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"Latar belakang: Gagal jantung kongestif atau congestive heart failure CHF dan diabetes melitus DM tipe 2 merupakan dua kondisi yang saling memberatkan, yaitu terjadi gangguan metabolisme yang lebih berat akibat perubahan neurohormonal, dan struktur jantung yang berpotensi memperburuk prognosis. Tatalaksana nutrisi sejak awal diagnosis sangat penting dalam mendukung proses penyembuhan pasien dan mencegah komplikasi lebih lanjut. Kasus: Dalam serial kasus ini terdapat empat pasien CHF dan DM tipe 2 dengan penyulit. Keempat pasien dengan hipertensi dan hiperurisemia, tiga pasien dengan status gizi obes, tiga pasien dengan infark miokard, satu pasien dengan unstable angina pectoris, dua pasien dengan acute kidney injury, dan satu pasien dengan chronic kidney disease. Pada awal pemeriksaan didapatkan defisiensi asupan makro- dan mikronutrien, kontrol tekanan darah dan glukosa darah yang kurang baik, retensi cairan, dan penurunan kapasitas fungsional. Tatalaksana nutrisi disesuaikan secara individual, berdasarkan kondisi klinis, hasil laboratorium dan pemeriksaan penunjang lainnya serta riwayat asupan makanan. Hasil: Seluruh pasien mengalami peningkatan toleransi asupan, perbaikan kondisi klinis, dan kapasitas fungsional. Kesimpulan: Tatalaksana nutrisi yang adekuat pada pasien CHF dan DM tipe 2 dengan penyulit dapat mendukung perbaikan kondisi klinis dan kapasitas fungsional, sehingga dapat menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas.

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Background: Congestive heart failure CHF and type 2 diabetes mellitus DM are two mutually aggravating conditions, with more severe metabolic abnormalities due to changes in neurohormonal and cardiac structure which potentially worsen the prognosis. Nutritional management since early diagnosis is very important in supporting the healing process of patients and prevent further complications.

Cases: Four patients were diagnosed with CHF and type 2 DM with complicating conditions. Four patients with hypertension and hyperuricemia, three patients were obese, three patients experienced myocard infarct one patient had unstable angina pectoris, two patients had acute kidney injury, and one patient had chronic kidney disease. Nutritional problems in four patients at assessment were macro and micronutrient deficiencies, uncontrolled blood pressure and blood glucose, fluid retention and declined functional capacity. Nutrition therapy were planned individually including macronutrients, micronutrients and fluid intakes, based on clinical conditions, laboratory findings, other examinations, and previous food intakes.

Result: There were improvements of clinical conditions, intake tolerance, and functional capacity.

Conclusion: Adequate nutrition therapy for CHF and type 2 DM patients with complicating conditions supports the improvements of clinical condition and functional capacity, decreasing morbidity and mortality rates. "

"Latar Belakang: Insidensi dan prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) terus meningkat. Penurunan imunitas yang terjadi pada DMT2 dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi. Kontrol gula darah yang baik bermanfaat dalam pengendalian infeksi dan pencegahan komplikasi makro dan mikrovaskuler tetapi penelitian yang melibatkan pasien DMT2 usia lanjut masih belum konklusif. Serial kasus ini dilakukan untuk melihat efektivitas kontrol gula darah terhadap kesintasan pasien DMT2 yang dirawat di rumah sakit, dan untuk implementasi tatalaksana nutrisi sesuai kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien. Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berusia antara 47 ? 65 tahun. Penyulit infeksi pada keempat pasien ini yaitu gangren diabetikum, selulitis, dan sepsis dengan infeksi paru dan infeksi saluran kemih. Tatalaksana nutrisi pasien dilakukan sesuai dengan rekomendasi American Diabetes Association dan Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes disesuaikan dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Perhitungan kebutuhan nutrisi menggunakan rekomendasi untuk perawatan pasien sakit kritis bagi pasien yang dirawat di intensive care unit (ICU), dan menggunakan perhitungan dengan formula Harris-Benedict bagi yang dirawat di ruangan dengan faktor stres sesuai derajat hipermetabolisme pasien. Pasien dipantau selama 7 ? 11 hari. Edukasi diberikan kepada pasien dan keluarga selama perawatan dan saat akan pulang. Hasil: Dalam pemantauan, tiga pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis, toleransi asupan, dan laboratorium, dan dapat dipulangkan, sedangkan satu pasien meninggal dunia. Kesimpulan: Kontrol gula darah, asupan nutrisi yang adekuat, dan edukasi yang sesuai, dapat meningkatkan kesintasan pasien DMT2 dengan penyulit infeksi yang dirawat di rumah sakit.

