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"Hibrida zeolit NaY/ ZSM-5 telah berhasil dibuat di atas permukaan pelat kuarsa. Zeolit ZSM-5 disintesis dengan metode hidrotermal dan zeolit NaY disintesis dengan metode sol-gel. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa phase zeolit ZSM-5 dan NaY terbentuk, hal ini diperkuat dengan hasil SEM dan EDS yang memperlihatkan morfologi ZSM-5 dalam bentuk heksagonal dengan rasio massa Si/Al pada ZSM-5 sebesar 24,21 dan morfologi zeolit NaY bertumpang tindih intergrowth dengan rasio massa Si/Al sebesar 2,14. Analisis dengan menggunakan metode BET mendapatkan luas permukaan ZSM-5 472,27 m2/g dengan ukuran pori 2,32 nm dan luas permukaan zeolit NaY 392,81 m2/g dengan ukuran pori 1,6 nm. ZSM-5 dan Zeolit NaY diimobilisasi di atas permukaan Ag/Au Interdigitated Capacitor dengan metode spin coating sehingga didapatkan NaY/IDC dan ZSM-5/IDC. Sedangkan untuk mendapatkan NaY/ZSM-5/IDC, zeolit NaY diimobilisasi diatas permukaan ZSM-5/IDC. Lalu dilakukan modifikasi dengan Cu2 pada permukaan NaY/ZSM-5/IDC dengan metode tukar kation. Komposit IDC, NaY/IDC, ZSM-5/IDC, NaY/ZSM-5/IDC dan Cu/NaY/ZSM-5/IDC masing-masing dilakukan uji aplikasi sensor gas amoniak dengan menggunakan metode Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Masing-masing komposit memiliki perbedaan sensitivitas pada rentang konsentrasi amoniak 0-300 ppm. Serta dihitung hubungan konsentrasi da hambatan total pada masing-masing komposit, pada komposit Cu/NaY/ZSM-5/IDC didapatkan R2=0,9876. Modifikasi hibrida zeolit NaY/ZSM-5/IDC dan Cu/NaY/ZSM-5/IDC memiliki rentang deteksi amoniak yang lebar sehingga dapat diaplikasikan di lingkungan.

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A Modified NaY ZSM 5 zeolite has been succsessfully prepared on the surface of Interdigitated Capacitor IDC quartz based. The ZSM 5 was synthesized using hydrothermal method and NaY zeolite was synthesized using sol gel method. XRD patterns confirmed ZSM 5 and NaY zeolites phase were obtained. SEM EDX showed that ZSM 5 has hexagonal shape and uneven morphology with Si Al molar of ratio 24,21 while NaY crystals were intergrown in cuboid shapes with Si Al molar of ratio 2,14. Surface area analysis using BET method are 472,27 m2 g with pore size of 2,32 nm for mesoporous ZSM 5 and 392,81 m2 g with pore size of 1,6 nm for microporous NaY zeolite. ZSM 5 and NaY zeolites were deposited on Au Ag layer IDC using spin coating technique to give NaY IDC and ZSM 5 IDC. Then was modified by Cu 2 on the surface of NaY ZSM 5 IDC by ion exchange method. IDC, NaY IDC ZSM 5 IDC, NaY ZSM 5 IDC and Cu NaY ZSM 5 IDC composite prior ammonia gas sensor testing using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS method. The composite has different sensitivity in range concentration of amoniak 0 300 ppm. Correlation between concentration and total resistance of each composite, Cu NaY ZSM 5 IDC composite obtained R2 0.9876. The hybrid zeolite modified IDC has shown to have wide range of ammonia detection. So that it can be applied in the environment. "

