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"Latar Belakang: Nano Silver Fluoride NSF memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans bakteri penyebab karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh NSF terhadap viabilitas S.mutans dalam berbagai fase pembentukan biofilm. Metode: Biofilm S.mutans diinkubasi selama 4 jam fase adhesi, 12 jam fase akumulasi aktif dan 24 jam fase maturasi pada suhu 37 C. Ketiga model biofilm dipapar NSF dengan konsentrasi Ag 0,4 F- 2,26, Ag 0,9 F- 2,26, Ag 1,4 F- 2,26, Ag 1,9 F- 2,26 selama 1 jam. Persentase viabilitas dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna p>0,05 antara viabilitas biofilm pada fase adhesi, fase akumulasi aktif, ataupun fase maturasi. Kesimpulan: NSF mampu menurunkan viabilitas biofilm S.mutans dalam berbagai fase pembentukan.

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Background: Nano Silver Fluoride NSF has antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans that cause dental caries.

Objective: To analyze the effect of NSF on the viability of S.mutans in various phases of biofilm formation.

Methods: S.mutans biofilm was incubated for 4 hours adherence phase, 12 hours active accumulation phase and 24 hours maturation phase at 37 C then exposed by NSF at concentration Ag 0,4 F 2,26, Ag 0,9 F 2,26, Ag 1,4 F 2,26, Ag 1,9 F 2,26 for 1 hour. The percentage of viability was tested with MTT assay.

Result: Biofilm viability of S.mutans in various phases showed no significant difference p 0,05.

Conclusion: NSF can reduce the viability of S.mutans in various phases of biofilm formation."

"Latar belakang : S. mutans merupakan patogen utama penyebab karies. NSF diketahui memiliki sifat antibakterial. Tujuan : Menganalisis pengaruh NSF dalam menghambat virulensi dan pembentukkan biofilm S. mutans. Metode : Suspensi bakteri S. mutans dalam media BHI yang diperkaya sukrosa 0.2 dipaparkan NSF diinkubasi selama 20 jam. Persen inhibisi biofilm dinilai menggunakan uji crystal violet. Hasil : Nilai KHM NSF adalah 2.66 dan nilai KBM 4.16 . NSF mampu menghambat pembentukkan biofilm S. mutans. Kesimpulan : NSF mampu menghambat virulensi dan pembentukkan biofilm S. mutans.

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Background: S. mutans are the primary pathogens that cause caries. NSF known to have antimicrobial properties.

Aim: To analyze the effect of NSF in inhibiting virulence and biofilm formation of S. mutans.

Methods: Bacterial suspension of S. mutans in BHI medium enriched 0.2 sucrose exposed with NSF incubated for 20 hours. Percent inhibition of biofilm was assessed using crystal violet test.

Result: NSF MIC value is 2.66 and MBC value is 4.16 . NSF is able to inhibit biofilm formation of S. mutans.

Conclusion: NSF is able to inhibit virulence and biofilm formation of S.mutans. "

"Latar Belakang: Propolis fluoride salah satu sediaan yang dapat menghambat perkembangan bakteri penyebab karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh propolis fluoride terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dalam berbagai fase. Metode: Model biofilm S.mutans di inkubasi selama 4 jam fase adesi, 12 jam fase akumulasi aktif, dan 24 jam fase maturasi, kemudian dipaparkan dengan propolis fluoride 3,3 ; 6,6, 10 kelompok perlakuan, dan SDF 38 kelompok kontrol. Analisis Viabilitas biofilm S.mutans dilakukan dengan uji MTT untuk dibaca pada microplate reader. Hasil: Pada pemaparan Propolis 3,3, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 14,89 3,19; fase akumulasi aktif 24,37 7,43; dan fase maturasi 21,35 3,06. Pada pemaparan Propolis 6,6, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 10,10 2,43; fase akumulasi aktif 20,88 13,17; dan fase maturasi 18,82 4,51. Pada pemaparan Propolis 10, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi8,04 1,59; fase akumulasi aktif 11,17 8,90; dan fase maturasi 16,75 1,83. Kesimpulan: Propolis fluoride 10 dapat menurunkan viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi.

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Background: Propolis fluoride in one of dosage could inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause caries.

