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"ABSTRAKTransparent conductive oxide TCO merupakan material yang sangat penting untuk digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi teknologi modern. Pembuatan piranti seperti optoelektronik LCD, organic electroluminescence EL dan juga untuk elektroda pada dye sensitized solar cell DSSC .TCOpada divais DSSC berfungsi sebagai penyerap cahaya dan penghantar elektron.Jenis TCO yang paling umum digunakan adalah indium tin oxide ITO , namun harganya relatif mahal. Oleh sebab itu fabrikasi kaca konduktor fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO ini ditujukan untuk menggantikan fungsi ITO karena proses pembuatannya yang sederhana serta biaya yang relatif lebih rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, pembuatan kaca konduktor FTO ini dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dengan menggunakan bahan baku tin II chloride dehydrate SnCl2.2H2O dan anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida NH4F sebagai doping dengan parameter yang divariasi adalah waktu deposisi 10, 20 dan 30 menit dan temperatur pemanasan substrat 250, 300, 350 C . Selain itu,variasi yang digunakan adalah jenis prekursor SnCl2.2H2Odan SnCl4 dan pelarut ethanol dan methanol . Penelitian ini secara spesifik bertujuan untuk menghasilkan prototipe kaca transparan konduktif FTO yang mampu menghantarkan arus listrik dengan nilai resistivitas dalam skala 10-4 ?.cm serta nilai transparasi mencapai >80 . Karakterisasi sampel dilakukan menggunakan alat SEM-EDS, XRD, Spektroskopi UV-Vis dan Four Point Probe. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi dan semakin tinggi temperatur substrat maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif, namundengan konsekuensi nilai transmitansiyang juga akan semakin menurun. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil yang optimum pada kaca konduktor yang difabrikasi dengan prekursor SnCl4 dan pelarut methanol, konsentrasi doping 2 wt, waktu deposisi 20 menit dan temperatur subtrat 300 C dengan nilai resistivitas 8,44 x 10-5 ?.cm dan transmitansi 88,3 . Dari hasil diatas, prekursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 yang didoping amonium fluorida NH4F dengan menggunakan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dapat dianggap sebagai terobosan baru dalam pembuatan kaca yang konduktif dan transparan.

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ABSTRACTTransparent conductive oxide TCO is a very important material for use in various applications of modern technology including the manufacture of optoelectronic devices such as LCDs, organic electroluminescence EL and also as electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells DSSC . TCO on DSSC device serves as the light absorber and electron conductor. One of the most commonly used is indium tin oxide ITO , however its price is rather expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of the current research is aimed at replacing ITO with fluorine doped tin oxide FTO which is easier and more economic for fabrication. In this work, the conductor FTO glass manufacture is done by ultrasonic spray pyrolisis method using tin II chloride dihydrate SnCl2.2H2O and anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 as precursors and ammonium fluoride NH4F as doping with variations of deposition time 10, 20 and 30 minutes and substrate heating temperature 250, 300 and 350 C . In addition, the variations of type precursor SnCl2.2H2O and SnCl4 and solvent ethanol and methanol . The aims of this research was to produce a prototype FTO transparent conductive glass with a value of resistivity 10 4 .cm and the value of transmittance 80 . Characterization of the samples is done using a SEM EDS, XRD, UV Vis Spectroscopy and Four Point Probe. The results showed that the longer the deposition time and the higher the substrats, providing smaller resistivity, but the consequences transmittance value which will also decrease. In this study,the highest transmittance of 88.3 and the lowest resistivity of 8.44 x 10 5 .cm resitivitas were obtained from the glass subjected to 20 minutes deposition time and 300 oC substrate heating during the process using precursor SnCl4 and solvent methanol. From the results, the precursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 doped ammonium fluoride NH4F using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis may be considered as a breakthrough in the manufacture of conductive and transparent glass."

"ABSTRAKKaca konduktor memiliki fungsi strategis di berbagai aplikasi elektronik. Jenisyang menjanjikan adalah Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO). Dalam penelitian inidilakukan studi pengaruh waktu deposisi (5, 10, 20, 30, dan 40 menit) lapisan tipisFTO dengan metode spray pyrolysis menggunakan alat ultrasonic nebulizer yangtelah dimodifikasi terhadap nilai karakteristik lapisannya ditinjau dari sifat optis,kristalinitas, resistivitas, dan mikrostruktur. Variasi juga dilakukan denganmembandingkan prekursor Sn murni dan larutan yang telah didoping dengan Fsebanyak 2%wt untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan doping F pada larutanprekursor. Pengujian karakteristik lapisan dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM,UV-Vis spectroscopy, dan digital multimeter. Berdasarkan karakterisasi yangdilakukan diperoleh nilai terbaik untuk FTO yang dihasilkan adalah pada waktudeposisi 20 menit dengan nilai transmitansi 74%, energi band gap (Eg) 3,85 eV,dan sheet resistance (Rs) 7,99 Ω/sq.

