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"ABSTRAKKaries gigi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan gigi di Indonesia, sehingga pencegahan menjadi penting. Email gigi merupakan lapisan terluar gigi yang berperan dalam ketahanan gigi terhadap penyebab karies. Biji Kakao Sulawesi Tengah merupakan bahan alam hasil perkebunan unggulan Indonesia, mengandung senyawa alkaloid yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketahanan host email gigi . Penelitian ini merupakan studi biomimetika eksperimental laboratorik in vitro, yang mencakup identifikasi karakteristik senyawaan alkaloid biji kakao klon Sulawesi-1 S1 dan Sulawesi-2 S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah untuk mendapatkan prototype biomimetika, uji khasiat formula alkaloid pada email gigi berupa uji kekerasan email gigi, karakteristik permukaan dan kristal apatit email, serta uji karakteristik permukaan email setelah proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi email gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawaan alkaloid klon biji kakao klon S1 dan S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah teridentifikasi mengandung Teobromin T , Teofilin TF dan Kafein K , dengan komposisi T : TF : K = 6 : 1 : 1 untuk S1 dan T : TF : K = 4 : 1 : 1 untuk S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 lebih bermakna dalam meningkatkan kekerasan mikro email gigi dibandingkan S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik permukaan dan meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas apatit email gigi, serta berkhasiat terhadap remineralisasi email gigi. Dengan demikian alkaloid biji kakao Sulawesi Tengah dalam bentuk formula biomimik, berpotensi sebagai alternatif agen remineralisasi email gigi.

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ABSTRACTDental caries is still a major dental health problem in Indonesia, and preventive measures needs to be done to resolve it. The enamel is the outermost layer of teeth in which play a role in resistance to the cause of dental caries. Central Sulawesi cacao beans are natural materials featured Indonesian plantation crops, contains the alkaloid compounds that could potentially increase the resistance of the host the enamel . The research was a biomimetic study laboratory experiment in vitro, which covered identification of the characteristics of cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones Sulawesi 1 S1 and Sulawesi 2 S2 from Central Sulawesi, to obtain biomimetics prototype, to test the efficacy of the alkaloid formula to tooth enamel i.e. enamel microhardhess, surface and apatite crystal characteristics test, and also enamel surface characteristics test after demineralization and remineralization process of tooth enamel. The results of this research showed that the cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones S1 and S2 from Central Sulawesi contains Theobromine T , Theophylline TF and Caffeine K , with composition T TF K 6 1 1 for S1 and T TF K 4 1 1 for S2. The S1 biomimic alkaloid formula was more significant in increasing tooth enamel microhardness than S2. S1 biomimic alkaloid formula affected the characteristics of the surface and increased the degree of apatite crystallinity of tooth enamel, as well as efficacious against the remineralization of tooth enamel. Thus Central Sulawesi cacao beans alkaloid in the form of biomimic formula, have potential as an alternative remineralization agents of tooth enamel."

"Basic of cocoa bean preparation process is fermentation. Fermentation is done especially to improve and build specific chocolate flavour of cocoa bean and its products, i.e. cocoa liquor, butter, and powder; and also to decrease the disliked flavors, like bitter and acid. Research of cocoa bean fermentation was hold on in Subak Abian Pucaksari, Tabanan. This research involved 20 cooperative farmers with 0,5 hectare farm area per each farmer. The treatment used was time of cocoa bean fermentation, i.e. without fermentation, not fully fermentation (4 days), and fully fermentation (5 days). Variables abserved were dried cocoa bean's physic and chemical quality, and also cocoa product's chemical and organoleptic quality. Organoleptic test done to cocoa liquor and powder was descriptive and ranking test used 15 semi-trained panelists. The ersult showed that the fermentation process had significant influence to dried cocoa bean's chemical quality and its products. Fermentation had no significant influence to dried cocoa bean's physic quality. For organoleptic quality attributes, all panelists gave the highest rank for cocoa liquor and powder prepared from fullyfermented cocoa bean."

"Di Indonesia laporan mengenai keparahan karies gigi berdasarkan indeks def-t/DMFT dan indeks pufa/PUFA masih langka. Tujuan penelitian ini diketahuinya tingkat keparahan karies gigi pada murid sekolah dasar di daerah tertinggal dan perkotaan. Penelitian ini adalah survey deskriptif.Hasil penelitian status keparahan karies gigi di daerah perkotaan menurut indeks def-t 3,38, indeks DMF-T 0,54, indeks pufa 0,83, indeks PUFA 0,07, rasio pufa 28,6%. Status keparahan karies gigi di daerah tertinggal menurut indeks pufa 1,63 dan indeks PUFA 0,4. Indeks def-t/DMF-T berkaitan dengan pencegahan karies gigi. Indeks pufa/PUFA berkaitan dengan pelayanan kesehatan.