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Background: The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. Immune disfunction in T2DM patient may increase the risk of infection. The appropriate blood glucose control has a benefit in infection control and macro and microvascular complication prevention. The Studies of glycaemic control included older patients did not find convincing evidence. The aim of this case series is to assess the association between glycaemic control and clinical outcome of hospitalized T2DM patient with comorbid infection, and to provide appropriate nutrition therapy based on individual nutrition needs.

Method: Patients in this case series were between 47 - 65 years old. There of those patients were diagnosed T2DM with comorbid gangrenous diabeticum, cellulitis, and sepsis with lung infection and urinary tract infection. Two patients need intensive care in ICU, and another patients in the ward. Two patients received nutrition therapy as critically ill condition, and the rest as American Diabetic Association recommendation, with basal calorie requirement were calculated using Harris-Benedict formula and stress factor suitable for metabolic changes. Monitoring was done for 7 - 11 days. Education was done for the patient and family during hospitalization and discharge planning.

Results: Three patients showed the improvement of clinical conditions, intake tolerance, and laboratory results, whatever one patient was pass away.

Conclusion: Glycaemic control, adequate nutrition intake, and intensive education, may improve survival rate in hospitalized T2DM patient with infection as comorbid."

"Pemantauan Terapi Obat (PTO) merupakan upaya pemastian pengobatan yang diberikan kepada pasien aman, efektif, dan rasional. PTO dilakukan pada pasien dengan kriteria yang sesuai dalam Kepmenkes RI No. 72 Thn 2016. PTO dilakukan pada pasien RSUP Fatmawati, yaitu Rumah Sakit Pusat Rujukan Daerah Jakarta. Pasien terpilih mendapatkan diagnosis utama Sindrom Koroner Akut (SKA) disertai hipokalemia, hipertensi, pneumonia, Diabetes Miletus Tipe 2 dan Cedera Ginjal Akut. PTO dilakukan pada periode 03 Juli 2023–30 Agustus 2023 sebagai bentuk penelitian observasional deskriptif bersifat prospektif yang dituangkan dalam karya tulis. Tahapan penelitian meliputi: penseleksian pasien berdasarkan kriteria; pencatatan identitas, hasil pemeriksaan dan pengobatan pasien terpilih secara berkesinambungan; melakukan interpretasi hasil pemeriksaan penunjang dan tanda vital; evaluasi tata laksana, kesesuaian dosis, efek samping, dan interaksi obat; analisis DRP dengan metode PCNE dan SOAP; merekomendasikan penyelesaian Drug Related Problem; analisis pengobatan antibiotik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat kode P1.2 efek terapi obat tidak terlalu optimal dalam pemberian Diltiazem, nitrokaf, dan ceftriakson karena pemberian dosis dibawah anjuran literatur, landasan dokter adalah pasien menerima obat lainnya dengan efek terapi serupa sehingga dosis disesuaikan dengan respon pasien. Interaksi obat-obat yang terjadi adalah kategori C dan disarankan melakukan pemantauan timbulnya ADR. Analisis alur gyssens menunjukkan pemilihan antibiotik dalam pengobatan pneumonia belum sesuai dengan PNPK tatalaksana pneumonia 2023 dan pengobatannya diputuskan rawat jalan. Disimpulkan mayoritas pengobatan sudah sesuai dengan indikasi, dosis literatur, dan respon pasien relatif membaik.