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ABSTRACTConductive glass has strategic functions in various electronic applications. Oneof the lead is Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO). In this research, the effects ofdeposition time (5,10,20,30, and 40 minutes) for fabrication of FTO thin film uponspray pyrolysis process using modified ultrasonic nebulizer on its characteristicin terms of optical, crystalinity, resistivity and microstructure properties has beenstudied. Variation was also performed by comparing the pure Sn precursor andthe solution that has been doped with F 2%wt to see the doping effect toproperties of thin film. The thin film characterization were carried out using XRD,SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and digital mutlimeter. Based on the results obtainedfor the best FTO was generated at the time of deposition is 20 minutes. Providing74% transmittance, band gap energy (Eg) 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) 7.99Ω/sq."

"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 ?/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"ABSTRAKTransparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) adalah salah satu komponen utama dari divais sel tersensitasi zat pewarna (dye sensitized solar cell, DSSC) yang dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi yang berpotensial besar menggantikan bahan bakar fosil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mencari temperatur substrat optimum agar menghasilkan FTO dengan karakteristik terbaik. Substrat kaca soda limes dibersihkan dan dipanaskan pada temperatur 250, 300, 350, 400, dan 450oC. Prekursor yang digunakan ialah SnCl2.H2O sebanyak 12 gr dengan doping NH4F sebanyak 2% dari massa prekursor, dibuat dengan metode sol-gel. Pendeposisian dilakukan dengan metode spray pyrolysis menggunakan ultrasonic nebulizer. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi UV-Vis spectrometry, SEM-EDS, digital multimeter dan x- ray diffraction (XRD). Hasil terbaik didapatkan substrat yang dipanaskan pada temperatur 300oC, menghasilkan nilai resistansi 8 ohm/ sq dan tingkat transmitansi 74%. Penelitian ini membuka peluang untuk fabrikasi lanjut kaca TCO dengan karakteristik yang diinginkan dalam aplikasi DSSC menggunakan fasilitas yang sederhana .

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ABSTRACTTransparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) is one of the main component of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), a device which is developed as energy source that has high potential to subtitue fosil fuel. The purpose of this research is to find an optimum substrate temperature in order to produce FTO with the best characteristic. For this purpose, soda lime glasses are cleaned and heated in 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450oC. 12 gr of SnCl2.H2O are used as precursor and 2% weight of NH4F as doping, mixed by sol- gel method. The deposition process is done using spray pyrolysis method with ultrasonic nebulizer. All samples are characterized using UV-Vis spectrometry, SEM-EDS, digital multimeter and XRD. The best result was obtained in the substrates heated at 300 oC with 8 ohm/sq resistance and 74% transmitance. This research creates a chance for the next fabrication of TCO glass with desired characteristic using inelaborate facility."

"Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass is one of most important components in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device. In addition to its high electrical conductivity, transparency is another important requirement that must be achieved in fabricating TCO. One TCO film is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which can be considered as the most promising substitution for indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), since the latter is very expensive. However, the fabrication techniques for TCO film need to be carefully selected; the synthesis parameters must be properly optimized to provide the desired properties. In this work, FTO glass has been fabricated by the ultrasonic spray pyrolisis technique with different precursors, i.e. tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) and anhydrous tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4), as well as different solvents, i.e. ethanol and methanol. For both conditions, ammonium fluoride (NH4F) was used as the doping compound. The resulting thin films were characterized by use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and a four-point probe test. The results of the investigation show that the highest transmittance of 88.3% and the lowest electrical resistivity of 8.44×10-5 ?.cm were obtained with the FTO glass processed with 20 minutes of spray pyrolysis deposition and 300oC substrate heating, using SnCl4 as the precursor and methanol as the solvent. It can be concluded that TCO fabrication with tin chloride precursors and ammonium fluoride doping using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis can be considered as a simple and low cost method, as well as a breakthrough in manufacturing conductive and transparent glass."

"ABSTRAKAntimony (Sb) doped tin oxide (ATO) merupakan salah satu material transparan yang telah mendapatkan popularitas lebih akhir-akhir ini karena sangat berperan penting terhadap teknologi. transparansi tinggi pada cahaya tampak, konsentrasi dan mobilitas elektron tinggi membuat ATO sebagai bahan penting untuk oksida transparan konduktif, display flat-panel, sel surya, jendela arsitektur perangkat optoelektronik dan sensor gas. Dalam penelitian ini, lapisan tipis antimony doped-tin oxide (ATO) dibuat dengan biaya rendah dan sederhana menggunakan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Lapisan tipis ATO telah ditumbuhkan dengan menvariasikan konsentrasi doping antimon (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% Sb) dan waktu deposisi (10, 20, 30 menit). Sifat struktural, morfologi, optik dan listrik dari lapisan ini telah dianalisis dengan difraksi sinar-X, mikroskop elektron, UV-VIS dan instrumen four point probe. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa semua lapisan polikristalin dengan struktur kristal tetragonal. Analisis sifat optik dan listrik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi optimum doping Sb telah diperoleh untuk meningkatkan transparansi danmeningkatkan konduktivitas listrik lapisan tipis timah oksida