"Hibrida zeolit NaY - ZSM-5 telah berhasil dibuat di atas permukaan pelat kuarsa. Zeolit ZSM-5 dilapisi di atas permukaan pelat kuarsa dengan menggunakan metode spin coating menggunakan bubuk zeolit ZSM-5 yang sebelumnya disintesis dari koloid gel ZSM-5 dengan menggunakan metode sintesis double template dan metode hidrotermal. Dilanjutkan dengan pelapisan zeolit NaY menggunakan metode dip coating menggunakan bubuk zeolit NaY dari hasil sintesis menggunakan proses seeding. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa zeolit yang dihasilkan merupakan zeolit ZSM-5 dan NaY. Diperkuat dengan hasil SEM dan EDS yang memperlihatkan rasio Si/Al pada ZSM-5 sebesar 41,3 dan pada NaY sebesar 2,08. Kemudian dilakukan modifikasi menggunakan ion Co2+ .Untuk melihat pengaruh gas amonia terhadap hibrida zeolit dihitung menggunakan metode EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectrometer) yang dengan rentang frekuensi 50 Hz ? 1 MHz. Didapatkan rentang deteksi amonia 0 ppm ? 1000 ppm. Serta dihitung hubungan antara konsentrasi dengan perubahan nilai impedansi pada frekuensi 2000 Hz dan diperoleh nilai r2 sebesar 0,9531. Sedangkan nilai r2 untuk komposit tanpa Co2+ pada 7000Hz didapatkan senilai 0,9991.

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Zeolite hybrid NaY-ZSM-5 has been successfully made on quartz plate. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized using double template and hydrothermal technique and deposited using sipn coating method. The process was continued with depositing NaY zeolite that was synthesized with seeding technique using dip coating method. The XRD result show that the zeolite wich was synthesized was ZSM-5 and NaY zeolite. SEM and EDS characterization that have a good agree with XRD data show Si/Al ratio in ZSM-5 and NaY was 41.3 and 2.1, respectively. Modification was performed using Co2+ ion. The influence of ammonia gases on the zeolite hybrid was see using EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectrometer) method with frequency range 50 Hz ? 1 MHz. Correlation between concentration and impedance value was plotted at 2000Hz frequency and the obtained value was r2=0.9531. While value of r2 for composite without Co2+ at 7000Hz was 0,9991."

"Komposit hibrida zeolit NaY/ZSM-5 telah berhasil disintesis pada permukaan kaca kuarsa. Mula-mula kaca kuarsa dimodifikasi dengan Au/Ag. Lapisan ini kemudian digunakan sebagai salah satu komponen elektroda sekaligus sebagai adhesif untuk merekatkan kaca kuarsa dengan material lain. Pembuatan komposit hibrida zeolit diatas permukaan kuarsa dilakukan dengan sintesis zeolit ZSM-5 secara hidrotermal kemudian dilakukan elektroforesis di permukaan kaca kuarsa. Lapisan zeolit kedua (NaY) dibuat dengan teknik redispersi bubuk zeolit NaY hasil sintesis dengan metode seeding, pada lapisan ZSM-5. Kemudian modifikasi kation logam Cu2+ dilakukan dengan teknik dip-coating selama 24 jam pada suhu ruang. Pengujian sebagai sensor gas amonia dilakukan dengan teknik impedance pada rentang frekuensi 20kHz - 20 Hz untuk konsentrasi amonia dari 0 - 250 ppm. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap variasi dari modifikasi lapisan IDC. Cu2+/NaY/ZSM-5/IDC memberikan performa sensor terbaik pada frekuensi 20 kHz, yang dalam hal linieritas dapat dicapai pada rentang konsentrasi 10 - 250 ppm R2 = 0,978.

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A hybrid of NaY/ZSM-5 zeolite has been successfully synthesized on the surface of quartz. The quartz was initially modified by Au/Ag layer, which then acted as a component of electrode as well as an adhesive layer provided the modification with other materials. Preparation of the composite on the quartz surface was performed by hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 followed by electrophoresis technique at the quartz surface. The second layer of zeolite NaY has been prepared by redispersion of zeolite powder, which is synthesized using seeding method, on to ZSM-5/Au/Ag surface. Then, modification of Cu2+ ions was performed by dip- coating method for 24 hours at room temperature. The examination for ammonia sensor was conducted using impedance analyzer in the frequency range of 20 kHz - 20 Hz for ammonia concentration range of 0 - 250 ppm. The measurements were conducted on various types of IDC layers modification. Cu2+/ NaY/ZSM-5/IDC showed the best performance at the frequency of 20 kHz, in which Linearity in the concentration range of 10 ppm - 250 ppm (R2= 0.978) can be achieved."