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Drug Therapy Monitoring (PTO) is an effort to ensure that the treatment given to patients is safe, effective and rational. PTO is carried out on patients who meet the criteria in the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Health Decree No. 72 of 2016. PTO is carried out on patients at Fatmawati Hospital, namely the Jakarta Regional Referral Center Hospital. Selected patients received a primary diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) accompanied by hypokalemia, hypertension, pneumonia, Diabetes Miletus Type 2 and Acute Kidney Injury. PTO was carried out in the period 03 July 2023–30 August 2023 as a form of prospective descriptive observational research outlined in written work. Research stages include: patient examination based on criteria; Recording identity, examination results and continuous treatment on selected patients; interpret examination results and vital signs; evaluation of management, dose suitability, side effects, and drug interactions; Drug-Related Problems (DRP) analysis using the PCNE and SOAP methods; providing solutions to DRP; analysis of antibiotic treatment. The results of the analysis show that there is code P1.2, the therapeutic effect of the drug is not very optimal in administering Diltiazem, Nitrocaf, and ceftriaxone because the given dose is under literature recommendations. The drug-drug interactions that occur are category C and recommended to monitor the emergence of ADRs. Gyssens Flow Analysis shows that the choice of antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia is not in accordance with the 2023 PNPK for pneumonia management and the treatment is decided as an outpatient basis. It was concluded that most of the treatments were in accordance with the indications, dosages in the literature, and the patient's response was relatively improved"

"Kaki diabetik merupakan komplikasi pada diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 tersering yang menyebabkan pasien menjalankan perawatan di rumah sakit. Penyulit lain pada DM tipe 2 berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien DM tipe 2 dan kaki diabetik dengan berbagai penyulit berperan penting dalam kontrol glikemik, mencegah perburukan status gizi, serta perbaikan penyembuhan luka. Serial kasus ini melibatkan empat pasien DM tipe 2 dan kaki diabetik dengan berbagai penyulit yang diberikan terapi medik gizi berupa asupan energi, makronutrien, mikronutrien, nutrien spesifik, dan edukasi gaya hidup. Pasien dilakukan pemantauan selama 19 hari sesuai fase proliferasi penyembuhan luka. Satu pasien dengan ketoasidosis diabetikum, satu pasien dengan hipertensi, dan dua pasien dengan diabetic kidney disease. Kontrol glikemik keempat pasien tercapai pada akhir perawatan di rumah sakit dan tidak didapatkan penurunan berat badan yang bermakna selama masa pemantauan. Penyembuhan luka berupa luka mengering, edema berkurang, dan timbulnya jaringan granulasi didapatkan pada tiga diantara empat pasien. Satu pasien tidak didapatkan penyembuhan luka yang signifikan karena adanya stenosis multipel pembuluh darah arteri di tungkai kiri. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien DM tipe 2 dan kaki diabetik dengan berbagai penyulit berperan pada perbaikan kontrol glikemik, mencegah perburukan status gizi, dan penyembuhan luka.

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The most common cause of complication and hospitalization in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are those associated with diabetic foot (DF). Complication of T2DM contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality. Medical nutrition therapy in patients with T2DM and DF with various complication plays an important role in management of glycemic control, worsening nutritional status, and repair wound healing. This case series include four patients T2DM and DF with various complication that given nutritional medical therapy consisting of energy intake, macronutrients, micronutrients, spesific nutrient, and healthy lifestyle education. Patients was monitored for 19 days according to the proliferation phase of wound healing. One patient with diabetic ketoacidosis, one patient with hypertension, and two patients with diabetic kidney disease. All patients got glycemic control during hospitalization. No significant weight loss was observed during monitoring period. Wounds in three of the four patients appeared to heal with dry wound, reduced edema, and formation of granulation tissue. One patient found insignificant wound healing due to multiple arterial stenosis in the left leg. Medical nutrition therapy with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot with various complications plays an important role in management of glycemic control, preventing worsening nutritional status, and repair wound healing."

