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"Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known as hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impaired wound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic of impaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such as levels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound with standard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day, (5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once every two days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance.Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in subjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significant differences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.Conclusions: Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells in Wistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests that squid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days after wound creation.Keywords: diabetic wound, squid, TNF"

"Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known ashyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impairedwound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages andneutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic ofimpaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such aslevels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats.Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound withstandard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day,(5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once everytwo days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance. Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) insubjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significantdifferences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. Conclusions:Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells inWistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests thatsquid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days afterwound creation."

"ABSTRACTBackground: MiR-21 is known to play a role in osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, but the role of serum miR-21 expression in osteoporosis remains unclear. Previous research found that serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients, but other factors involved in postmenopausal osteoporosis still unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of serum miR-21 expression, concentration of RANKL, OPG, TGF-β1, sclerostin and serum calcium, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity on bone mineral density of spine in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (PMOP) compared with no osteoporosis (PMNOP), with point of interest on the expression of serum miR-21. Methods: this study was conducted by comparative cross-sectional design. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of PMOP and PMNOP. We used an absolute quantification real-time PCR method to determine serum miR-21 expressions level. Results: Median of serum miR-21 expression at the PMOP group was significantly higher compared to PMNOP group (p = 0,001). Serum miR-21 expression, RANKL, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity were significantly correlated with BMD values in the PMOP group. Moderate physical activity was significantly negatively correlated with serum miR-21 expression. We also obtained a linear regression equation BMD = 1,373-0,085*Ln.miR-21-0,176*Log10.RANKL (R2 = 52,5%). Conclusion: serum miR-21 expression in PMOP was higher compared with PMNOP. Serum miR-21 expression proved to have a negative effect on spinal BMD values in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis of 8,5%. Obtained equation of BMD = 1,373-0,085*Ln.miR-21-0,176*Log10.RANKL can explain the value of spinal BMD by 52,5%."

"The purpose of this study was to provide a reference of chronic diabetes complications by investigating the prolonged hyperglycemia effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes (liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.

Methods: Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley of uniform age were divided into two Groups. Group 1 was made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw) whereas Group 2 served as control. After six months, the rats were anesthetized using pentobarbital. Cardiac puncture was performed to get 3 ml of the blood sample; following 12 hours of an overnight fast. Serum chemistry test and complete blood analysis for lipid profile and blood glucose test; liver and renal functions were performed. Tissue specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological study.

Results: There were severe histopathological changes in the affected organs; and the presence of a significant abnormality of lipid profile, liver, and renal functions.

Conclusions: The presence of histopathological changes with abnormal biochemical changes is related to the chronic absence of insulin production in the destroyed β ?cells which reflect the diabetic complications in a human being."

"Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Jintan (Plectranthus amboinicus) terhadap Kadar BUN dan Kreatinin serta Respon Seluler Faktor Proinflamasi TNF-α dan IL-1β Pasien Gout Artritis. Pengobatan gout artritis (GA) saat ini dikembangkan berbasis anti sitokin yaitu blokade kemokin, penghambatan pelepasan IL-1β dan TNF-α. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan pengobatan berbasis anti sitokin dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun jintan yang diaplikasikan pada penderita GA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental semu dengan desain penelitian randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Pengambilan sampel pasien GA di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Poli Penyakit Dalam RSU Haji Surabaya yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 responden terbagi menjadi kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol masing-masing 15 responden. Pada kelompok perlakuan diminta untuk minum obat dari Rumah Sakit ditambah dengan kapsul ekstrak daun jintan selama 7 hari, dengan dilakukan pengamatan keradangan sendi. Pada kelompok kontrol minum obat dari Rumah Sakit dan dilakukan pengamatan keradangan sendi. Sampel darah diambil sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan untuk mengukur kadar BUN, kreatinin, konsentrasi TNF-α dan IL-1β. Terdapat penurunan kadar BUN dan kreatinin pada kelompok kontrol namun tidak signifikan yaitu menurun sebesar 3% dan 8%. Sementara pada kelompok perlakuan terdapat peningkatan kadar BUN dan Kreatinin namun juga tidak signifikan sebesar 3% dan 7%. Terdapat penurunan konsentrasi TNF-α pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 9% dan kelompok perlakuan sebesar 22%, keduanya tidak signifikan. Sementara konsentrasi IL-1β terjadi peningkatan pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 18%, sementara pada kelompok perlakuan terjadi penurunan sebesar 3%, keduanya tidak signifikan.