"Zeolite modified electrode telah berhasil disintesis dan diaplikasikan sebagaisensor gas amonia. Pertama-tama, kuarsa dilapisi dengan lem perak dan emasguna meningkatkan sifat perekat antara kuarsa dan zeolit. Zeolit ZSM-5 dan NaYkemudian secara berturut-turut dilapisi di atas permukaan kuarsa dengan metodespin coating. Modifikasi kation logam Cu2 dilakukan dengan teknik ion exchangedalam rangka meningkatkan sensitivitas sensor. Komposit hibrida zeolit diujisebagai sensor gas amonia diukur dengan Electrochemical ImpedanceSpectroscopy EIS pada rentang frekuensi 1 MHz hingga 100 Hz untuk rentangkonsentrasi amonia dari 0-500 ppm. Cu/NaY/ZSM-5/IDC bekerja secara optimalpada frekuensi 100 Hz dengan R2 = 0,9696. Keberadaan uap air dan gas karbondioksida meningkatkan nilai konduktivitas material, tetapi tidak memberikanpengaruh yang berarti terhadap sensitivitas sensor. Dengan demikian, dapatdisimpulkan bahwa komposit hibrida zeolit memiliki sensitivitas yang baiksebagai sensor amonia pada lingkungan sekitar.

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Zeolite modified electrode has been successfully synthesized and applied asammonia gas sensor. First, quartz was coated with silver glue and gold Au forincreasing adhesive properties between quartz and zeolites. Each of ZSM 5 zeoliteand NaY zeolite was coated on the surface of the quartz by spin coating method.Modification with metal cation Cu2 was carried out by using ion exchangetechnique, in order to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. Zeolite hybridcomposite was tested as ammonia gas sensor using Electrochemical ImpedanceSpectroscopy EIS in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 100 Hz with ammoniaconcentration range between 0 500 ppm. Cu NaY ZSM 5 IDC worked optimallyat the frequency of 100 Hz with R2 0.9696. The presence of water vapor andcarbon dioxide gas increases the conductivity of the material, but it has nosignificant effect to the sensitivity of the sensor. Thus, it can be concluded thatzeolite hybrid composite has sensitivity as a good ammonia gas sensor in theambient environment."

"Komposit hibrida zeolit mikropori-mesopori NaY/ZSM5 disintesis pada permukaan kuarsa dengan pola sirkuit IDC (Interdigicated Capacitors). Zeolit ZSM-5 disintesis menggunakan teknik double template dan hidrotermal serta zeolit NaY dengan proses seeding. Rasio Si/Al yang diperoleh pada zeolit ZSM-5 yaitu 28 dan pada zeolit NaY 2. Zeolit tersebut dideposisi di atas permukaan kuarsa dengan teknik spin coating dimana sebelumnya terlebih dahulu dilakukan modifikasi dengan ion Co2+ pada zeolit NaY. Untuk melihat pengaruh konsentrasi amonia dan uap air terhadap sensitivitas sensor dilakukan dengan melihat perubahan sifat kelistrikan komposit pada rentang fekuensi 50 Hz - 1 MHz dengan metode EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy). Diperoleh sensitivitas komposit yang berbeda pada rentang deteksi amonia 0 ppm-300 ppm. Dimana untuk komposit ZSM5/IDC, NaY/IDC, NaY/ZSM5/IDC, CoNaY/ZSM5/IDC diperoleh batas rentang deteksi 0-300 ppm dengan r2=0,841, 0-200 ppm dengan r2=0,913 , 0-300 ppm dengan r2=0,968 , 0-200 ppm dengan r2=0,943 berturut-turut. Adanya uap air memberikan pengaruh yang tidak terlalu signifikan terhadap sensitivitas sensor dibandingkan dengan kehadiran gas amonia sehingga dapat disimpulkan komposit ini merupakan sensor yang sensitif terhadap gas amonia pada udara terbuka.

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Microporous-mesoporous Zeolite hybride NaY-ZSM-5 composite has been successfully made on interdigated circuit modified quartz. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized by double template and hydrothermal technique and zeolite NaY by seeding process. The Si/Al ratio in ZSM5 and NaY is 28 and 2,4 respectively. They are deposited on quartz using spin coating technique. The influence of ammonia gas and water vapor on sensitivity and resistance of sensor was observed by change in the electric properties of composite with frequency range 50 Hz-1 MHz using EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) method.