"Latar belakang: Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 (DMT2) dan gagal jantung memiliki keterkaitan yang kuat dan luaran klinis yang satu mempengaruhi lainnya. Studi terakhir berhasil membuktikan manfaat empagliflozin, obat lini kedua pada DMT2, terhadap kardiovaskular. Mekanisme seluler yang diketahui berperan pada hewan adalah efek antifibrosis miokard, namunbelum ada studi pada manusia.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek pemberian empagliflozin terhadap fibrosis miokard pada pasien DMT2 dengan gagal jantung. Metode: Uji klinis acak tidak tersamar yang dilakukan di RS Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita dari Februari 2019 sampai Mei 2019. Pasien DMT2 dan gagal jantung diberikan empagliflozin 10 mg selama tiga bulan. Perbedaan kadar suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST2) serum pada kelompok kontrol dan intervensi di awal dan akhir penelitian akan dianalisis. Hasil: Terdapat 58 pasien yang menjadi subjek penelitian dan 40 (69%) pasien menyelesaikan penelitian. Terdapat perbedaan kadar ST2 yang bermakna setelah pemberian empagliflozin selama tiga bulan (median ST2 kelompok empagliflozin sebelum dan sesudah empagliflozin masing-masing 23,5(12,5 - 130,7)ng/mL dan 18,9(12,5 - 29,4) ng/mL, p=0,02). Penurunan ST2 dan persentase penurunan ST2 kelompok empagliflozin kedua kelompok tidak berbeda secara statistik (masing-masing p=0,16 dan p=0,21). Kesimpulan: Pemberian empagliflozin selama tiga bulan dapat menurunkan fibrosis miokard yang tidak terlihat pada kelompok kontrol. Tidak terdapat perbedaan besaran penurunan fibrosis pada pemberian empagliflozin dibandingkan terapi standar.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure have a strong relationship; one affects each other. Recent studies have proven some cardiovascular benefits of empagliflozin. Myocardial antifibrosis is proposed to be the mechanism in many animal studies, but in humans the data is lack. Objectives: To investigate the effect of empagliflozin on myocardial fibrosis in T2DM patients and heart failure. Methods: This was an open-labeled clinical trial in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, from February 2019 to May 2019. Patients with T2DM and heart failure received empagliflozin 10 mg for three months. Differences of serum suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST2) levels in both control and intervention groups at the beginning and end of the study were analyzed. Results: There were 58 patients enrolled in the study and total of 40 (69%) patients completed it. There were significant differences in ST2 levels after administration of empagliflozin (median for ST2 empagliflozin group before and after empagliflozin was 23.5 (12.5 - 130.7) ng / mL and 18.9 (12, 5 - 29.4) ng / mL respectively, p = 0.02). The ST2 value difference and percent different were not different (p=0,16 and p=0,21, respectively). Conclusion: Three months Empagliflozin might reduce myocard fibrosis which was not seen in control group. The total fibrosis reduction was not significantly different compared to standard therapy"