Objective: To analyze the effect of propolis fluoride on the viability of S. mutans biofilm in various phases.

Method: S. mutans biofilm models were incubated for 4 hours adhesion phase, 12 hours active accumulation phase, and 24 hours maturation phase, then presented with propolis fluoride 3.3 6.6, 10 treatment group, and SDF 38 control group. Analysis of S. mutans biofilm viability is tested by MTT in the microplate reader.

Results: Exposure of Propolis Flouride 3.3, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the adhesion phase is 14.89 3.19 active accumulation phase is 24.37 7.43 and the maturation phase is 21.35 3.06. On exposure of Propolis Flouride 6.6, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in adhesion phase is 10,10 2,43 active accumulation phase is 20.88 13.17 and the maturation phase is 18.82 4.51. On exposure of Propolis Fluoride 10, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the phase of adhesion is 8.04 1.59 active accumulation phase is 11.17 8.90 and the phase of maturation is 16.75 1.83.

Conclusion: Propolis fluoride 10 could reduced the viability of S. mutans biofilm in adhesion phase."

"Latar Belakang: Perkembangan karies gigi berkaitan dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis dilaporkan sebagai agen antibakteri karena mengandung flavonoid berupa apigenin dan tt-farnesol yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase dan mempengaruhi integritas membran bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi hambat pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI terhadap pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Metode: Biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii yang telah dipaparkan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dengan  konsentrasi 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml kemudian diinkubasi selama 4 jam (fase adhesi), 12 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37ºC. Persentase inhibisi dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Persentase potensi hambat biofilm Streptococcus mutans tertinggi setelah inkubasi 12 jam dan Streptococcus gordonii setelah inkubasi 4 jam dengan konsentrasi 100mg/10 ml.  Kesimpulan: Efek paparan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan durasi paparan pasta gigi UI.

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Background: The development of dental caries has been found to be associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis has been reported as a potent antimicrobial material because containing flavonoids such as apigenin and tt-farnesol that inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity and membrane integrity.

Objective: To analyze the effect of toothpaste containing propolis wax UI in inhibit Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation.

Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm that has been exposed by propolis UI toothpaste at concentration 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml was incubated for 4 hours (adherence phase), 12 hours (active accumulation phase) and 24 hours (maturation phase) at 37ºC. The percentage of inhibition was tested with MTT assay.

Result: Inhibition percentage of Streptococcus mutans the highest is on active accumulation phase and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm is on adherence phase at concentraton 100mg/10ml.

Conclusion: Propolis UI toothpaste effect on inhibiting biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii depend on concentration and duration of time."

"Pendahuluan: protein saliva merupakan komposisi yang terkandung dalam salivadan berperan penting bagi keseimbangan ekosistem rongga mulut manusia. Total konsentrasiprotein saliva pada setiap individu bervariasi tergantung pada usia individu tersebut. Banyakdari protein saliva berfungsi untuk memproteksi rongga mulut dengan aktivitas antimikrobayang dimilikinya. Di sisi lain, saliva juga dapat mendukung pertumbuhan mikroorganismerongga mulut dengan membentuk pelikel. Streptococcus mutans bersama dengan pelikelsaliva berpartisipasi dalam adhesi bakteri di permukaan gigi. Selanjutnya mereka akanberkoordinasi sehingga membentuk dental plaque. Tujuan: menganalisis perbedaan massabakteri dan viabilitas Streptococcus mutans setelah pajanan protein saliva subjek anak dansubjek dewasa. Metode: sampel saliva subjek anak dan subjek dewasa dilakukan ujiBradford untuk mengetahui total protein saliva. Kemudian dilakukan perhitungan massabiofilm dengan uji crystal violet staining dan viabilitas bakteri dengan TPC. Setelah itudilakukan uji One-way Anova Hasil: Nilai signifikansi uji statistic menunjukan > 0,05sehingga tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna massa bakteri maupun viabilitas bakteriStreptococcus mutans setelah pajanan protein saliva yang berasal dari subjek anak dan subjekdewasa secara statistik. Total konsentrasi protein saliva anak dan dewasa condong berbeda.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan dampak pemajanan protein saliva asal subjek anakdan subjek dewasa terhadap pembentukan biofilm bakteri Streptococcus mutans ditinjau darimassa biofilm dan viabilitas bakteri.

