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"Brushing teeth with toothpaste is the most effective method of removing plaque, preventing dental caries and repairingearly caries. This research aims to conduct an efficacy test of toothpaste containing nano calcium as an active ingredientin repairing early caries over two weeks. A double-blind randomized parallel group clinical trial was conducted.Eighteen people were randomly assigned to use the test toothpaste, and eighteen others were assigned to use the controltoothpaste. Assessments of early caries with DIAGNOdent Pen were performed before and after two weeks oftoothpaste use. The results showed that the test toothpaste was more effective in repairing early caries over two weeksthan the control toothpaste. Toothpaste containing nano-calcium has the potential to accelerate the healing of earlydental caries.Efikasi Pasta Gigi yang Mengandung Nano Kalsium dalam Memperbaiki Karies Dini. Menyikat gigi dengan pastagigi adalah cara mekanis yang paling efektif dalam menghilangkan plak, mencegah karies gigi dan memperbaiki kariesdini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektifitas pasta gigi yang mengandung nano kalsium sebagai komponenaktif untuk memperbaiki karies dini dalam dua minggu. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain double-blind randomizedparallel group clinical trial. Delapan belas orang secara acak diberikan pasta gigi yang diuji, dan delapan belas lainnyadiberikan pasta gigi kontrol. Pengukuran karies dini dilakukan dengan menggunakan DIAGNOdent Pen pada saatsebelum dan sesudah dua minggu pemakaian pasta giginya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pasta gigi uji secarasignifikan efektif dalam memperbaiki karies dini dalam jangka waktu dua minggu, dibandingkan dengan pasta gigikontrol. Pasta gigi yang mengandung nano-calcium memiliki potensi yang tinggi dalam mempercepat penyembuhandari karies dini."

"Kebocoran mikro resin komposit proksimal seringkali terjadi pada dinding gingiva. Tujuan studi ini mengevaluasi efek komposit flowable sebagai lapisan antara untuk mengurangi kebocoran mikro pada dinding ginigva. Metode: 30 gigi premolar RA dipreparasi berbentuk boks, restorasi dilakukan pada kelompok 1 dengan resin komposit packable saja (kontrol). Kelompok 2 dengan RK flowable sebagai lapisan antara, setebal 1 mm dan komposit packable di atasnya. Kelompok 3, seperti kelompok 2 namun RK flowable sebagai lapisan antara setebal 2 mm. Setelah dilakukan siklus termal, kebocoran mikro diukur dari penetrasi zat warna metilen biru 1%. Analisis statistik dengan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Kebocoran mikro pada kelompok 1 berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok 2 dan 3. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok 2 dan 3 (p<0.05). Kesimpulan : Tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding gingiva paling sedikit pada restorasi RK proksimal dengan aplikasi RK flowable pengganti dentin setebal 1 mm namun, ketebalannya tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap tingkat kebocoran mikro secara statistik.

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Microleakage of composite restoration in proximal often occurs on gingival wall. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of flowable composite as intermediate layer to reduce microleakage on gingival wall. Materials and Method: Thirty whole-extracted upper premolars were devided into 3 groups. Within a box-like cavities, the first group is restored with packable composite only. Group 2 were restored with flowable composite with 1 mm thickness then restored with incrementally packable composite. Group 3 were restored like group two with flowable composite thickness were 2mm. After thermocycling, the penetration of 1% methylene blue was investigated along the gingival wall. The data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There were significant difference between group 1 with group 2 and 3. No significant difference found between Group 2 and Group 3. Conclusion: Flowable composite as intermediate layer has influence in reducing the microleakage of gingival wall on proximal composite restoration. Nonetheless the thickness of flowable composite has no influence."

"Pada tahap pengerasannya, material bioaktif akan mengalami mekanisme hidrasi dengan melepaskan beberapa ion yang dikandungnya. Reaksi pada permukaan material ini dapat melepaskan dan merubah konsentrasi dari ion-ion terlarut yang akan memicu terjadinya respon intraseluler dan ekstraseluler dan akan mengkonduksi terjadinya pembentukan jaringan keras. Ion kalsium (Ca2+) yang dilepas material bioaktif berperan dalam fungsinya sebagai peningkat pH, bakterisid, menekan aktivitas osteoklas, serta merangsang pembentukan fibroblas.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pelepasan ion Ca2+ dari material bioaktif MTA-Angelus® dan Biodentine®. Sebanyak 46 sampel dipersiapkan dengan ukuran Ø 2 mm dan tinggi 2 mm, terdiri dari 23 sampel kelompok MTA Angelus®, dan 23 sampel kelompok Biodentine® direndam dalam air deionisasi selama 1 jam dan 48 jam. Larutan perendam kemudian diukur kadar pelepasan ion Ca2+-nya menggunakan alat atom absorption sphectropometer, kemudian hasilnya diuji statistik menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil uji statistik post hoc Mann Whitney menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna diantara semua kelompok dengan nilai signifikansi p≤0,05. Biodentine® terbukti melepaskan ion Ca2+ lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan MTA Angelus® pada waktu pengukuran 1 jam dan 48 jam.MTA Angelus® melepaskan ion Ca2+ lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan Biodentine®.