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In Indonesia research about caries severity in accordance to dmft and pufa index is infrequent. The purpose is knowing level of caries severity between rural and urban area. This study is using descriptive survey studies as methode. Caries severity status in elementary school students in urban area according to deft index is 3.38, DMFT index 0,54, pufa index 0.83, PUFA index 0,07, Pufa Ratio 28,6%.

Caries severity status in elementary school students in rural area according to pufa index is 1,63 and PUFA index 0,4. def-t/DMF-T index is related to caries prevention strategy. Pufa/PUFA index is related to health service."

"Perawatan gigi pada usia 5-6 tahun mempengaruhi kesehatan gigi pada tingkat usia selanjutnya. Kurangnya perawatan gigi seperti menggosok gigi dapat memicu terjadinya kerusakan gigi, salah satu diantaranya karies gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perawatan gigi yaitu menggosok gigi dengan insiden karies gigi pada anak usia 5-6 tahun. Subjek penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa TK At- Taubah dan TK Persistri dengan jumlah 65 orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif korelatif sedangkan teknik analisis datanya menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukan tidak ada hubungannya antara kurangnya perawatan gigi (menggosok gigi) dengan insiden karies gigi pada anak usia 5-6 tahun.

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Tooth care in child 5-6 years old effects tooth health in the next level. Less tooth care like tooth brush with right and regular can cause damage tooth, example tooth caries. Research objective to know related between tooth care like tooth brush with incident tooth caries in child 5-6 years old. Research sample is students TK At- Taubah and TK Persistri with 65 people. Research design is corelatif descriptive with technique data analysis is chi square test. Research result direct not related between tooth care like tooth brush with incident tooth caries in child 5-6 years old."

"Karies adalah penyakit infeksi yang merusak jaringan keras gigi sehingga berlubang dan disebabkan oleh aktivitas bakteri kariogenik yang diaktivasi oleh karbohidrat. Streptococcus mutans adalah bakteri kariogenik dominan yang menyebabkan karies. Pada tahun 2018, tercatat bahwa 93% anak di Indonesia yang berusia 5 sampai 6 mengalami karies. Terapi topikal dalam bentuk fluoride varnish menjadi salah satu pencegah terjadinya karies pada gigi. Adapun, penelitian terdahulu membuktikan bahwa walaupun fluoride varnish memiliki kemampuan antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans ketika diaplikasikan pada orang dewasa, hal yang sama tidak terjadi pada anak-anak. Selain itu, fluoride varnish dengan minyak perasa berbeda memiliki pelepasan ion fluoride yang berbeda pula. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan penambahan minyak perasa dan agen antibakteri pada komposisi fluoride varnish. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari metode formulasi fast release fluoride varnish dengan menggunakan penambahan minyak perasa merk LorAnn Oils dengan variasi strawberry-kiwi, cinnamon roll, dan marshmallow, serta agen antibakteri dari bahan alam yaitu ekstrak buah delima (Punica granatum), daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum), dan daun sirsak (Annona muricata) yang diperoleh melalui metode maserasi untuk menginhibisi bakteri Streptococcus mutans dengan waktu pelepasan ion fluoride di bawah 4 jam. Uji pelepasan ion fluoride dilakukan menggunakan elektroda ion selektif fluoride. Uji inhibisi bakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram pada bakteri Streptococcus mutans yang dibiakkan pada media BHI. Kontrol positif pada penelitian ini yaitu 3M Clinpro White Varnish. Hasil fast release fluoride varnish terbaik diperoleh pada variasi fast release fluoride varnish dengan penambahan 2% minyak perasa strawberry-kiwi dengan ekstrak daun sirih merah 1 g/L, dengan jumlah fluoride dalam larutan uji senilai 72,29 g/L pada jam ke-4 dan zona inhibisi bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebesar 3,81 mm.