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Background: Salivary protein is the composition contained in saliva and plays an

important role in the balance of the human oral cavity ecosystem. The total salivary protein

concentration in each individual varies depending on the age of the individual. Many of

salivary proteins function to protect the oral cavity with their antimicrobial activity.

Therefore, saliva can also support the growth of oral microorganisms by forming pellicles

and as a source of nutrtion to bacteria. Streptococcus mutans together with the salivary

pellicle participate in the adhesion of bacteria on the tooth surface. Furthermore, they will

coordinate to form dental plaque. Objective: to analyze the differences in bacterial mass and

viability of Streptococcus mutans after the exposure of the salivary proteins from children

and adult subjects. Methods: Bradford test was used to determine the total of salivary protein

in saliva samples from children and adult subjects. The biofilm mass was calculated by using

crystal violet staining and bacterial viability by TPC. The distribution was analyzed using the

One-way Anova test Results: The p value of the statistical test shows > 0,05 so that there

were no significant difference in bacterial mass and viability of Streptococcus mutans after

exposure of salivary protein from children’s or adult’s saliva statisticaly. However, the total

salivary protein concentrations of children and adults tend to be different. Conclusion: There

was no differenece in the impact of salivary protein exposure from children’s and adult’s

saliva on the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm in terms of biofilm mass and

bacterial viability."

"ABSTRAKStreptococcus mutans adalah agen penyebab utama karies gigi, dan aptamer adalah DNA untai tunggal atau RNA oligonukleotida yang disintesis in vitro menggunakan teknik SELEX Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment yang memiliki kemampuan mengikat dengan afinitas dan spesifisitas yang tinggi terhadap target molekul. Salah satu RNA-aptamer yang sedang dikembangkan yaitu Ca-apt 12 spesifik terhadap C.albicans mengalami cross binding dengan S.mutans. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji biofilm kristal violet dan uji TPC Total Plate Count untuk menguji potensi Ca-apt 12 konsentrasi 10, 1, 0,1 ng/ l sebagai biomaterial penghambat pembentukan biofilm dan viabilitas S.mutans serotipe c, d, e masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 102, 104, 106, 108 CFU/ml . Ca-apt 12 yang telah diikat oleh bakteri diinokulasi pada mikroplat sumur dan diinkubasi pada waktu 3 jam dan 24 jam dengan suhu 37oC. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Ca-apt 12 berpotensi sebagai ligan penghambat S.mutans tidak berdasarkan serotipe bakteri, konsentrasi bakteri, maupun konsentrasi aptamer itu sendiri namun berdasarkan waktu inkubasi.

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ABSTRACTStreptococcus mutans is the main causative agent of tooth caries, and aptamer is a single stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotide synthesized in vitro using the SELEX Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment technique that has the ability to bind with high affinity and specificity towards the target molecule. One of the RNA strand being developed is Ca apt 12 that is specific towards C.albicans crosslinked with S.mutans. This research used crystal violet biofilm assay and TPC Total Plate Count to test the potential of Ca apt 12 in concentration 10, 1, 0,1 ng l as the biomaterial to inhibit biofilm formation and viability of S.mutans serotype c, d, e each serotype in different concentrations of 102, 104, 106, 108 CFU ml. Ca apt 12 binded with bacterias were inoculated in well microplates and incubated within 3 hours and 24 hours period in room temperature 37oC. Results showed that Ca apt 12 has the potential as ligand inhibiting S.mutans biofilm formation that is not differentiated based on bacterial serotype, bacterial concentration, nor the aptamer concentration, but by the incubation period."