It is found that each of composite has different sensitivity in range concentration of ammonia 0-300 ppm. At their maximum frequency it was obtained the range of ammonia detection for ZSM5/IDC, NaY/IDC, NaY/ZSM5/IDC, CoNaY/ZSM5/IDC. They are 0-300 ppm (r2=0,841), 0-200 ppm (r2=0,913), 0-300 ppm (r2=0,958), 0-200 ppm (r2=0,943) respectively. Water vapour is shown to give unsignificant effect on sensor sensitivity to ammonia gas so that it could be conclude this composite is a sensitive ammonia sensor in ambient atmosfer."

"Pada pemerosesan industri tekstil banyak menggunakan air, zat pewarna juga bahan kimia campuran yang berdampak pada timbulnya limbah cair tekstil [1]. Salah satu komponen limbah berbahaya yang terkandung dalam limbah cair tekstil adalah logam-logam berat seperti kadmium (Cd), timbal (Pb), tembaga (Cu), dan seng (Zn) [1]. Contoh langkah untuk mencegah pencemaran logam berat cair adalah menggunakan material mesopori silika seperti SBA-15 karena memiliki luas permukaan, diameter, serta volume pori yang besar serta struktur heksagonal teratur sehingga dapat diaplikasikan sebagai adsorben logam berat. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan analisis studi kepustakaan sintesis mesopori SBA-15 dengan metode sol-gel serta fungsionalisasi CPTMS yang telah berhasil dilakukan dan dilanjutkan menganalisis kemampuan serapannya pada logam berat kadmium (Cd), tembaga (Cu), seng (Zn), dan timbal (Pb). Tipikalnya, menyintesis SBA-15 dilakukan menggunakan Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) sebagai prekursor dan Triblock Copolymer Pluronic 123 (P-123) sebagai surfaktan. Kemudian, hasil produk SBA-15 dilakukan fungsionalisasi CPTMS dengan metode post grafting. Hasil karakterisasi memperlihatkan, pada perhitungan BET dibanding sampel SBA-15 murni, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS mengalami penurunan parameter diameter pori dari 29,203 menjadi 28,521 Å, volume pori dari 265,161 menjadi 199,694 cm3/gr dan luas permukaan spesifik dari 831,996 menjadi 711,061 m2/gr, pada pengujian SAXS, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan dengan SBA-15 dengan tetap memperlihatkan puncak bidang (100), bidang (110) dan bidang 200, pada pengamatan TEM, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS tetap mempertahankan bentuk heksagonalnya, dan pada pengujian FTIR, terlihat adanya gugus klorida (-Cl) pada gelombang 500 cm 1 yang menunjukkan proses fungsionalisasi CPTMS berhasil dilakukan. Sementara, hasil pengujian serapan logam berat dengan AAS memperlihatkan fungsionalisasi CPTMS tidak memiliki selektivitas yang baik pada logam berat kadmium (Cd) dan seng (Zn) karena penurunan nilai persentase penyerapan. Namun, perhitungan kapasitas adsorpsi memperlihatkan bahwa diseluruh sampel pengujian logam berat terjadi peningkatan kapasitas adsoprsi sampel SBA-15 CPTMS bila dibandingkan dengan SBA-15 murni.

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In the textile industry, production process is widely used water, dyes and chemicals that have an impact on the emergence of textile liquid waste [1]. Examples of hazardous waste components contained in textile liquid waste are heavy metals mainly derived from colouring agents such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) [1]. Efforts that can be made to prevent the water pollution containing liquid heavy metals is to use silica mesoporous materials such as SBA-15 because it has a large surface area, pore diameter, pore volume and ordered hexagonal structure so that it can be applied as heavy metals adsorbents. In this research, an analysis of the literature review of SBA-15 mesoporous materials synthesis using sol-gel method and CPTMS functionalization has been successfully carried out and continued by analysing its adsorption ability in heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). Typically, synthesizing SBA-15 is carried out using Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) as a precursor and Triblock Copolymer Pluronic 123 (P-123) as a surfactant. Then, the results of the SBA-15 product were carried out CPTMS functionalization with the post grafting method. The characterization results show, in the BET calculation compared to pure SBA-15 samples, SBA-15 CPTMS samples decreased pore diameter parameters from 29,203 to 28,521 Å, pore volume from 265,161 to 199,694 cm3/gr and specific surface area from 831,996 to 711,061 m2/gr, in the SAXS test, the SBA-15 CPTMS sample was not significantly different from the SBA-15 while still showing peak plane (100), plane (110) and plane (200), on TEM observations, SBA-15 CPTMS samples remained maintaining its hexagon shape, and in the FTIR test, a chloride group (-Cl) in the 500 cm-1 wave showed a successful CPTMS functionalization. Meanwhile, the results of heavy metal adsorption testing with AAS showed that CPTMS functionalization did not have good selectivity on cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) heavy metals due to a decrease in the percentage of adsorption. However, the adsorption capacity calculation shows that throughout the heavy metal test sample there is an increase in the adsorption capacity of the SBA-15 CPTMS sample when compared to the pure SBA-15."

