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"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin contained in cotton dust may cause airway inflammation and decline of lung function when inhaled, which eventually leads to respiratory symptoms. The objective of this research is to analyze the correlation of the exposure of LPS endotoxin in cotton dust with the increase of TNFα level and the decline of lung function after one day?s work. This study applied analytical observation method and prospective cohort approach. Main participants of this study were the workers of a cotton spinning factory located in Tulangan District, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province. Sixteen samples from cotton factory were taken as study group, and twenty three samples from village administrators were taken as control group. Data collection involves several techniques: spirometry, laboratory test, and interview. Results showed that concentration of personal dust has a significant relationship with the decline of FVC, %FVC, FEV1, and %FEV1, with Pearson correlation test showing p<0.05. LPS endotoxin in personal dust samples has a significant relationship with the increase of blood serum TNFα and the decline of FEV1 and %FEV1, with Pearson correlation test showing p>0.05. The research concludes that the level of LPS endotoxin was strongly related to the increase of blood serum TNFα and the decline of lung function. Development of more effective preventive measures such as stronger enforcement of worker?s health maintenance regulations and use of personal protective equipment is needed to ensure the best protection of cotton workers? health.

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Korelasi Kadar Endotoksin LPS Dalam Debu Kapas dengan Peningkatan TNFα Serum Darah dan Penurunan Faal Paru Pekerja Pemintalan Kapas. Endotoksin LPS yang terkandung dalam debu kapas dapat menimbulkan reaksi inflamasi pada saluran pernafasan apabila terhirup yang selanjutnya dapat mempengaruhi faal paru dan menimbulkan gangguan pernafasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan paparan debu kapas dan endotoksin LPS didalamnya, dengan peningkatan kadar TNFα serum darah dan penurunan faal paru setelah bekerja dalam sehari. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan kohor prospektif. Penelitian dilakukan pada pabrik pemintalan kapas di Kecamatan Tulangan, Sidoarjo dengan responden pekerja pemintalan yang bekerja pada shift pagi sebanyak 16 orang. Sebagai kelompok pembanding adalah perangkat Desa Singopadu dan Kajeksan, Kecamatan Tulangan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara pemeriksaan spirometri, laboratorium dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (korelasi Pearson, p<0,05) antara kadar debu kapas personal dengan penurunan FVC, %FVC, cFEV1, dan %FEV1. Kadar endotoksin LPS dalam debu kapas mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan TNFα serum darah dan penurunan pada FEV1 dan %FEV1 (korelasi Pearson, p>0,05). Untuk itu perlu adanya pelaksanaan program kesehatan dan keselamatan pekerja dengan benar oleh pemilik usaha untuk melindungi kesehatan pekerjanya."

"PT. Unitex adalah pabrik tekstil dengan masalah kesehatan utama Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) pada pekerja berdasarkan data kunjungan Poliklinik PT. Unitex selama tahun 2010 dan 2011. Hasil pengukuran debu total pada tahun 2011 menunjukkan angka yang dibawah baku mutu debu (TSP) pada lingkungan kerja yang ditetapkan Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja Nomor SE- 01/MENAKER/1997. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik dan perilaku pekerja (umur, penggunaan masker, lama bekerja, keberadaan perokok dalam rumah, dan kebiasaan merokok) dengan ISPA pada pekerja di PT. Unitex. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang dengan mengambil sampel 106 responden pekerja. Analisis data mencakup analisis univariat dan bivariat. Sebanyak 30,9% pekerja mengalami ISPA.Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan masker (p=0,022,OR=5,280) dengan kejadian ISPA pada pekerja.

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PT. Unitex is a textile mill with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) as its major health problem based on data of Polyclinic PT. Unitex in 2010 and 2011. Result of total suspended dust?s measurement in 2011 has proved that the number of TSP is below treshold limit value. Therefore, this research analyzed association between characteristics & behaviours (age, usage of mask, length of work, existance of smoker in house, and smoking habit) of workers that exposed with cotton dust and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI).This research used cross sectional with using 106 sample. Univariate and bivariate analyze has done. Thirty point nine percent workers had Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). There is an significant association between usage of mask with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) (p=0,022,OR=5,280)."

"This book highlights the traditional boundaries of the textile industry and discusses to what extent organic cotton is sustainable. It also examines the domestic and international influences of agricultural practices on cotton. Sustainability issues in the textile and fashion sectors require the influences that arise from beyond the boundaries of the conventional textile industry to be taken into account. These “external” influences—from (international or domestic) agricultural practices and energy policies to consumption patterns and levels of ecological notions of the society—have a significant impact on the sustainability of the textile and fashion sectors as a whole. Ecological and social concerns go far beyond individual companies and industries; therefore, in order to become more sustainable, the textile (and fashion) industry needs to address these concerns appropriately and connect with other disciplines, industries, communities, and international groups."