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Caries is an infection that destroys teeth structure and is caused by the activity of cariogenic bacteria which are activated by the presence of carbohydrates. Streptococcus mutans is a dominant cariogenic bacteria that causes caries in oral cavity. In 2018, it is recorded that 93% of children aged 5 to 6 experience caries disease. Topical therapy in the form of fluoride varnish is one of many ways to prevent caries on teeth. However, although fluoride varnish is proven to have antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans when applied to adults, this does not happen to children. Fluoride varnish with an addition of different flavors also have different fluoride release performance. That is why an addition of flavor oils and antibacterial agents to fluoride varnish is needed. This research will conduct a study of fluoride varnish formulation using addition of LorAnn Oils flavor oils with the flavors strawberry-kiwi, cinnamon roll, and marshmallow, and also natural antibacterial agents from extracts of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit, betle (Piper crocatum) leaves, and soursop (Annona muricata) leaves obtained through maceration to inhibit Streptococcus mutans bacteria with the highest fluoride release rate. Fluoride release test is done in four hours by using fluoride ion selective electrode. Bacterial inhibition test is done by disc diffusion method on Streptococcus mutans bacteria grown on BHI agar. The positive control for this research is 3M Clinpro White Varnish. The best fast release fluoride varnish goes to the one with an addition of 2% strawberry-kiwi flavor oil and 1 g/L addition of betle leaves extract, with a highest fluoride release at 72,29 mg/L at the fourth hour and an inhibition zone of 3,81 mm against Streptococcus mutans bacteria."

"Latar Belakang: Protein merupakan komponen utama yang berperan dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jaringan tubuh. Protein terdiri dari protein hewani dan nabati. Protein hewani terdapat dalam ikan, daging, dan telur. Defisiensi protein hewani dapat menyebabkan karies akibat menurunnya sistem pertahanan tubuh, atropi kelenjar saliva, serta adanya risiko kelainan struktur email gigi. Gigi molar satu permanen merupakan gigi yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai status kesehatan gigi anak karena memiliki anatomi pit dan fissure yang dalam, dan gigi tersebut erupsi pada usia dimana anak sering mengkonsumsi makanan manis. Usia 8 – 9 tahun dipilih karena pada usia tersebut gigi molar satu permanen telah erupsi dan gigi tersebut telah terpapar selama 2- 3 tahun di dalam rongga mulut, serta pada usia tersebut membutuhkan asupan nutrisi yang baik untuk mendukung pertumbuhan.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan tingkat konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies gigi molar satu permanen pada anak usia 8 – 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. Metode: Desain studi cross sectional. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 109 orang, yang dipilih menggunakan purposive sampling. Variabel yang digunakan bertujuan untuk menganalisis korelasi antara frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies gigi molar satu permanen. Kuesioner yang digunakan untuk mengukur frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani yaitu Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) dan pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi molar satu permanen menggunakan skor International Caries Detection and Assesment System (ICDAS).Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan distribusi frekuensi karies pada gigi molar satu permanen anak usia 8-9 tahun adalah 1,8% bebas karies, 63,3% karies email, dan 34,9% karies dentin-pulpa. Hubungan frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies menunjukkan hubungan tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05). Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan tidak bermakna antara frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies gigi molar satu permanen pada anak usia 8 – 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat.

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Background : Protein is the main component that have a role in body tissue’s growth and development. Protein consists of animal protein and plant protein. Animal protein can be found in fish, meat and egg. Protein deficiency can increase caries risk because of decreased immune system, salivary gland atrophy, and abnormalities of enamel structure. First permanent molar is a teeth that can be used to assess children’s oral health because it is more susceptible to caries than any other teeth. This tooth is susceptible to caries because it has deep pit & fissure anatomy and erupts at the age where children consume sweet food more often. Children aged 8 – 9 years is chosen because the first permanent is exposed long enough to oral environment and needed good nutrition for growth.

Aim: To analyze the correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and first permanent molar caries on children aged 8 – 9 years in Central Jakarta.

Method: This study design is cross sectional. Total research subject is 109 people that is chosen by purposive sampling method. The variables that are used in this research aim to analyze the correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and first permanent molar caries. Questionnaire that is used to assess the consumption frequency is Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and clinical examination to assess severity of first permanent molar caries uses International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) score.

Result: This research shows first permanent molar caries frequency as follows; 1,8% free caries, 63,3% enamel caries, and 34,9% dentin-pulp caries. The correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and caries does not show any significant correlation (p>0,05).

Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and first permanent molar caries in children aged 8 – 9 tahun in Central Jakarta."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi karies gigi anak di Indonesia yang tinggi disebabkan karena perilaku ibu yang buruk dalam menjaga kebersihan gigi anaknya. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran lembar balik dan lembar evaluasi KMGS dalam merubah perilaku ibu terhadap kesehatan gigi mulut balita. Metode: melakukan pelatihan kader menggunakan lembar balik, pemeriksaan kesehatan gigi mulut balita, kemudian dievaluasi setelah diintervensi menggunakan lembar evaluasi KMGS. Hasil: terdapat peningkatan (57,15%) bermakna (p<0,05) perilaku ibu pada kelompok intervensi, penurunan bermakna (p<0,05) indeks plak (60%) dan skor kematangan plak (25,71%) anak. Kesimpulan: media lembar balik efektif meningkatkan perilaku ibu.

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Background: The high prevalence of early childhood caries in Indonesia is caused bymother’s behaviour of maintaining children’s oral hygiene.

Purpose: to know aboutthe role of flipchart and KMGS in maintaining mother's behaviour toward children's dental health.

Methods: training for cadre by using flipchart, examination of children's dental and oral health and evaluating after the intervention by using KMGS.

Results: there’s a significant improvement (57.15%) of mother’s behaviour (p<0,050) in intervention group, a significant reduction (p<0.05) of child plaque index (60%) and plaque maturity score (25.71%).

Conclusion: flipchart is an effective media to improve mother’s behaviour."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek aplikasi SDF pada anak usia 36-71 bulan dalam menghentikan karies aktif dan menurunkan faktor risiko karies. Sampel yang digunakan adalah anak-anak PAUD Rama-rama yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak: kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Skor karies dan pH plak anak diperiksa sebelum dan tiga bulan setelah dilakukan aplikasi SDF. Kuesioner ADA Caries Risk Assessment diisi oleh ibu subjek saat baseline. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah karies aktif dan pH plak anak kelompok perlakuan setelah dilakukan aplikasi SDF. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa SDF berpotensi efektif dalam menghentikan karies aktif gigi sulung dan menurunkan faktor risiko karies.

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The study aimed to assess the effect of SDF application to 36-71 months children in arresting active caries and decreasing caries risk factor. Samples were children at PAUD Rama-rama, randomly divided into two groups: control and intervention group. Caries score and plaque pH were examined before and three months after SDF application. ADA Caries Risk Assessment questionnaire was filled by subject’s mother. There were significant differences at number of active caries and plaque pH in intervention group after SDF application. It was concluded that SDF was potentially effective in arresting active caries on primary teeth and decreasing caries risk factor. rama randomly divided into two groups which are control and intervention group Teeth caries score and plaque pH were examined before and three months after SDF application ADA Caries Risk Assessment questionnaire was answered by subject rsquo s mother Result There were significant differences at number of active caries on decayed teeth p 0 000 mean SD 2 61 2 44 extracted teeth p 0 001 mean SD 1 10 2 80 and plaque pH p 0 008 mean SD 6 53 0 40 in control gorup compared to intervention group after SDF application Conclusion SDF was potentially effective in arresting active caries on primary teeth and decreasing caries risk factor."

"ABSTRAKSemen glass ionomer merupakan salah satu bahan yang inakan untuk penutupan pit dan fisur guna pencegahan karies i gigi tetap muda. Penggunaan semen glass ionomer, relatif jrhana karena tanpa teknik etsa email. Sebelum pemakaian semen ;s ionomer, permukaan email cukup dibersihkan untuk [hilangkan plak. Dikenal 2 macam cara pembersihan email yakni ira mekanik menggunakan 'rubber cup' dengan pasta abrasif dan ira kimia, dengan pengolesan larutan asam. Penelitian ini ikukan secara laboratorik, guna menilai keefektifan suatu m pembersih email dengan cara membandingkan kekuatan ikatan .1-semen glass ionomer yang diperoleh. Sampel yang digunakan gigi premolar satu atas yang telah dicabut untuk keperluan lodontik. Sebagai bahan pembersih email digunakan pasta :ate dan larutan asam sitrat 50%. Test uji tarik dilakukan ;an alat 'Comten' dan hasilnya dihitung secara statistik :an 'Student t-test'. Dari hasil penelitian, ternyata ipatkan kekuatan ikatan email-semen glass ionomer yang :uat adalah setelah email dibersihkan dengan larutan asam at 50%. Sedangkan kekuatan ikatan terlemah setelah iersihan email tanpa bahan pembersih. Pembersihan email dengan ?a sircate hasilnya tidak berbeda bermakna dengan pembersihan."