"[ABSTRAKIndonesia memiliki banyak sumber daya alam ilmenit yang dapatdimanfaatkan lebih lanjut menjadi material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Materialmesopori dengan dinding (wall) yang tersusun atas nano-kristalin TiO2 adalahkandidat yang sangat menjanjikan dalam memberikan sumbangan yang sangatsignifikan untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan dan krisis energi yangmelanda dunia. Namun demikian, hingga sekarang ini masih sulit untukmemperoleh kombinasi sinergis dua hal utama yaitu susunan pori yang teratur(highly-oriented) dan tingkat kristalinitas yang tinggi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2 darimineral ilmenit (FeTiO3) untuk aplikasi pemurnian air limbah dan pembuatanprototipe DSSC. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah kombinasiteknik hidrotermal dan sol−gel. Tahapan proses adalah mineral ilmenit yang telahdihaluskan dilakukan proses dekomposisi dengan larutan basa dalam autoklafkemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses pelindian menggunakan asam sulfat. LarutanTiOSO4 yang dihasilkan digunakan sebagai prekursor dalam mempersiapkannanopartikel TiO2 atau material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Pengontrolan dalamproses sol−gel dilakukan dengan penambahan Fe, dextrin dan triblock copolimer.Hasil penelitian dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET,XRD, DRS, UV Vis.Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran tentang potensi yang besarterhadap ilmenit Bangka untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalampembuatan material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Ilmenit terdekomposisi dengan pelarutbasa (KOH dan NaOH) membentuk fase intermediet yaitu kalium titanat dannatrium titanat dengan morfologi yang berbentuk benang-benang halus.Penambahan bubuk Fe dan dextrin mampu mengontrol pembentukan nanopartikeldan meningkatkan kemurnian TiO2. Penelitian ini juga berhasil mempersiapkanmesopori Fe2O3 TiO2 yang digolongkan sebagai bidang kristal anatase maupunrutil dengan ukuran kristal rata-rata berkisar 5 -7 nm, energi band gab berkisar3,00 ? 3,16 eV dan luas permukaan, SBET berkisar.100 ? 151 m2/g.;

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ABSTRACTIndonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.;Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.;Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g., Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.]"

"Alkuna merupakan hidrokarbon tak jenuh yang memiliki setidaknya satu ikatan rangkap tiga C C yang berperan penting sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan berbagai senyawa organik yang bermanfaat dengan membentuk ikatan baru C-C, C-H atau C-X. Proses hidrogenasi alkuna menjadi senyawa alkena sangat penting dalam sintesis senyawa organik khususnya di bidang industri polimer. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan hidrogenasi pada senyawa difenilasetilena sebagai model senyawa alkuna dengan menggunakan NaBH4 sebagai sumber hidrogen serta katalis bimetalik NiCo yang diembankan pada karbon mesopori sebagai penyangga katalis. Karbon mesopori disintesis dengan metode cetakan lunak menggunakan surfaktan pluronik F-127 sebagai template organik, phloroglucinol dan formaldehida sebagai prekursor karbon, serta HCl sebagai katalis asam. Karbon mesopori kemudian dimodifikasi dengan penambahan bimetalik NiCo dengan metode impregnasi basah menggunakan Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dan Co(NO3)2.6H2O sebagai prekursor. Hasil sintesis karbon mesopori, Ni/MC dan NiCo/MC kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM dan SAA. Berdasakan analisis SAA didapatkan diameter pori MC, Ni/MC dan NiCo/MC berturut-turut sebesar 12,8 nm, 13,4 nm dan 12,7 nm yang menunjukan katalis berukuran mesopori. Reaksi hidrogenasi difenilasetilena dilakukan dengan variasi waktu (2 jam, 4 jam dan 6 jam) dan variasi suhu (30oC dan 50oC). Sisa katalis yang digunakan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, sedangkan produk hasil reaksi kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan GCMS. Hasil analisis menunjukan kondisi optimum diperoleh pada suhu 50oC selama 4 jam dengan persen konversi sebesar 37,6% dan persen yield sebesar 62,3% untuk cis-stilbene dan 9,2% untuk trans-stilbene dengan selektivitas terhadap pembentukan cis-stilbene sebesar 87,1%.