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prevalensi Diabetes Melitus Tipe (DM) tipe 2 semakin meningkat setiap tahun. Kontrol glisemik yang buruk, hipertensi, dislipidemia, dan kebiasaan merokok serta menopause dapat meningkatkan risiko komplikasi penyakit kardiovaskular. Komplikasi kardiovaskular merupakan komplikasi paling sering ditemukan dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, untuk menekan progresivitas komplikasi kardiovaskular diperlukan suatu terapi nutrisi medik yang adekuat sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan edukasi dalam memodifikasi gaya hidup.Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus berusia 55-65 tahun. Tiga pasien didiagnosis DM tipe 2 dengan gagal jantung, satu pasien dengan penyakit jantung hipertensi. Semua pasien memiliki skor skrining malnutrition screening tools (MST) ≥ 2. Dua pasien mempunyai status gizi obesitas, satu pasien berat badan dan pasien lainnya dengan berat badan normal. Kebutuhan energi basal (KEB) berdasarkan rumus Harris-Benedict dengan faktor stress 1,3-1,4 tergantung kondisi klinis dan penyakit penyerta. Komposisi makronutrien sesuai dengan rekomendasi American Diabetes Association dan Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension. Pemberian mikronutrien dan nutrient spesifik diberikan pada satu dua kasus. Pasien dipantau selama 5-17 hari, meliputi keluhan subyektif, hemodinamik, toleransi dan analisis asupan, antropometri, pemeriksaan laboratorium, imbang cairan, dan kapasitas fungsional.Hasil: Selama pemantauan di RS, keempat pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis yaitu tekanan darah turun dan kapasitas fungsional membaik. Satu pasien kadar glukosa darah dipertahankan < 200 mg/dL.Kesimpulan: Terapi nutrisi medik yang adekuat dapat memperbaiki kondisi klinis pasien DM tipe 2 dengan komplikasi sistem kardiovaskular.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing every year. Poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smooking and menopause increase the risk for cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular complications is the most common complications in type 2 DM with a significant high mortality rate. Therefore, a medical nutrition therapy is required to decreased the progresitivity of the cardiovascular complication in DM, based on improvement of clinical conditions and lifestyle modifications.Method: Patients in this case series were between 55-65 years old. There of those patients were diagnosed heart failure and one with hypertension heart disease. All patients had a screening score ≥ 2 with malnutrition screening tools (MST). Two of patients had nutritional status of obesity, one patients was overweight, and another patients was normoweight. Basal calorie requirement were calculating using Harris-Benedict formula with stress factor 1,3-1,4 adjusment according to clinical conditions and comorbidities. Macronutriens were given recommendations by The American Diabetes Association and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension. Two patients received micronutrien and specific nutrients. Monitoring was done for 5-17 days included subjective complaints, hemodynamic, tolerance and intake analysis, anthropometric measurement, laboratory test, fluid balance and functional capacity.Results : All the patients showed the improvement of clinical conditions, blood control and functional capacity. Blood glucose levels of one patients was maintained to below 200 mg/dLConclusion: Medical nutrition therapy can improved clinical conditions of patients type 2 DM with cardiovascular complications., Background:The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing every year. Poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smooking and menopause increase the risk for cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular complications is the most common complications in type 2 DM with a significant high mortality rate. Therefore, a medical nutrition therapy is required to decreased the progresitivity of the cardiovascular complication in DM, based on improvement of clinical conditions and lifestyle modifications.Method:Patients in this case series were between 55-65 years old. There of those patients were diagnosed heart failure and one with hypertension heart disease. All patients had a screening score ≥ 2 with malnutrition screening tools (MST). Two of patients had nutritional status of obesity, one patients was overweight, and another patients was normoweight. Basal calorie requirement were calculating using Harris-Benedict formula with stress factor 1,3-1,4 adjusment according to clinical conditions and comorbidities. Macronutriens were given recommendations by The American Diabetes Association and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension. Two patients received micronutrien and specific nutrients. Monitoring was done for 5-17 days included subjective complaints, hemodynamic, tolerance and intake analysis, anthropometric measurement, laboratory test, fluid balance and functional capacity.Results :All the patients showed the improvement of clinical conditions, blood control and functional capacity. Blood glucose levels of one patients was maintained to below 200 mg/dLConclusion:Medical nutrition therapy can improved clinical conditions of patients type 2 DM with cardiovascular complications.]"