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The purpose of this research was to develop anti-cytokine-based treatment using extract of Plectranthus amboinicus applied to gout arthritis (GA) patients. The research was quasi experimental, with a pretest-posttest randomized control group design. The samples were GA patients in the Outpatient Installation of Internal Medicine in General Hospital Haji, Surabaya. The sample was comprised of 30 respondents. The respondents were divided into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group was asked to take medicine from the hospital, coupled with P. amboinicus extract capsules, for 7 days, during which time patients? joint inflammation was observed. The control group was provided with only medication from the hospital, and their joint inflammation was likewise observed. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, to measure the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, as well as the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β. There was a decrease in BUN and creatinine levels in the control group, but it was not significant, decreasing by 3% and 8%, respectively. The treatment group also showed elevated levels of BUN and creatinine, which also was not significant at 3% and 7%, respectively. There was a decrease in the concentration of TNF-α in the control group by 9% and 22%. The concentration of IL-1β in the control group increased by 18%, whereas,in the treatment group, it decreased by 3%; however, the decreases in both groups were not significant."

"Adaptation and natural selection serve as an important part of evolution. Adaptation in molecular levelcan lead to genetic drift which causes mutation of genetic material; one of which is polymorphism of mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA). The aim of this study is to verify the polymorphism of mitochondrially-encoded AdenosineTriphosphate synthase6gene (MT-ATP6) as one of mtDNA building blocks among tropic, sub-tropic, and polar areas.Methods: This descriptive quantitative research used 3,210 mtDNA sequences, taken from GenBank, as secondary datafrom 27 different populations. The data were grouped into 3 population groups based on the climates of their location.After grouping, the sequences were then aligned and trimmed using Unipro EUGENE, and analyzed by Arlequin andMitoTool. Results: Results demonstrated 21 haplotypes distributed among 3 populations with variations between eachclimate population. In the tropic and sub-tropic populations, the dominant haplotype is h1 while h6 is dominant in thepolar population. Conclusions: There is a variation of haplotype polymorphism between tropic, sub-tropic, and polarclimate population."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kemunculan virus yang bernama Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-cOv-2) atau disebut juga dengan Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) dan ditetapkan sebagai global pandemic. Sejatinya, ilmu akan terus berkembang seiring masalah yang ada di dalamnya. Istilah-istilah atau kosakata baru dalam ilmu kesehatan mulai bermunculan seiring dengan keberadaan virus ini, baik istilah dalam pengendalian atau dalam pencegahannya. Penelitian ini membahas kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul saat pandemi COVID-19 yang dilihat dari sisi morfologi dan semantik. Analisis ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Tujuan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan bentuk-bentuk dan makna-makna dalam kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul saat pandemi COVID-19. Adapun data-data yang didapat dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari surat kabar Almasdaronline dari Yaman. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini dari sisi morfologi ditemukan bahwa kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul pada masa pendemi COVID-19, ada yang berbentuk arabisasi, derivasi, pluralisasi, gabungan kata, dan hibrida. Sedangkan dari sisi semantik ditemukan bahwa kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul pada masa pandemi COVID-19 ada yang berbentuk metafora, penerjemahan dan perubahan makna. Jika ditinjau dari relasi makna, terdapat relasi makna sinonimi, antonimi dan idiom.

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This research was motivated by the emergence of a virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-cOv-2) or also called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is set as a global pandemic. In fact, science will continue to evolve as the problems that exist in it. New terms or vocabulary in health sciences began to emerge along with the presence of this virus, either in control or in prevention. This study discusses the Arabic vocabulary of health barrels that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of morphology and semantics. This analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods. The main purpose of this study is to expose to the reader about the forms and meanings in the health barrel Arabic vocabulary that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data obtained in this study are outlined from almasdaronline newspaper from Yemen and assisted with Arabic dictionary. The results obtained from this study from the morphological side found that arabic vocabulary barrel health that appeared during the COVID-19 protesters, some in the form of Arabicization, derivation, pluralisation, combined words, and hybrid. From the semantic side, it was found that the Arabic vocabulary of health barrels that appeared during the COVID-19 pandemic was in the form of metaphors, translations and changes in meaning. When viewed from meaning relations, there are relationships of sinonimi, antonimi and idiom meanings. "