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"Interface problems arise when there are two different materials, such as water and oil, or the same material at different states, such as water and ice. If partial or ordinary differential equations are used to model these applications, the parameters in the governing equations are typically discontinuous across the interface separating the two materials or states, and the source terms are often singular to reflect source/sink distributions along codimensional interfaces. Because of these irregularities, the solutions to the differential equations are typically nonsmooth or even discontinuous. As a result, many standard numerical methods based on the assumption of smoothness of solutions do not work or work poorly for interface problems."

"Reaksi interface antara baja tulangan dan matrik geopolymer selama masa perendaman konkrit dengan dua jenis larutan yang berbeda selama beberapa hari telah dilakukan dalam pengujian ini Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui reaksi interface yang terjadi antara dua komponen konkrit yang diakibatkan oleh penetrasi larutan yang digunakan ke dalam konkrit Analisa mikrostruktural dilakukan dengan menggunakan SEM untuk mengobservasi topografi permukaan dari baja tulangan yang diuji Analisa dengan menggunakan EDS juga telah dilakukan untuk mengungkap elemen elemen kimia yang terdapat pada specimen setelah proses perendaman dilakukan.

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The aim of this research is to study the interface reaction of steel reinforcement in geopolymer concrete using wasted glass ndash gravel aggregate immersed in NaCl solution and distilled water Interface reactions between steel reinforcing bar and geopolymer matrix during immersion of geopolymer concrete in different solution for several days are expected This is about how immersing geopolymer concrete in certain type of solution will trigger some kind of interface reaction within the steel reinforced geopolymer concrete due to the penetrating solution into the material Microstructural analysis observation is done by using SEM detectors such as SE and BSE to observe the surface topography and appearance of the specimen EDS analysis is used to reveal chemical elements present in the specimen and XRD analysis is done to determine the degree of crystallinity and the qualitative phase identification of the sample."

"Fenomena irregular migration merupakan fenomena yang terjadi ketika seseorang masuk atau tinggal di suatu negara tanpa memiliki status kewarganegaraan negara tersebut dan telah melanggar hukum imigrasi atau peraturan yang ada. Fenomena ini sesungguhnya tidak memiliki definisi serta batasan konseptual yang pasti sehingga terdapat beragam penggunaan istilah maupun pemahaman ketika menjelaskan fenomena irregular migration dalam literatur. Ketidakpastian definisi tersebut juga mengakibatkan fenomena irregular migration dicanangkan sebagai suatu ancaman bagi negara dan suatu bentuk kejahatan transnasional hingga akhirnya wacana tersebut menjadi wacana dominan yang melekat pada fenomena irregular migration. Tinjauan pustaka ini mengkaji literatur yang menunjukkan wacana dominan mengenai fenomena irregular migration yang kemudian berkembang hingga muncul berbagai literatur yang menantang wacana dominan tersebut. Dengan metode pengorganisasian literatur berupa kronologi dan taksonomi, tinjauan pustaka ini menunjukkan adanya perkembangan literatur di segi istilah dan konseptualisasi, faktor penyebab, unit analisis dari negara menjadi individu yaitu migran serta fenomena irregular migration yang dianggap sebagai isu kejahatan transnasional. Perkembangan pembahasan mengenai irregular migration serta irregular migrants dalam literatur umumnya dipicu oleh peristiwa serta latar belakang akademisi yang beragam. Berdasarkan berbagai literatur yang sudah dikaji, tinjauan pustaka ini menunjukkan bahwa fenomena irregular migration sesungguhnya merupakan suatu konstruksi sosial, politik dan legal yang dicanangkan oleh negara dan berdampak nyata pada kehidupan migran sehingga tidak sepatutnya irregular migrants dikriminalisasi dengan mudah.

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The phenomenon of irregular migration is a phenomenon which happened when someone entered or lived in a country in which they have no citizenship or in which they have violated the existing immigration laws and regulations. This phenomenon doesn rsquo t have an absolute definition or conceptual limitations, therefore there are many terminology and understanding in explaining the phenomenon of irregular migration in literature. The uncertain definition leads to how irregular migration is constructed as a threat for states and as a form of transnational crime. This discourse has been the dominant discourse of irregular migration. This literature review showcases literature that depict the dominant discourse and literature which contest the dominant discourse of irregular migration. Using chronology and taxonomy method, this literature review shows the development of literature about irregular migration according to the development in terminology and conceptualization, development of causes of irregular migration, development of analytical unit which evolves from state to individual or migrants and the development of literature which consider the phenomenon of irregular migration as a transnational crime issue. In general, the development of phenomenon of irregular migration and irregular migrants in literature is preceded by events and various academic background of the writer of literature. This literature review aims to show that the phenomenon of irregular migration is actually a social, political and legal construction that is constructed by states and affect the lives of migrants, therefore the irregular migrants are not supposed to be criminalised easily."

"Mathematical control theory for a single partial differential equation (PDE) has dominated the research literature for quite a while, new, complex, and challenging issues have recently arisen in the context of coupled, or interconnected, PDE systems. This has led to a rapidly growing interest, and many unanswered questions, within the PDE community. By concentrating on systems of hyperbolic and parabolic coupled PDEs that are nonlinear, Mathematical Control Theory of Coupled PDEs seeks to provide a mathematical theory for the solution of three main problems: well-posedness and regularity of the controlled dynamics; stabilization and stability; and optimal control for both finite and infinite horizon problems along with existence/uniqueness issues of the associated Riccati equations.Mathematical Control Theory of Coupled PDEs is based on a series of lectures that are outgrowths of recent research in the area of control theory for systems governed by coupled PDEs. The book develops new mathematical tools amenable to a rigorous analysis of related control problems and the construction of viable control algorithms. Emphasis is placed on the key role played by two interweaving features of the respective dynamical components: (1) propagation of singularities and exceptional "sharp" regularity of the traces of the solutions of the structure's hyperbolic component, and (2) analyticity of the solutions to the parabolic component of the structure, its propagation, and related analytic semigroup (singular) estimates.In addition to providing a mathematical foundation on this topic, this book is useful to engineers and professionals involved in materials science and aerospace engineering in solving fundamental theoretical control problems such as stabilization and optimal control in the context of control systems described by dynamical coupled PDEs. Modern technological applications such as smart materials, interactive systems, and intelligent controls drive further interest in this topic. Included is a wealth of examples based on the structural acoustic model. This comprises a wave equation coupled on the interface with either a plate or a shell equation. This canonical model nonetheless displays a variety of phenomena of interest."

"This book stems from the long standing teaching experience of the authors in the courses on Numerical methods in engineering and numerical methods for partial differential equations given to undergraduate and graduate students of Politecnico di Milano (Italy), EPFL Lausanne (Switzerland), University of Bergamo (Italy) and Emory University (Atlanta, USA). It aims at introducing students to the numerical approximation of partial differential equations (PDEs). One of the difficulties of this subject is to identify the right trade-off between theoretical concepts and their actual use in practice. With this collection of examples and exercises we try to address this issue by illustrating "academic" examples which focus on basic concepts of numerical analysis as well as problems derived from practical application which the student is encouraged to formalize in terms of PDEs, analyze and solve. The latter examples are derived from the experience of the authors in research project developed in collaboration with scientists of different fields (biology, medicine, etc.) and industry. "