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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu sifat ideal suatu siler saluran akar adalah memiliki kemampuan penutupan yang baik terutama pada sepertiga apeks. Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi perbandingan kebocoran antara pengisian saluran akar dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan SP dan siler bioceramic SB . Metode: Tiga puluh enam gigi premolar rahang bawah, dibagi dua kelompok dan diisi dengan teknik kon tunggal menggunakan siler polidimetilsiloksan pada kelompok pertama, dan siler bioceramic pada kelompok ke-dua. Selanjutnya gigi diinkubasi 37?C, selama 24 jam , kemudian dilapisi dengan dua lapis cat kuku kecuali pada 2 mm dari apeks, dan direndam dalam tinta india 7 X 24 jam . Sampel didekalsifikasi, didehidrasi dan dibuat transparan sesuai dengan metode Robertson. Kedalaman penetrasi zat tinta dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo. Skor 0 untuk tidak bocor, skor 1 untuk penetrasi zat tinta le; 0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi 0,51 ndash; 1 mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi > 1 mm. Hasil: Distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar pada kelompok SP terdapat pada skor 2 44.4 , sedangkan pada kelompok SB terdapat pada skor 1 55.6 . Kesimpulan: Tingkat kebocoran pengisian saluran akar dengan siler bioceramic tidak berbeda dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan.

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ABSTRACTBackground One of the ideal properties of a root canal sealer is to have a good sealing ability, especially at the apical third of the root. Objective To evaluate the comparison of the apical leakage between obturation using bioceramic sealer SB and polydimethylsiloxane sealer SP . Methods Thirty six mandibular premolars were equally divided into two groups and was obturated with single cone technique. The sealer used for Group I and Group II were SP and SB respectively. After obturation, the samples were incubated 37 C, 24 h , sealed with two coats of nail polish except for 2 mm from the apex, immersed in the Indian ink for 7 days, decalcified, dehydrated and made transparent according to Robertson technique. Dye penetration were evaluated under stereomicroscope. Samples with no dye penetration were given score 0, le 0,5 mm dye penetration were given score 1, 0,051 ndash 1 mm were given score 2, and 1 mm were given score 3. Result The largest proportion distribution in SP group was at the score 2 44.4 , and in group SB was at the score 1 55.6 . Conclusion Bioceramic sealer showed similar apical leakage to polydimethylsiloxane sealer."

"Latar Belakang: Pengisian dengan kon gutaperca berlapis resin (GBR) dan siler resin metakrilat menciptakansuatu sistem monoblok tersier. Tujuan: menganalisis perbandingan kerapatan antara pengisian GBR dan gutaperca konvensional (GK) dengan siler resin metakrilat di daerah sepertiga apeks.Metode:Tiga puluh dua gigi insisif bawah, dibagi dua kelompok sama besar, yaitu kelompok GBR dan GK dengan masing-masing kelompok menggunakan siler resin metakrilat. Setelah pengisian saluran akar dengan tekniksingle-cone, sampel diinkubasi (370C, 24 jam), kemudian dibelah dua secara vertikal. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kerapatan sepertiga apeks berdasarkan celah mikro yang ada pada daerah 5mm dari apeks menggunakan SEM dan diberi skor. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Skor 0 terbanyak pada GBR 43.8%,skor 1 terbanyak pada GK 81,3%% (165), skor 2 0% dan skor 3 terbanyak pada GBR 12.5%.Kesimpulan: Kerapatan hasil pengisian dengan kon gutaperca berlapis dibanding gutaperca konvensional dengan masing-masing kelompok menggunakan siler resin metakrilat pada sepertiga apeks tidak ada perbedaan bermakna walaupun secara subtansi jumlah celah mikro pada kelompok gutaperca berlapis lebih sedikit didaerah sepertiga apeks

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Background:Resin-coatedguttapercha as aroot canal obturation material is the system of tertiary monoblock. Purpose: to compare sealability of obturation using methacrylate resin-based root canal sealer between GBR dan GK group. Methods: Thirty two human lower insisive was used as specimen.All specimen was prepared using REVO-S and divided randomly into two groups. First group, GBK was obturated with resin-coated guttapercha andmethacrylate resin-based root canal sealer; while GK group was obturated with conventional guttapercha with the same sealer.Afterobturation, the specimens were incubated (370C, 24 h), then the speciments was cut verticaly. The gap existance was measured using SEM and given score 0-3. Theresults were statistically analyzed with Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Results:Thelargest proportion distribution in GBR group was score 0 (43.8%), whilst the largestproportion distribution in GK group was score 1 (81.3%), both these groups has no score 2, and the largest proportion distribution in GBR was score 3(12.5%) Conclusion: Resin-coated guttapercha as an obturation material hadinsignificancy diffrence statisticaly than conventional guttapercha of sealing ability, despite resin-coated guttapercha showed better sealing ability substantially.