"Latar Belakang: Silver Diamine Fluoride SDF merupakan agen antibakteri yang mempunyai efek samping yaitu timbulnya noda kehitaman pada permukaan gigi. Propolis Fluoride PPF dikenal sebagai agen antibakteri yang dapat menggantikan SDF tanpa memiliki efek samping yang sama. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh PPF dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm S. mutans dan S. gordonii serta dibandingkan dengan SDF, dengan menggunakan uji MTT. Metode: Suspensi bakteri S. mutans dan S. gordonii dalam media BHI yang diperkaya sukrosa 0,2 dipaparkan PPF. Kemudian diinkubasi pada 4 waktu berbeda yaitu selama 4 jam, 12 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam. Presentase inhibisi dianalisis menggunakan Uji MTT. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna p>0,05 antara inhibisi S. mutans dan S. gordonii dalam berbagai waktu. Kesimpulan: PPF memiliki potensi yang sama dengan SDF dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm S. mutans dan S. gordonii.

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Background: Silver Diamine Fluoride SDF is an antibacterial agent that has a side effect like black stain appearance on the surface of the teeth. Propolis Fluoride PPF is an antibacterial agent which can replace SDF without having the same side effect.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of PPF in inhibiting biofilm formation of S. mutans dan S. gordonii in comprasion to SDF, by using MTT assay.

Methods: Bacterial suspension of S. mutans and S. gordonii was put inside the BHI medium that enriched with 0,2 sucrose and exposed to PPF, then incubated at 4 different times for 4 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours. The percentage of inhibition was tested with MTT assay.

Result: There was no significant difference p 0,05 between inhibition of S. mutans and S. gordonii in various time.

Conclusion: PPF has the same potention as SDF in inhibiting biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. gordonii."

"Latar Belakang: Pasta gigi merupakan bahan semi-aqueous yang digunakan untuk menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut. Pada umumnya, zat aktif yang dikandung dalam pasta gigi terbuat dari bahan sintetik. Namun, bahan tersebut dapat menimbulkan efek samping sehingga dibutuhkan bahan dengan efek samping yang lebih sedikit. Propolis merupakan suatu substansi resin yang memiliki sifat antibakterial dan aman terhadap tubuh sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti bahan sintetik yang dapat meminimalkan efek samping yang terjadi. Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh paparan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis dan pasta gigi non-propolis terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm S. mutans ATCC 25175. Metode Penelitian: Pembentukan biofilm dilakukan dengan kultur S. mutans ATCC 25175 ke dalam well yang telah berisi pelikel. Pasta gigi ekstrak propolis dan non-propolis dimasukkan ke dalam well, serta diinkubasi selama 3 jam dan 18 jam. Uji kristal violet dan uji OpenCFU dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi total biomassa. Hasil Penelitian: Pada inkubasi 3 jam, tidak terlihat adanya penurunan biomassa baik pada pasta gigi ekstrak propolis maupun non-propolis. Namun, penurunan biomassa terlihat pada kedua jenis pasta gigi setelah inkubasi 18 jam. Kesimpulan: Paparan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis dalam durasi yang lama mampu menurunkan biomassa S. mutans ATCC 25175 dan menghambat pembentukan biofilm.

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Background: Toothpaste was a semi-aqueous material that is used to maintain dental and oral hygiene. Commonly, the active ingredients contained in toothpastes were made from synthetic ingredients. However, these ingredients may causes several adverse effect, therefore a biocompatible ingredient is required to minimize the adverse effect. Propolis is a resin substance that has antibacterial properties and non-toxic to the body. Thus, propolis can be used as an active substance in toothpaste to minimize the adverse effects caused by synthetic toothpaste.

Aim: To analyze the effect of propolis extract and nonpropolis toothpaste exposure toward S. mutans biofilm ATCC 25175 growth.

Method: S. mutans ATCC 25175 culture was added to the well that already contained pellicle to make biofilm. Both toothpaste was added into the well and incubated for 3 h and 18 h. Crystal violet and OpenCFU method was used to measure total biomass of S. mutans ATCC 25175 biofilm.

Result: After 3 hours incubation, there was no reduction in biomass in both toothpaste. However, biomass reduction was seen in both toothpaste after incubation of 18 hours.

Conclusion: Long duration of exposure to propolis extract toothpaste may reduce biomass of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and inhibit biofilm formation."