"Studi kasus serial ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tatalaksana nutrisi yang adekuat pada pasien diabetes melitus (DM) dalam mencegah, memperlambat dan memperbaiki komplikasi kronis dengan memberikan tatalaksana nutrisi sesuai kondisi klinis, laboratoris dan status gizi pasien. Hiperglikemia kronis terkait dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, disfungsi, dan gagal organ, khususnya mata, ginjal, syaraf, jantung dan pembuluh darah. Tatalaksana kadar gula darah yang baik dapat menurunkan risiko, menunda onset, dan menurunkan tingkat keparahan dari komplikasi kronis. Komplikasi kronis dari DM terbagi dalam dua kategori, yaitu komplikasi makrovaskular dan mikrovaskular. Ke-empat kasus yang dipaparkan merupakan pasien DM berusia 37-64 tahun yang menderita DM dengan komplikasi makrovaskular dan mikrovaskular. Pemberian kalori pada pasien-pasien kasus serial ini dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus Harris Benedict. Protein diberikan sesuai ada tidaknya nefropati dan tingkat nefropati. Pemberian lemak 25% dari total kalori dengan komposisi sekitar SAFA 7%, PUFA 8% dan MUFA 10%. Kombinasi tatalaksana nutrisi sesuai kebutuhan bersamaan dengan pemberian insulin atau obat antidiabetes mampu mengontrol kadar gula darah mendekati normal. Pemberian protein sesuai dengan kemampuan fungsi ginjal mampu mengontrol kadar ureum dan kreatinin dengan status gizi pasien tetap terjaga. Kesimpulannya : Penatalaksanaan nutrisi pada pasien DM harus bersifat individual, untuk mempertahankan status kesehatan dan memperlambat, bahkan menghindari timbulnya komplikasi DM. Tatalaksana nutrisi harus di-evaluasi secara berkala sesuai dengan kondisi klinis pasien.

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This case serial study is aim to know the effect of adequate nutrition therapy on diabetic mellitus patient in preventing, slowing and overcome chronic complication. Nutrition therapy was according to their clinical condition, laboratory and nutrition status. Chronic hyperglycemia is related to long term organ damage, organ dis-function and failure. This is especially affect the eye, kidney, nerve, heart and vascular. Glucose control near to normal range will be able to decrease the risk, onset and morbidity of chronic complication. Diabetic chronic complication is divided into two categories, macrovascular and micro-vascular.

The four diabetic mellitus patients in this case series were 37 to 64 years old with macro-vascular and micro-vascular complication. Calories for these patients were calculated using Harris Benedict equation. Protein was given according to kidney function and if there is nephropathy, then protein was given according to the level of nephropathy. Lipid were provided 25% from total calories, with a composition around 7% of SAFA, 8% PUFA and 10% MUFA. A combination of nutrition therapy and insulin or oral anti-diabetic drugs is able to maintain glucose control near to normal range. Protein provision according to kidney function was able to control urea and creatinine level along with maintaining nutrition status.

Conclusion : Nutrition therapy in diabetic patient must be prescribe individually, according to anamnesis, physical examination, laboratory finding and other supporting examination. Nutrition therapy is targeted to maintain health status, to slowdown, and hopefully to prevent diabetic complication. Nutrition therapy must be evaluated periodically according to patient clinical status."

"Latar belakang: Gagal jantung merupakan beban baik dalam hal prognostik maupun sosial ekonomi. Gagal jantung dan diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) saling mempengaruhi luaran klinis pasien. Empagliflozin, suatu penghambat SGLT2, merupakan agen antihiperglikemia baru yang terbukti dapat menurunkan mortalitas dan hospitalisasi akibat gagal jantung. Beberapa mekanisme efek proteksi empagliflozin terhadap kardiovaskular telah dibuktikan melalui studi pada hewan. Empagliflozin memiliki efek meningkatkan fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri pada hewan coba. Namun efek Empagliflozin terhadap fungsi sistolik intrinsik ventrikel kiri pada pasien DMT2 dengan gagal jantung belum diketahui.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian Empagliflozin terhadap fungsi sistolik intrinsik ventrikel kiri pada pasien DMT2 dengan gagal jantungMetode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak tidak tersamar yang dilakukan di poliklinik Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita (RSJPDHK) pada pasien DMT2 dengan gagal jantung. Kelompok yang mendapat Empagliflozin 10 mg selama 3 bulan dibandingkan terhadap kelompok kontrol dengan terapi standar. Dilakukan pemeriksaaan global longitudinal strain (GLS) dengan speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) sebelum dan setelah terapi diberikan.Hasil: Total terdapat 41 pasien menyelesaikan penelitian (21 kelompok empagliflozin, 20 kelompok kontrol). Setelah 3 bulan follow up, nilai GLS kelompok empagliflozin cenderung tetap (rerata perubahan GLS 0,06%), sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol terdapat perburukan nilai GLS dengan rerata 1,5%, perbedaan kedua kelompok bermakna secara statistik (p 0,04). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan perubahan fungsi sistolik intrinsik ventrikel kiri setelah pemberian empagliflozin pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan gagal jantung dibandingkan terapi standar.