"Katun merupakan salah satu bahan pakaian yang umumnya sering ditemui dan digunakan. Pembersihan katun dari kotoran yang menempel memerlukan usaha dan biaya. Titanium dioksida (TiO2) menjadi salah satu bahan yang sering dan ekstensif dipelajari sebagai bahan swabersih, self-cleaning. Namun, pelapisan TiO2 secara langsung pada katun menghasilkan tingkat keberhasilan pelapisan yang rendah. Diperlukan spacer, yaitu bahan kimia (gugus fungsi) yang dicangkokkan kepada rantai selulosa pada katun untuk membantu pengikatan TiO2. Lapisan TiO2 pada permukaan katun akan membuat katun menjadi material yang memiliki kemampuan membersihkan diri sendiri (self-cleaning). Sebelum pelapisan, kain katun dipotong sebesar 3x3 cm dan di treatment menggunakan H2O2 10 %, NaOH 1 M, dan ammonia pekat. Pelapisan dilakukan menggunakan asam suksinat sebagai spacer dan suspensi TiO2 dengan cara dip coating. UV-VIS DRS, FT-IR, SEM, pengukuran sudut kontak air dilakukan untuk mengkarakterisasi permukaan katun yang dilapisi oleh TiO2. Permukaan katun yang telah berhasil dilapisi TiO2 ditandai oleh kemunculan indikasi band gap optis sebesar 3,43 eV; dan keberadaan puncak serapan IR pada daerah bilangan gelombang 676 cm-1 (indikasi adanya ~Ti-O-Ti~). Hasil SEM menunjukkan morfologi permukaan katun yang menunjukkan adanya lapisan TiO2 yang menempel. Sudut kontak yang didapat pada keadaan gelap sebesar 108, 48o dan pada saat diiiluminasi dengan lampu UV selama 150 detik sebesar 9,505o, yang menunjukkan permukaan katun memiliki sifat ampifilik. Katun yang dilapisi oleh TiO2 mampu mendegradasi senyawa methylene blue hingga 94.34 % dalam keadaan diiiluminasi dengan lampu UV selama 100 menit dan 86.5 % dalam keadaan diiiluminasi dengan sinar matahari selama 6 jam.

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Cotton is one of the most common Clothing found and used. Cleaning of the dirt cotton requires more effort and expense. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) became one of the ingredients that often and extensively studied as self-cleaning materials. However, TiO2 coating directly on cotton have low success rate. Required spacer, namely chemical (functional group) is grafted to the cellulose chains in cotton to help the binding of TiO2. TiO2 layer on the surface of cotton into cotton will make a material that has the ability to clean it yourself (self-cleaning. Before coating, cotton cut by 3x3 cm and treatment using 10 % H2O2, 1 M NaOH, and concentrated ammonia. Coatings using succinic acid as a spacer and TiO2 suspension by dip coating technique. UV - VIS DRS, FT - IR, SEM, contact angle measurements were performed to characterize the surface of cotton coated by TiO2. Surfaces coated cotton that has been successfully characterized by the TiO2 band gap of 3.43 eV and the existence of the IR absorption peaks at wavenumber region 676 cm-1 (indicative of the presence of ~ Ti - O - Ti ~). SEM results showed that cotton surface morphology indicates that TiO2 layer attached. Contact angle obtained in the dark at 108, 48o and when illuminated with UV light for 150 seconds at 9.505 °, which shows the surface of cotton has amphiphilic properties. Cotton coated with TiO2 able to degrade compounds up to 94.34 % methylene blue in illuminated with UV light for 100 minutes and 86.5 % when illuminated by sunlight for 6 hours."

"National Cotton Acceleration Program (Program Akselerasi Kapas Nasional, PAKN) being incepted in East Sumba since 2008 has created three forms of resistance among female farmers in Tanamanang Village. The first form of resistance includes referring to the PAKN cotton as “project’s cotton,” which represents a negative inference, and can becategorized into a form of symbolic resistance. The second resistance is an open resistance since the actions can be observed in the female farmers’ daily routines. This form of resistance is done by defying the PAKN rules, such as the farming method and the sales agreement. The third form of resistance can be regarded as assertion resistance, whichv is done by rejecting the cotton demonstration plot being implemented in their front and back yard."