"Latar Belakang : Aktivitas fisik pada saat melakukan olahraga lari menstimulasi saraf simpatik yang dapat mempengaruhi sekresi dan komposisi saliva, termasuk salah satunya Streptococcus mutans-Binding Salivary Protein Protein saliva berperan dalam menghambat atau memfasilitasi pembentukan biofilm. Tujuan : Menganalisis pengaruh Streptococcus mutans-Binding Salivary Protein terhadap pembentukan biofilm P. gingivalis. Metode : Pemilihan subjek pelari dan nonpelari ditetapkan berdasarkan pengukuran VO2max dan riwayat lari rutin. Profil protein Streptococcus mutans-Binding Salivary Protein ATCC 25175 pada pelari dan nonpelari diidentifikasi dengan uji SDS PAGE. Uji pembentukan biofilm P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 dilakukan dengan pewarnaan crystal violet. Data yang didapat kemudian diolah menggunakan uji korelasi. Hasil : Streptococcus mutans-Binding Salivary Protein memfasilitasi pembentukan biofilm P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, baik pada waktu inkubasi 3 jam maupun 24 jam. Kesimpulan : Streptococcus mutans-Binding Salivary Protein yang diisolasi dari subjek pelari dan nonpelari memfasilitasi pembentukan biofilm P.gingivalis terhadap pembentukan biofilm P. gingivalis ATCC 33277.

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Background : Physical activity during exercise induced sympathetic stimuli which may affect the secretion and composition of saliva, including anti S.mutans salivary protein. Salivary protein may act as inhibitor or facilitator on biofilm formation.

Objective : To analyze the effect of Streptococcus mutans Binding Salivary Protein towards the formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm.

Method : The runners and non runners subjects were selected using VO2max measurement and running routine history. Streptococcus mutans Binding Salivary Protein profile from the runners and non runners group were identified using SDS PAGE method. Biofilm assay with crystal violet was used to test the formation of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. Data was done using correlation test.

Result : Streptococcus mutans Binding Salivary Protein facilitate P. gingivalis biofilm formation on 3 and 24 hours incubation time.

Conclusion : Streptococcus mutans Binding Salivary Protein from runners and non runners facilitate P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 biofilm formation."

"Latar Belakang: Hubungan sinergistik antara bakteri etiologi karies Streptococcus mutans dan jamur patogen Candida albicans merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam memperparah penyakit karies. Selain itu, bakteri komensal Streptococcus salivarius telah dilaporkan dapat mempengaruhi pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans ketika dikultur bersama-sama. Streptococcus salivarius telah diobservasi mampu menganggu sistem quorum sensing dari Streptococcus mutans dan mencegah perubahan morfologi Candida albicans dari ragi menjadi hifa. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh keberadaan whole protein Streptococcus salivarius terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans dalam berbagai konsentrasi dan waktu. Metode: Dilakukan uji pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 dan Candida albicans ATCC 10231 yang dipaparkan whole protein hasil metabolit Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9222 dalam konsentrasi yang bervariasi (1%, 10%, 100%). Kemudian biofilm diinkubasi dengan durasi 3 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam untuk melihat efek keberadaan protein terhadap fase pembentukkan biofilm. Uji massa biofilm dilakukan dengan menggunakan crystal violet assay. Pengamatan dengan mikroskop cahaya dilakukan untuk mengobservasi morfologi biofilm. Perbandingan jumlah sel viabel Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans diuji dengan metode total plate count.Kesimpulan: Terdapat indikasi jika whole protein hasil metabolit Streptococcus salivarius menghambat pertumbuhan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans bergantung pada konsentrasi protein dan waktu inkubasi biofilm.

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Background: Commensal bacteria Streptococcus salivarius has been reported to influence Streptococcus mutans or Candida albicans when cultured together.

Objective: To analyze the effect of the presence of Streptococcus salivarius whole protein on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms in various concentrations and at various times representing the stage of biofilm formation.

Method: Biofilm formation assay was conducted for biofilm consisting of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The exposure to whole protein from the metabolite of Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9222 was done by infusing the spent medium in varying protein concentrations. Then the biofilm was incubated with varying duration to see the effect of the protein on different phase of biofilm formation. Biofilm mass measurement was carried out using crystal violet assay. Microscope observations were done to observe the morphology of the biofilm. Comparison of the number of viable cells between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was done with total plate count method.

Conclusion: There is an indication that the whole protein metabolite of Streptococcus salivarius inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual species biofilms depending on protein concentration and biofilm phase."