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"Instrumentasi saluran akar masih meninggalkan area tidak terpreparasi. Insrumen osilasi diklaim dapat membersihkan dinding saluran akar secara optimal.Tujuan: Membandingkan luas dinding sepertiga apeks saluran akar yang tidak terpreparasi antara instrumen osilasi Reciproc® dan WaveOne®.Metode: Tiga puluh dua saluran akar premolar mandibula diisi tinta cina kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok berjumlah sama (n=16): Reciproc® dan WaveOne®. Luas dinding yang tertutup tinta cina dianalisis dengan Adobe Photoshop CS5.Hasil: Kelompok II mempreparasi lebih banyak dinding tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok I (p=0,265).Kesimpulan: Reciproc® dan WaveOne® tetap meninggalkan area tidak terpreparasi di sepertiga apeks saluran akar.

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Thirty five percents area of root canal wall was left uninstrumented after instrumentation. Oscillation instrument was claimed able to clean whole area of root canal walls.Objective: to compare uninstrumented area of root canal at the apical third after instrumented by oscillation instrument.Methods: Thirty two human mandibular premolar root canals were dyed with china ink and were divided equally into Reciproc® and WaveOne® group. The area was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS5.Results: WaveOne® showed a better result than Reciproc®, but not statistically significant (p=0,265).Conclusion: The Reciproc® and WaveOne® showed no difference in cleaning the root canal."

"Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256). Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques.

Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256)

Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256) Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques. Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256) Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Residu Ca(OH)2 dapat mengganggu hermetisitas obturasi saluran akar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tiga metode pembersihan residu Ca(OH)2. Metode. Tigapuluh premolar bawah dipeparasi dengan ProTaper sampai F3, kemudian diberi medikamen Ca(OH)2 dan disimpan selama 7 hari. Setelah itu, sampel dibagi tiga sama banyak. Residu Ca(OH)2 di Kelompok I dibersihkan dengan irigan gabungan NaOCl-EDTA, kelompok II dengan CanalBrush, dan Kelompok III dengan file NiTi. Sampel kemudian dibelah arah buko-lingual dan residu diperiksa dengan mikroskopstereo dan program Axiocam. Hasil. Pembersihan paling baik adalah pada kelompok II, disusul oleh kelompok III, dan kelompok I, walaupun secara statistik tidak berbeda signifikan (p <0,05). Kesimpulan. Ketiga metode menghasilkan efek pembersihan residu Ca(OH)2 yang tidak berbeda.

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The residu of Ca(OH)2 will hamper the hermeticity of root canal obturation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the methods of its removal. Methods. Root canal preparation was performed on 30 lower premolar using Proaper system. The Ca(OH)2 paste was put on the root canal for 7 days. The samples were then divided equally into three groups. The residu of Ca(OH)2 in group I, II, and III were removed by combined irrigant of NaOCl-EDTA, Canal Brush, and NiTi file respectively. After bisected bucco-lingually, the residu was assessed under stereomicroscope (12x magnification) and AxioCam. Results. Substantially, the most effective method was group II, followed by group III and I, but statistically no significance difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The canal brush is the best methods in removing Ca(OH)2 residu, although the difference is statistically not significant."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar dengan instrumen putar NiTi dapat menyebabkan crack pada dinding saluran akar.Tujuan: Menganalisa dan membandingkan efek penggunaan instrumen putar NiTi single-file gerakan resiprokal dan kontinyu terhadap terbentuknya crack pada dinding saluran akar. Metode: Tigapuluh dua sampel saluran akar tunggal dipilih secara acak dan dibagi menjadi dua grup (n=16) sesuai dengan instrumen yang digunakan untuk preparasi saluran akar, yaitu instrumen putar NiTi gerakan resiprokal dan gerakan kontinyu. Micro-CT digunakan untuk mengevaluasi crack  sebelum dan setelah preparasi saluran akar. Analisis statistik menggunakan Continuity correction. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan instrumen putar NiTi gerakan resiprokal dan gerakan kontinyu (p>0,05). Crack yang terbentuk ditemukan pada bagian sepertiga apikal saluran akar dengan tipe incomplete crack. Simpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan instrumen putar NiTi single-file dengan gerakan resiprokal dan kontinyu dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya crack pada dinding saluran akar.