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Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least one C≡C triple bond which plays an important role as raw material for producing various useful organic compounds by forming new C-C, C-H or C-X bonds. The hydrogenation process of alkenes to become alkenes is very important in the synthesis of organic compounds, especially in the polymer industry. In this study, hydrogenation was carried out on diphenylacetylene compounds as a model for alkyne compounds using NaBH4 as a source of hydrogen as well. NiCo bimetallic catalyst which is carried on mesoporous carbon as catalyst support. Mesoporous carbon was synthesized by the soft mold method using pluronic F-127 surfactant as an organic template, phloroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors, and HCl as an acid catalyst. Mesoporous carbon was then modified by adding bimetallic NiCo by wet impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and Co (NO3) 2.6H2O as precursors. The results of the synthesis of mesoporous carbon, Ni / MC and NiCo / MC were then characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM and SAA. Based on the SAA analysis, it was found that the pore diameters of MC, Ni / MC and NiCo / MC were 12.8 nm, 13.4 nm and 12.7 nm respectively, which indicated the mesoporous size of the catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction of diphenylacethylene was carried out with variations in time (2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours) and temperature variations (30oC and 50oC). The remaining catalyst used was characterized using FTIR, while the reaction product was characterized using GCMS. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at 50oC for 4 hours with a percent conversion of 37.6% and yield of 62.3% for cis-stilbene and 9.2% for trans-stilbene with a selectivity to the formation of cis-stilbene of 87,1%."

"Karbon mesopori telah disintesis dengan menggunakan metode soft-templating dengan menggunakan phloroglucinol sebagai prekursor karbon dan pluronic F127 sebagai template untuk membentuk pori dengan ukuran meso pada struktur karbon. Karbon mesopori kemudian diimpregnasi dengan logam nikel, dengan menggunakan Ni NO3 2. Setelah diimpregnasi, material selanjutnya diuji kemampuan katalisisnya untuk reaksi asetilen dengan CO2. Reaktor yang digunakan adalah lsquo;batch reactor rsquo; dari gelas kaca. Hasil BET membuktikan adanya hysteresis loop dan isotherm adsorpsi tipe IV dengan diameter pori sebesar 7,46 nm. Dengan instrumen EDX dibuktikan bahwa impregnasi nikel berhasil dengan masing-masing persen nikel untuk reduksi dengan etilen glikol pelarut air 34,48, etilen glikol pelarut air:etanol 0,02, NaBH4 0,9 dan gas H2 1,73. Pola XRD dari karbon mesopori yang direduksi dengan NaBH4 dan H2 menunjukan tidak ada perubahan pada struktur karbon mesopori, puncak 2 = 24,44 dan 43,18 hal ini membuktikan bahwa impregnasi logam tidak merubah struktur karbon mesopori. Pada uji aplikasinya, hasil analisa HPLC menunjukan puncak untuk baru pada waktu retensi 3,625 menit. Kondisi optimum didapatkan pada suhu 25 dan waktu 3 jam.

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Mesoporous carbon has been synthesized using the soft templating method using phloroglucinol as carbon precursor and pluronic F127 as a template to form meso size pores on carbon structure. The mesoporous carbon is then impregnated with nickel metal, using Ni NO3 2. After impregnation, the material was further tested for its catalysis capacity for acetylene reactions with CO2. The reactor used is a 39 batch reactor 39 made of glass. The BET results prove the existence of hysteresis loop and IV type adsorption isotherm with a pore diameter of 7.46 nm. With EDX instrument it is proved that nickel impregnation succeeds with each percent of nickel, reduction using ethylene glycol with water as the solvent 34,48, ethylene glycol with water ethanol as the solvent 0,02, NaBH4 0,9 and H2 gas 1,73. XRD patterns of mesoporous carbon reduced with NaBH4 and H2 showed no change in mesoporous carbon structure, peak 2 24.44 and 43.18 This proves that metal impregnation does not alter the mesoporous carbon structure. In the application test, HPLC analysis shows a new peak at retention time of 3,625 minutes. The optimum condition was obtained at 25 and 3 hours."