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Background: Heart failure is a burden both in terms of prognostic and socio-economic. Heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a strong relationship in influencing patient s clinical outcome. Empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, is a new antihyperlglycemic agent that has been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalization due to heart failure. Several mechanisms of cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin have been demonstrated in animal studies. Empagliflozin has proven to increase left ventricular systolic function in animal study. However, its effect on left ventricular intrinsic systolic function in T2DM patients with heart failure is unknown.

Objectives: Knowing the effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular intrinsic systolic function in T2DM patients with heart failure.

Methods: This is a randomized, open label, clinical trial, which was conducted at National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita (NCCHK) hospital outpatient clinic. The group who received 10 mg empagliflozin for 3 months was compared with control group. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle tracking echocardiography was examined before and after therapy was given.

Results: A total of 41 patients completed the study (21 in empagliflozin group, and 20 in control group). After 3 months of follow-up, the GLS in empagliflozin group remained constant (mean changes in GLS was 0.06%), whereas in the control group there was a deterioration in GLS with an average of 1.5%, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p 0.04).

Conclusion: There is a difference in left ventricular intrinsic systolic function after administration of empagliflozin in T2DM patients with heart failure compared to standard therapy."

"Penerapan pedoman gizi kedalam menu sehari-hari merupakan tantangan bagi mayoritas pasien diabetes karena memerlukan penyesuaian dan kesukarelaan dari pasien untuk mengubah pola makan yang sudah lama terbentuk dan sering menimbulkan kejenuhan dan stress disebabkan pasien diabetes harus mengikuti program diet seumur hidupnya. Aktivitas self management serta respon psikologis memiliki pengaruh yang besar pada pasien diabetes melitus dalam melakukan usaha pengontrolan diet. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan di RSPAD Gatot Soebroto, RS Fatmawati dan RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusomo Jakarta dengan jumlah responden 260 orang pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Pengukuran respon psikologis menggunakan Problem Areas In Diabetes PAID, aktivitas self management diukur menggunakan Diabetes Self Management Questionare DMSQ yang telah dilakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas serta pengukuran asupan makanan melalui kuesioner food recall 1x24 jam dan status nutrisi dinilai dengan indeks massa tubuh IMT. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara respon psikologis dan status nutrisi p = 0,000, OR =4,944 , terdapat hubungan bermakna antara diabetes self management dengan status nutrisi p = 0,002, OR = 2,217 yang tidak dipengaruhi variabel perancu jenis OAD, asupan makanan, dan usia. Diperlukan penambahan materi konseling untuk memenuhi kebutuhan psikologis terkait diabetes serta penguatan edukasi secara berulang-ulang kepada pasien.

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The application of nutritional guidelines into the daily menu is a challenge for the majority of diabetic patients because it requires adjustment and volunteering of patients to change the long established diet and often leads to saturation and stress because diabetic patients should follow a diet plan for the rest of their lives. Self management activities as well as psychological responses have a great influence on diabetes mellitus patients in doing diet control efforts. This research use cross sectional design which done in Gatot Soebroto army hospital, Fatmawati Hospital and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusomo hospital Jakarta with the number of respondents 260 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Measurement of psychological response using Problem Areas In Diabetes PAID, self management activity is measured using Diabetes Self Management Questionare DMSQ which has tested the validity and reliability and measurement of food intake through food recall questionnaire 1x24 hours and nutritional status assessed with body mass index BMI. The result showed that there was a significant correlation between psychological response and nutritional status p 0,000, OR 4,944 , there was a significant correlation between diabetes self management with nutritional status p 0,002, OR 2,217 unaffected by confounder type OAD, intake food, and age. Required addition of counseling material to meet the psychological needs related to diabetes as well as the strengthening of education repeatedly to the patient."