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Background: Root canal preparation with NiTi rotary instrument has the potential to induce cracks in the root canal wall. Objective: To analyze and compare the effects of single-file NiTi rotary continuous and reciprocating instruments in the propagation of cracks in the root canal wall. Methods: Thirty two single root canal samples were randomly assigned into two groups (n=16 per group) according to the system used for root canal preparation : reciprocating instruments and rotary continuous instruments. The samples were scanned through high-resolution micro-computed tomographic imaging to evaluate cracks before and after root canal preparation. The comparison between two groups was analysed statistically using Continuity correction. Results: There was no significant difference in the number of cracks between reciprocating group and rotary continuous group (p> 0.05). Cracks that occured was found in the apical third of the root canal, with incomplete cracks. Conclusion: Root canal preparation with single-file NiTi rotary continuous and reciprocating instruments can induce dentinal cracks in the root canal wall."

"Latar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai pengaruh pelebaran korona saluran akar terhadap tingkat ketepatan apex locator hanya sedikit. Tujuan: Membandingkan ketepatan lokasi foramen apikalis pada dua tipe apex locator dan menilai pengaruh pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Metode: Panjang kerja 16 gigi premolar satu mandibula diukur secara visual, menggunakan dua jenis apex locator saat sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona saluran akar. Hasil: Berbeda bermakna ketepatan pada tiap jenis apex locator setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona, namun tidak berbeda bermakna pada keduanya setelah pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Kesimpulan: pelebaran korona saluran akar meningkatkan ketepatan apex locator mengukur lokasi foramen apikalis.

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Background: Only a few studies on the effect of coronal preflaring to the accuracy of apex locator.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of two types of apex locators and evaluate the influence of coronal preflaring in them.

Method: working length of sixteen first mandibular bicuspids were measured visually, using two types apex locator at before and after coronal preflaring.

Result: statistically significant of two type apex locators at before and after coronal preflaring, no statistically significant at both types after coronal preflaring.

Conclusion: coronal preflaring will increase the accuracy of apex locator in locating the apical foramen."

"Visualisasi anatomi saluran akar menggunakan computed tomography tiga dimensi dan preparasi transparan. Computed Tomography (CT) tiga dimensi sedang dikembangkan agar dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis topografi anatomi saluran akar untuk membuat keputusan tentang metode preparasi yang tepat. Analisis bentuk dan ukuran anatomi gigi juga dapat dilakukan menggunakan metode transparan. Penting untuk membandingkan ketepatan hasil analisis dari kedua metode tersebut. Tujuan: Membandingkan akurasi analisis anatomi saluran akar dengan dua metode CT tiga dimensi dan preparasi transparan. Metode: Gigi molar tiga bawah digunakan sebagai sampel analisis. Analisis dengan CT tiga dimensi dilakukan sebelum gigi diekstraksi. Gigi yang selanjutnya diekstraksi tersebut kemudian diolah untuk mendapatkan sediaan transparan. Hasil: Walaupun karakteristik gigi yang berhubungan dengan sudut kemiring mahkota, bentuk kurva mahkota dan devisasi saluran akar dapat terlihat melalui analisis dengan CT tiga dimensi, parameter anatomi gigi yang lain dapat diperlihatkan melalui sediaan transparan. Sediaan transparan dapat memperlihatkan kurva saluran akar secara lebih jelas. Simpulan: Analisis sediaan transparan dapat memberikan gambaran anatomi saluran akar yang sangat jelas dan lebih baik daripada CT tiga dimensi. Analisis dengan CT tiga dimensi dapat memberikan informasi tambahan tentang hubungan gigi di dalam rahang.

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Three-dimensional Computed Tomography (CT) is used to analyze the topography of the root canal anatomy in order to make a decision in choosing root canal preparation method. There is a method that make extracted teeth transparent maintaining its anatomical shape and size. It is important to compare the accuracy of the two visualization methods. Objective: To compare the transmission accuracy of root canals anatomy by two visualization methods, three-dimensional CT and transparent tooth preparation. Methods: Mandibular third molar was used as sample. The three-dimensional CT scan was performed before extracting the teeth. Then teeth were extracted and placed in solutions that made them transparent. Results: Despite the fact that the character of dental origin in terms of the angle of the crown, the curvature of the crown, the deviation of the root showed in three dimensional CT, other tooth anatomical parameters were equally well detected using a transparent tooth preparation. Overall, the curvature of the root canals is more clearly shown by transparent tooth preparation. Conclusion: Transparent tooth preparation provides superior visualization of real root canal anatomy compared to three-dimensional CT, however the later could give us more information about the relation of the tooth within the jaw."

"The longevity of a tooth is based not on the pulp, but on the health of the attachment apparatus. Mikroorganism and their toxic products can passed out into the periapical tissue and generates lesions of endodontic origin. The rationale of root canal treatment now is based on biologic principles. Healing will occurr if biomecanical preparation, cleaning and shaping were properly excecuted and the root canal system is hermetically sealed in three dimension."