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ABSTRACTAntimony (Sb) doped tin oxide (ATO) is one transparent material that has gained its popularity more recently due to their great technological importance. High transparency in the visible light, high concentration and mobility of electron makes ATO as an important material for the field of transparent conducting oxide, flat-panel display, solar cell, architectural windows optoelectronic devices and gas sensor. In this study, Sb doped-tin oxide (ATO) thin films has been fabricated by low cost and simple, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. ATO thin films have been deposited with various antimony doping concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% Sb) and time deposition(10, 20, 30 minutes). The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of these films have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-VIS and four point probe instruments. XRD studies show that all films are polycrystalline with tetragonal crystal structure. The optic and electric properties studies show that the concentration optimum of Sb doping has been obtained to increase transparency and improve the electrical conductivity of tin oxide thin film."

"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 Ω/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"ng have been one of the key processes that drive these advancements. A lot of these processes are driven through the help of lubricants for easier machine processes. Lubricants are used due to its ability to significantly reduce coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar dimension (WSD) which directly affect the efficiency of the equipment and prolong their lifetime. Incorporation of additives can be carried out to improve the lubrication efficiency by incorporating nanoparticles to a Polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil. In this research, Tin (IV) Oxide is used as the nanoparticle additive at 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt% tin oxide synthesized from nitric acid leaching of dry tin-lead solder dross from electronic solder application and and addition of 1:1 ratio of oleic acid surfactant. The results suggest that the incorporation of tin oxide greatly decreases the COF and WSD, as well as increasing the average film formation percentage and stability, where the results are directly proportional with the increase in tin oxide concentrations.

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Pada abad ke-21, perkembangan industri dan teknologi sudah semakin meningkat. Teknologi industri seperti yang digunakan didalam proses manufaktur menjadi salah satu kunci kesuksesan yang mendorong perkembangan tersebut. Banyak dari proses manufaktur tersebut terbantu oleh penggunaan lubrikan untuk memudahkan kinerja mesin industri. Lubrikan digunakan dalam industri karena sifatnya yang dapat menurunkan coefficient of friction (COF) dan wear scar dimension (WSD) secara signifikan, yang secara langsung berdampak kepada peningkatan efisiensi peralatan serta meningkatkan umur pemakaiannya. Aditif nanopartikel dapat ditambahkan ke dalam lubrikan Polyalphaolefin (PAO) untuk meningkatkan efisiensi lubrikasi. Dalam riset ini, Timah (IV) Oksida digunakan sebagai aditif nanopartikel dengan penambahan 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, dan 7 wt% yang telah disintesis dengan proses leaching menggunakan asam nitrat yang berasal dari limbah solder timah-timbal dari solder elektronik ditambah dengan surfaktan asam oleat dengan perbandingan 1:1. Hasil proses tersebut menunjukkan bahwa penambahan timah oksida menurunkan COF dan WSD secara signifikan serta meningkatkan persentase pembentukan dan stabilitas lapisan lubrikasi, dimana hasil tersebut menunjukkan hasil yang proporsional dengan peningkatan penambahan konsentrasi timah oksida."

"ABSTRAKThe Automated Target Firing Simulator allows the trainer to perform several tasks, which previously required judgments of a skilled operator. The instrument can adjust its mode of operation, which is previously on the recorded. The output format at the internal side at the dome can be tailored to customary format, which easily modified on demand. The instrument can allow measuring the success rate and consistency of the trainer over the entire field of vision. This instrument is consists of Dome, Joystick, LEDs as the simulated Aeroplane, Laser is simulated as Gun, Computer Interface and the printer. "

"Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play an important role invarious technology, including dye sensitized solar cells. One of the mostcommonly used glass is indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, which is expensive.Therefore, the mainpurpose of this research was to determine if ITO glass can be replaced withfluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass,which is easier and more economic to manufacture. For this purpose, a tinchloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O)precursor was doped with ammoniumfluoride (NH4F) using asol-gel method and spray pyrolysis technique toinvestigate the fabrication process for conductiveglass. NH4F wasdoped at a ratio of 2 wt% in the SnCl2.2H2O precursor atvarying deposition times (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and substrate temperatures(250, 300, and 350°C). Theresults revealed that longer deposition times created thicker glass layers withreduced electrical resistivity. The highest opticaltransmittance was 75.5% and the lowest resistivitywas 3.32´10-5 Ω.cm,obtained from FTO glasssubjected to a 20-minute deposition time at deposition temperature of 300oC."