakteriindigenos yang diisolasi dari sampel lumpur minyak bumi di Balikpapan dengan menggunakan media Bushnell-HassMineral Salt (BHMS) dengan 0.01% (b/v) ekstrak ragi, 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik, dan 2% (b/v) lumpur minyakbumi. Kemampuan isolat mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik diuji menggunakan media BHMS yang ditambahkan 0.01% (b/v)ekstrak ragi dan 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik sebagai sumber karbon. Selama uji biodegradasi dilakukan pengukuranparameter yaitu Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (g), jumlah total bakteri (CFU/mL), dan pH. Empat isoat bakteri (isolat1,2,3, dan 4) yang telah dikarakterisasi mampu mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik dan teridentifikasi secara berurutansebagai, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Bacillus sp. (isolat 1) danLysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolat 2) memiliki kemampuan terbaik dalam mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik, kemampuanbiodegradasi fraksi aspaltik secara berurutan adalah 50% dan 55%, dan laju pertumbuhan pada fase eksponensial secaraberurutan adalah 7.17x107 CFU/mL.hari dan 4.21x107 CFU/mL.hari."

"Mannan is an abundant polysaccharide that can be found in konjac (Amorphophallus sp.). Mannan can be enzymaticallyhydrolyzed using mannanase to produce manno-oligosaccharides which can be used as a prebiotic. The aims of thisresearch are to determine the production time of mannanase from Streptomyces lipmanii, perform enzymecharacterization, optimize the hydrolysis time, and characterize the hydrolysis product. A qualitative assay using theindicator Congo red showed that S. lipmanii generated a clear zone, indicating that S. lipmanii produced mannanase inkonjac medium and possessed mannanolytic activity. Enzyme activity was determined through reducing sugarmeasurement using the dinitrosalycylic acid method, and optimum enzyme production was achieved at the second dayof culture. Characterization of the enzyme showed that hydrolysis was optimum at pH 7 and at a temperature of 50 oC.The reducing sugar content was increased by an increasing the hydrolysis time, and reached an optimum time at 2 h.The degree of polymerization value of three was achieved after 2 h hydrolysis of mannan from konjac, indicating theformation of oligosaccharides. Analysis by thin layer chromatography using butanol, acetic acid, and water in a ratio of2:1:1 as eluent showed the presence of compounds with a retention time between those of mannose and mannotetrose.Confirmation was also performed by HPLC, based on the retention time.Hidrolisis Enzimatik Mannan dari Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus sp.) menggunakan Enzim Mannanase dariStreptomyces lipmanii untuk Pembuatan Manno-oligosakarida. Mannan adalah polisakarida yang melimpah yangdapat ditemukan pada umbi porang (Amorphophallus sp.). Mannan dapat dihidrolisis secara enzimatik menggunakanmannanase untuk memproduksi manno-oligosakarida, yang dapat digunakan sebagai prebiotik. Tujuan dari penelitianini adalah menentukan waktu produksi mannanase dari Streptomyces lipmanii, karakterisasi enzim, optimasi waktuhidrolisis, dan karakterisasi produk hidrolisis. Uji kualitatif dengan menggunakan Congo red, menunjukkan bahwa S.lipmanii menghasilkan zona bening, yang menunjukkan bahwa S. lipmanii menghasilkan mannanase dalam mediumumbi porang dan memiliki aktivitas mannanolitik. Aktivitas enzim ditentukan melalui pengukuran gula pereduksimenggunakan metode asam dinitrosalisilat, dan produksi optimum enzim dicapai pada kultur hari kedua. Karakterisasienzim menunjukkan bahwa reaksi hidrolisis optimum pada pH 7 dan suhu 50 °C. Kadar gula pereduksi meningkatdengan bertambahnya waktu hidrolisis, dan mencapai optimum pada jam kedua. Derajat polimerisasi senilai 3 telahtercapai setelah hidrolisis mannan selama 2 jam yang menunjukkan terbentuknya oligosakarida. Analisis dengankromatografi lapis tipis menggunakan eluen butanol, asam asetat, dan air dengan rasio 2:1:1, menunjukkan adanyasenyawa yang memiliki faktor retensi antara mannosa dan mannotetrosa. Hasil tersebut juga dikonfirmasi dengankromatografi cair kinerja tinggi, berdasarkan waktu retensi senyawa."