"Peningkatan prevalensi karies gigi terutama disebabkan karena adanya perubahan-perubahan dalam pola makan dari makanan berserat menjadi makanan mudah melekat pada permukaan gigi. Bila seseorang malas untuk membersihkan giginya setelah makan makanan yang manis dan lengket, maka sisa-sisa makanan tersebut akan diubah menjadi asam oleh bakteri yang terdapat dalam mulut, kemudian dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya karies gigi. Menurut Matram (2007), berdasarkan SKRT 2004, penyebab tingginya prevalensi karies hanya sedikit orang Indonesia mengerti cara menyikat gigi benar (10%). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh kebiasaan menyikat gigi terhadap status pengalaman karies dengan menganalisis data Rriskesdas 2007. Dalam Penelitian ini terdapat 198.023 responden berusia 35 tahun ke atas yang diperiksa giginya Desain penelitian cross sectional, populasi adalah seluruh penduduk Indonesia tahun 2007. Analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan distribusi frekuensi karakteristik responden, responden yang mempunyai gigi yang sehat, DMF-T = 0 adalah hanya 11,76 % dan responden yang mengalami kerusakan gigi atau DMF-T
1 adalah sebanyak 88,24%. Prevalensi pengalaman karies paling tinggi terjadi pada kelompok umur 65 tahun ke atas yaitu 96,51%. Pada kelompok yang menyikat gigi 1x/hari 1,063 kali berisiko terjadinya kerusakan gigi dibanding sikat gigi 2x/hari. Kelompok yang jarang menyikat gigi 1,23 kali berisiko terjadinya kerusakan gigi dibandingkan yg sikat gigi 2x/hari. Setelah dikontrol oleh variabel umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Sebaiknya masyarakat menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulutnya dengan rajin menyikat gigi 2 kali sehari yaitu setelah makan pagi dan sebelum tidur malam untuk dapat mengurangi terjadinya karies gigi.

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Increased prevalence of dental caries was due to changes in dietary fiber foods into food from easily attached to the tooth surface. When someone lazy to clean his teeth after eating sweet or sticky foods, the leftovers will be converted into acid by bacteria contained in the mouth, and can cause dental caries. According Matram (2007), based on the 2004 Household Health Survey, the cause of the high prevalence of caries in Indonesia that few people understand how to brush teeth correctly (10%). The purpose of this study is to see the effect of tooth brushing habits of the status of caries experience by analyzing the data Riskesdas 2007. In this study there were 198 023 respondents aged 35 years and over who checked his teeth cross sectional study design, population is the entire population of Indonesia in 2007. The analysis used is multiple logistic regression. The results based on the frequency distribution characteristics of respondents, respondents who have healthy teeth, DMF-T = 0 is only 11.76% and the respondents who experienced damage to their teeth or DMF-T
1 is as much as 88.24%. The highest prevalence of caries experience occurred at age group 65 years and over is 96.51%. In the group that tooth brushing 1 times/day 1.063 times the risk of tooth decay than two times/day toothbrush. Groups who rarely brush my teeth 1.23 times the risk of tooth decay compared to toothbrush who 2times/day. Once controlled by the variables of age, gender, education and employment. Community should maintain healthy teeth and mouth with diligent brushing their teeth two times a day after breakfast and before bedtime to reduce the occurrence of dental caries.;Increased prevalence of dental caries was due to changes in dietary fiber foods into food from easily attached to the tooth surface. When someone lazy to clean his teeth after eating sweet or sticky foods, the leftovers will be converted into acid by bacteria contained in the mouth, and can cause dental caries. According Matram (2007), based on the 2004 Household Health Survey, the cause of the high prevalence of caries in Indonesia that few people understand how to brush teeth correctly (10%). The purpose of this study is to see the effect of tooth brushing habits of the status of caries experience by analyzing the data Riskesdas 2007. In this study there were 198 023 respondents aged 35 years and over who checked his teeth cross sectional study design, population is the entire population of Indonesia in 2007. The analysis used is multiple logistic regression. The results based on the frequency distribution characteristics of respondents, respondents who have healthy teeth, DMF-T = 0 is only 11.76% and the respondents who experienced damage to their teeth or DMF-T
1 is as much as 88.24%. The highest prevalence of caries experience occurred at age group 65 years and over is 96.51%. In the group that tooth brushing 1 times/day 1.063 times the risk of tooth decay than two times/day toothbrush. Groups who rarely brush my teeth 1.23 times the risk of tooth decay compared to toothbrush who 2times/day. Once controlled by the variables of age, gender, education and employment. Community should maintain healthy teeth and mouth with diligent brushing their teeth two times a day after breakfast and before bedtime to reduce the occurrence of dental caries."