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"The drafters of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) have left behind a lacunaein terms of the regulations concerning Biodiversity in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction(BBNJ). As living organisms are found in the deep seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction,as well as the utilization of marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction for commercialpurposes, States are currently deliberating on the proper regime in dealing with the managementand exploitation of the biodiversity. Some States argue that Part XI UNCLOS applies hence BBNJis also part of the Common Heritage of Mankind. On the other hand, some States believe that PartVII UNCLOS applies which will allow individual States to exploit the resources in accordance withthe principle of the freedom of the high seas. Since 2004, the UN General Assembly has establisheda Working Group to discuss the issue. Indonesia as a Party to UNCLOS which in general advocatesthe importance of the rule of law in the oceans has the interest that the discussion in the UNwill allow developing countries, including Indonesia, to enjoy the result of the exploration andexploitation of non-mineral resources at the bottom of the ocean."

"In achieving and securing national interests, diplomacy always plays significant role. In its implementation, the state uses all of its nationally available resources including military, economy, politics, intelligence and any other resources available. The use of military as an instrument in diplomacy is inevitable. The general consensus is that negotiation forms a core component of diplomacy. Winning in negotiation, therefore, can be likened to winning in diplomacy. In order to gain leverage during negotiations, gaining a better bargaining position is an important requirement and this strongly relies on a nation's power of which one of the key components is the military. In this regard, the military power cannot be separated from state diplomacy. This research is designed to understand the role of Indonesia's defense diplomacy in achieving national interests. The objectives of this research are: First, to analyze the role of Indonesian defense diplomacy in achieving national interests and how to optimize it, and secondly, to analyze the factors that influence this role. This research employs qualitative method. All data is obtained through observation, interviews and literature studies. Data analysis is carried out simultaneously with data collection when the researcher is in the field. The research location is at Jakarta City. We can draw two conclusions from the result of the research: 1) The role of defense diplomacy in achieving national interests has not been optimal and its achievements are still limited to defense issues only; 2) Factors influencing the role of defense diplomacy include the capacity and capability of Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), cooperation between agencies, and formulation of diplomacy strategy."

"Beberapa negara memiliki ketentuan domestik di bidang Antidumping yang mengharuskan otoritas penyelidiknya melakukan evaluasi terhadap penerapan tindakan antidumping guna kepentingan umum yang lebih besar (kepentingan nasional). Dengan kata lain, sebelum tindakan Antidumping dikenakan, harus dipertimbangkan lebih dahulu dampaknya terhadap berbagai kelompok lain selain industri dalam negeri yang mengajukan petisi serta untuk menjamin kepentingan yang lebih besar secara keseluruhan. Otoritas penyelidik dapat memutuskan untuk tidak mengenakan tindakan Antidumping apabila berdasarkan temuan diketahui akan bertentangan dengan kepentingan umum atau kepentingan nasional, meskipun telah terbukti adanya injury, dumping, dan hubungan kausal di antara keduanya. Selama Putaran Uruguay, beberapa negara anggota WTO telah mencoba menegosiasikan klausul kepentingan umum atau kepentingan nasional menjadi klausul wajib dalam Perjanjian Antidumping, namun usaha tersebut gagal. Selama Putaran Doha beberapa negara anggota WTO kembali mengusulkan masalah ini, namun tetap saja tidak tercapai kesepakatan. Tesis ini secara singkat membahas analisis pertimbangan National Interest dalam penyelidikan Antidumping, baik dalam level hukum domestik maupun internasional pada saat ini, masalah dan solusi yang memungkinkan untuk memperkuat ketentuan National Interest dalam penyelidikan Antidumping. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis melakukan kajian historis, analitis, dan studi banding. Singkatnya, Tesis ini mendukung dicantumkannya klausul National Interest dalm Perjanjian Antidumping Indonesia, karena menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip proporsionalitas, proses hukum, dan keadilan. Disamping itu, tujuan dari WTO sebagaimana didefinisikan dalam Mukadimah the Marrakesh Agreement akan tercapai. Bagian akhir Tesis menyimpulkan bahwa penguatan hak-hak prosedural perlu diberikan kepada para pengguna industri, organisasi konsumen, dan pihak lain yang terkena dampak negatif dari pengenaan tindakan Antidumping. Juga diharapkan adanya perbaikan terhadap ketentuan National Interest dalam Antidumping untuk menjamin terlindunginya kepentingan nasional yang lebih besar.

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Some countries have provisions in their domestic Antidumping laws obliging the investigating authorities to evaluate whether the application of Antidumping measures is in the public or greater national interest. In other words, before imposing the measure, its impact on groups other than domestic industry and the country?s overall interest should be studied. The investigating authorities may decide not to impose the Antidumping measure based on the finding that such a measure is in contradiction with public or national interest, notwithstanding an affirmative injury, dumping, and causation. During the Uruguay Round some GATT Contracting Parties tried to negotiate a mandatory public or national interest clause in the Antidumping Agreement, but failed to do so. During the Doha Round several WTO Members again raised this issue, but the agreement has not been reached so far. This thesis will shortly explore the legal concept of national interest in Antidumping disciplines, its use in current domestic and international laws, problems and possible solutions for strengthening international disciplines on public interest. In achieving these objectives, historical, analytical, comparative, and case study methods of analysis are used. The thesis, in short, supports the idea to include national interest consideration clause into Indonesian Antidumping Agreement, which would respect the principles of proportionality, due process, and fairness as well as the objectives of the WTO as defined in the preamble of the Marrakesh Agreement. The thesis concludes that the strengthening of procedural rights granted to industrial users, consumer organizations and other negatively effected parties. It also desired to develop substantial rules on national interest pursuant to greater public interest (national interest) in future."

"Penelitian ini menguji hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi (PDRB per kapita) dan biodiversity loss di Indonesia. Hipotesis Kurva Kuznets Biodiversitas diinvestigasi dan diuji dengan data tahunan indeks kekayaan spesies dan PDRB per kapita dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2012 untuk 33 provinsi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa hubungan antara biodiversity loss dan pendapatan mengikuti kurva Kuznets atau membentuk kurva U terbalik. Hal ini berarti bahwa seiring dengan peningkatan pendapatan, biodiversity loss akan mengalami tren pennurunan dan kemudian meningkat kembali. Atau dengan kata lain, kekayaan spesies meningkat pertama, mencapai titik belok, dan kemudia menurun. Titik belok untuk penelitian ini berada pada tingkat Rp9,747,369.00 dari PDRB per kapita.

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This research examines the relationship between economic growth (GRDP per capita) and biodiversity loss in Indonesia. The Biodiversity Kuznets Curve hypothesis is investigated and tested with the annual data of species richness index and GRDP per capita from 2005 - 2012 for 33 provinces in Indonesia. The research reveals that the relationship between biodiversity loss and income follows Kuznets curve or inverted U-shaped. It means that with increase in income, biodiversity loss first experiences a declining trend and then starts rising again. Or in other words, the species richness increases first, reaches a turning point, and then starts declining. A turning point for this research is at level Rp9,747,369.00 of GRDP per capita."