"Latar belakang: Pasien gagal jantung sering mengalami readmisi dengan tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi sehingga diperlukan deteksi dini dan tatalaksana yang tepat untuk memperbaiki prognosis. Resiko rawat inap akibat gagal jantung bahkan lebih meningkat pada pasien diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2, yaitu 1.5x lebih tinggi. Menggunakan kecerdasan buatan, dapat dilakukan integrasi antara data klinis dengan pemeriksaan penunjang seperti EKG dan rontgen thorax. Selain itu, kecerdasan buatan juga dapat membantu diagnosis di bidang kardiovaskular tanpa adanya variabilitas antar pengamat, serta meningkatkan efisiensi waktu dan biaya.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kemampuan kecerdasan buatan dengan statistik konvensional dalam memprediksi luaran klinis lama rawat, readmisi 30 hari, mortalitas 180 hari, dan luaran gabungan pada pasien gagal jantung dekompensasi akut (GJDA) dengan penurunan fraksi ejeksi dan DM tipe 2.Metode: Dilakukan studi kohort retrospektif terhadap pasien GJDA dengan penurunan fraksi ejeksi dan DM tipe 2 pada periode Januari 2018 – Maret 2023. Dilakukan analisis data menggunakan statistik konvensional dengan analisis bivariat dan multivariat, dimana hasilnya kemudian dibandingkan dengan analisis menggunakan algoritme kecerdasan buatan, yaitu Balanced Random Forest.Hasil: Melalui rekam medis, didapatkan 292 subjek penelitian dengan persentase lama rawat >5 hari, readmisi 30 hari, mortalitas 180 hari, dan luaran gabungan yang diobservasi adalah 39.7%, 14.0%, 10.6%, dan 21.2% berturut-turut. Kemampuan diskriminasi kecerdasan buatan lebih baik dibandingkan statistik konvensional untuk keempat luaran, dengan AUC lama rawat >5 hari adalah 0.800 vs 0.775, readmisi 0.790 vs 0.732, mortalitas 0.794 vs 0.785, dan luaran gabungan 0.628 vs 0.596.Kesimpulan: Kecerdasan buatan lebih baik dibandingkan statistik konvensional untuk memprediksi luaran klinis berupa lama rawat, readmisi 30 hari, mortalitas 180 hari, dan luaran gabungan pada pasien GJDA dengan penurunan fraksi ejeksi dan DM tipe 2.

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Background: Heart failure patients often experience readmissions with a high mortality rate, therefore early detection and appropriate management are required to improve the prognosis. The risk of hospitalization due to heart failure is increased 1.5x in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Using artificial intelligence, clinical data can be integrated with supporting examinations such as ECG and chest X-ray. Artificial intelligence can also help diagnoses in the cardiovascular field without inter-observer variability, as well as increasing time and cost efficiency.

Objective: This study aims to compare the ability of conventional statistics with artificial intelligence in predicting clinical outcomes, namely length of stay, 30-day readmission, 180- day mortality, and composite outcome in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients with reduced ejection fraction and type 2 DM.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 292 ADHF patients with reduced ejection fraction and type 2 DM in the period January 2018 – March 2023. Data analysis was carried out using conventional statistics with bivariate and multivariate analysis, where the results were then compared with analysis using artificial intelligence algorithm, namely Balanced Random Forest.

Results: The percentages of outcomes observed for length of stay >5 days, 30 day readmission, 180 day mortality, and composite outcome were 39.7%, 14.0%, 10.6%, and 21.2% respectively. The discrimination ability of artificial intelligence was better than conventional statistics for all four outcomes, with the AUC of length of stay >5 days were 0.800 vs 0.775, readmission 0.790 vs 0.732, mortality 0.794 vs 0.785, and combined outcome 0.628 vs 0.596.

Conclusion: Artificial intelligence is better than conventional statistics in predicting clinical outcomes in the form of length of stay, 30-day readmission, 180-day mortality, and composite outcome in ADHF patients with reduced ejection fraction and type 2 DM."