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"Every government operates secrecy as one of mechanism to protect thestate, the people, and the assets from threats. There is lack of clarity ofrules for the secrecy system in Indonesia. Ultimately, there is no uniformconception among government officials, because each agency makes itsown policy and system. This condition brings disadvantage to society,because there is no clear guidance on this subject and it will not beable to push the government to act more responsible in managing theinformation. The rules about ?closed archives? in Law No. 43 of 2009about Archives and the term of ?security classification? that mentionedin Government Regulation No. 28 of 2012 about the Implementationof Law No. 43 of 2009 about Archives, do not help at all in solving thatproblems. To get the accountability in the management of closed archive,the government does not have any other option than establishing a setof rules that describe a clear secrecy system. The secrecy concept canbe framed within the concept of records life cycle, in order to be moreadjustable to the existing system."

"This is an important collection of scholarly essays that will illuminate positive legal developments and normative constitutionalist concerns in the expanding arena of secret government decisions. This book is indispensable reading for those concerned with constitutionalism, the rule of law and democracy as they bear on the tensions between secrecy and disclosure in government responses to terrorism.' - Vicki C. Jackson, Harvard University Law School, US 'This book contains the broadest and deepest analysis of the legal and policy issues that relate to secrecy and national security on one hand, and the imperatives of a functioning democracy on the other. The broadest because it brings to bear materials from many countries, the deepest because it brilliantly explores a core problem of constitutional government.' - Norman Dorsen, New York University, US and President, American Civil Liberties Union, 1976 - 1991"

"ABSTRAKPrevious research found that the individual trademark system has not been effectively utilized to support the business of batik Smal Medium Enterprises (SMEs), particularly in several batik industry centers in Java, namely Bantul in Yogyakarta province, Kauman in Pekalongan and Laweyan in Solo. However, the fact that those SMEs gather in a community, organization, or kinships bring potentials for development of collective trademarks, which can address the problems that individual trademark cannot anticipate. The development of collective trademark can also be a strategy to anticipate the free-trade ?attack,? i.e. imported textiles with batik patterns/motifs; which are not the original Indonesian batik. In regards to that, Indonesian batik SMEs need to be nurtured and encouraged to register their own collective trademarks and to build their branding infrastructure, through local batik community?s standardization, and collective batik labeling.This present research focuses on the development of collective trademark utilization by one longknown batik community in Kampung Batik Laweyan, Solo, as a strategy to enable them to compete with imported batik-printed textiles, as well as to protect their traditional batik cultural heritage.Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa sistem merek individual belum secara efektif digunakan untuk mendukung Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) yang bergerak di industri batik, khususnya di beberapa pusat industri batik di Jawa, yakni Bantul di Daerah IstimewaYogyakarta, Kauman di Pekalongan dan Laweyan di Solo. Namun demikian, fakta bahwa UKMUKM batik tersebut berkumpul dalam sebuah komunitas, organisasi atau dalam hubungan kekerabatan, menunjukkan adanya potensi untuk mengembangkan merek kolektif, yang mana dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang tidak dapat diatasi oleh sistem merek individual. Dengan mengembangkan merek kolektif, hal ini juga dapat menjadi sebuahstrategi untuk mengantisipasi serangan perdagangan bebas. Misalnya tekstil impor dengan pola batik; yang sebenarnya bukanlah termasuk batik asli Indonesia. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, UKM-UKM batik Indonesia harus diayomi dan dihimbau untuk mendaftarkan merek kolektif mereka dan untuk membangun prasarana pemasaran, melalui standarisasi komunitas batik lokal dan pendaftaran merek kolektif. Penelitian yang dibahas dalam artikel ini berfokus pada perkembangan penggunaan merek kolektif oleh sebuah komunitas batik yang telah lama terbentuk di Kampung Batik Laweyan, Solo, sebagai sebuah strategi untuk dapat bersaing dengan tekstil berpola batik yang diimpor, sekaligus sebagai upaya perlindungan atas warisan tradisional budaya batik."

"This book offers an accessible introduction to all aspects of American contract law, useful to both first-year law students and advanced contract scholars.Contract law is a category within legal practice (and legal education), though there are many occasions where there are significant overlaps with other categories, or where the borderline is not especially clear. (For example, some commentators have argued that contract law should be seen as a mere sub-category of tort law ; and, in different ways, the boundary lines between contract law and areas like restitution and property are fluid and uncertain much of the time.) Contract law is a category of particular rules and decisions, but (as elsewhere in law) it is a mistake to focus too narrowly on the "facts" of the actual decisions and the "black-letter rules" of treatises. Law is, and likely has always been, a reflective exercise, where there is a natural tendency (among practitioners and observers both) to seek more general principles, to explain and justify past decisions and give guidance for future decisions"-- Provided by publisher.Contents Machine generated contents note: 1. Philosophical problems of contract law; 2. History and sources; 3. Formation; 4. Interpretation; 5. Performance; 6. Enforcement and remedies; 7. Special categories of contract law; 8. Modern contract law practices: questions of legitimation; 9. How many contract laws?"