"Salah satu isu terbesar di bidang lingkungan adalah perubahan iklim yang diakibatkan oleh emisi gas CO2 yang terus mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi emisi gas CO2 adalah dengan menangkapnya lalu mengubahnya menjadi bahan kimia yang lebih bernilai melalui reaksi kimiawi, salah satunya adalah reaksi hidrogenasi. Namun, dikarenakan sifat CO2 yang stabil, dibutuhkan katalis untuk menjalankan reaksi hidrogenasi CO2. Pada penelitian ini, material NiAg/NH2pr-Ph- PMO disintesis sebagai katalis sebagai kayauntuk digunakan sebagai katalis heterogen pada konversi CO2 menjadi bahan kimia yang bernilai tambah melalui reaksi hidrogenasi. NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO yang disintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX Mapping, TEM, BET-BJH, SAXS, dan XRD untuk melihat sifat fisika dan kimia serta membuktikan keberhasilan sintesisnya. Reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 dilakukan dalam reaktor unggun tetap dengan temperatur, rasio bimetal, dan rasio campuran gas yang bervariasi. Analisis XRD menunjukkan keberhasilan impregnasi NiAg bimetalik pada NH2pr-Ph-PMO. Hasil SEM-EDX Mapping menunjukkan persebaran logam nikel dan perak yang merata pada permukaan NH2pr-Ph-PMO. Karakterisasi TEM menunjukkan NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO memiliki saluran pori yang membuktikan keberhasilan sintesis material mesopori. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, diketahui bahwa NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO memiliki aktivitas katalitik yang lebih baik dibandingkan Ni/NH2pr-Ph- PMO, Ag/NH2pr-Ph-PMO, maupun katalis NiAg tanpa pendukung. Pada temperatur 225℃ dan rasio laju alir gas CO2:H2 sebesar 1:7, diperoleh persen konversi CO2 maksimum yaitu sebesar 39,12% dengan yield dan selektifitas terhadap formaldehid berturut-turut sebesar 28,1 mmol/g dan 70,59%. Uji reusabilitas menunjukkan bahwa setelah 4 siklus reaksi, katalis NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO masih memiliki persen konversi CO2 di atas 35%. Nilai TOF yang diperoleh pada kondisi optimum adalah 62,98 h-1......Climate change that is caused by the always increasing carbon dioxide emission in atmosphere is one of the biggest issue in the environmental study. One way to solve that problem is through CO2 capture and utilization. CO2 can be converted into more valuable chemical product through many chemical reactions, in which hydrogenation is one of them. However, CO2 is a stable and inert molecule thus, a catalyst is needed to achieve a high percentage of its conversion. In this work, NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is synthesized to be applied as heterogeneous catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. The catalyst is characterized using SEM- EDX Mapping, TEM, BET-BJH, XRD, SAXS and FTIR to evaluate its physical and chemical properties. BET-BJH analysis shows type IV isotherm for the synthesized NH2pr-Ph-PMO, meaning it can be classified as a mesoporous material. From the SEM-EDX Mapping result, both nickel and silver are found to be distributed evenly in the NH2pr-Ph-PMO surface. TEM images show that NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO has mesoporous channel. Furthermore, the average particle size of NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is analyzed through small angle X-ray scattering and is found to be 44 nm. Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation is conducted in a fixed-bed reactor with variations of temperature and flow rate ratio between CO2 and H2 It is found that NiAg/NH2pr- Ph-PMO has a higher CO2 conversion percentage compared to Ni/NH2pr-Ph-PMO, Ag/NH2pr- Ph-PMO, and NiA without support. On the optimum condition, which is 225℃ and 1:7 flow rate ratio of CO2:H2 flow, the percentage of CO2 conversion using NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is 39.12% with formaldehyde yield and selectivity of 28.1 mmol/g and 70.59% respectively. The reusability test shows that after 4 cycles, NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is still able to convert more than 35% of CO2 which makes it a reusable catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. The TOF value obtained at optimum condition is 62.98 h-1."