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On the setting stage, the bioactive materials will experience hydration mechanism by releasing a number of their ions. The reaction on the surface of these materials can release and alter dissolved ions concentration which will trigger an intracellular and extracellular responses. This process will also conduct remineralization. The released Ca2+ ions will increase alkalinizing activity, antibacterial, suppressing osteoclast activity as well as stimulating fibroblast formation. The aim of this study is to analyze Ca2+ ion release from MTA Angelus® dan Biodentine® as a bioactive material. As many as 46 samples are prepare with the size of 2 mm in diameters and 2 mm in height. The samples consist of 23 of MTA Angelus® samples, and 23 of Biodentine® samples. Both materials were soaked in deionized water for an hour which will then be measured. Both materials will then be transferred into fresh solution and will be soaked for 48 hours before they would be measured for the second time. The measurements will be conducted by using atom absorption sphectropometer. The result will later be statistically tested using a Kruskal Wallis test. Mann Whitney post hoc’s statistic test result showed a significant discrepancy among all groups, whit the significant value of p≤0,05. . Biodentine® was proven to release more Ca2+ ions compared to MTA Angelus® during the 1 and 48-hour measurments. MTA Angelus® released Ca2+ ion faster than Biodentine® does."

"Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate the proliferation and differentiation of various cells via their respective receptors (FGFRs). During the early stages of tooth development in fetal mice, FGFs and FGFRs have been shown to be expressed in dental epithelia and mesenchymal cells at the initial stages of odontogenesis and to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. However, little is known about the expression patterns of FGFs in the advanced stages of tooth development. In the present study, we focused on FGF18 expression in the rat mandibular first molar (M1) during the postnatal crown and root formation stages. FGF18 signals by RT-PCR using cDNAs from M1 were very weak at postnatal day 5 and were significantly up-regulated at days 7, 9 and 15. Transcripts were undetectable by in situ hybridization (ISH) but could be detected by in situ RT-PCR in the differentiated odontoblasts and cells of the sub-odontoblastic layer in both crown and root portions of M1 at day 15. The transcripts of FGFR2c and FGFR3, possible candidate receptors of FGF18, were detected by RT-PCR and ISH in differentiated odontoblasts throughout postnatal development. These results suggest the continual involvement of FGF18 signaling in the regulation of odontoblasts during root formation where it may contribute to dentin matrix formation and/or mineralization."

"Efikasi Pasta Gigi yang Mengandung Nano Kalsium dalam Memperbaiki Karies Dini. Menyikat gigi dengan pasta gigi adalah cara mekanis yang paling efektif dalam menghilangkan plak, mencegah karies gigi dan memperbaiki karies dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektifitas pasta gigi yang mengandung nano kalsium sebagai komponen aktif untuk memperbaiki karies dini dalam dua minggu. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain double-blind randomized parallel group clinical trial. Delapan belas orang secara acak diberikan pasta gigi yang diuji, dan delapan belas lainnya diberikan pasta gigi kontrol. Pengukuran karies dini dilakukan dengan menggunakan DIAGNOdent Pen pada saat sebelum dan sesudah dua minggu pemakaian pasta giginya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pasta gigi uji secara signifikan efektif dalam memperbaiki karies dini dalam jangka waktu dua minggu, dibandingkan dengan pasta gigi kontrol. Pasta gigi yang mengandung nano-calcium memiliki potensi yang tinggi dalam mempercepat penyembuhan dari karies dini.

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Brushing teeth with toothpaste is the most effective method of removing plaque, preventing dental caries and repairing early caries. This research aims to conduct an efficacy test of toothpaste containing nano calcium as an active ingredient in repairing early caries over two weeks. A double-blind randomized parallel group clinical trial was conducted. Eighteen people were randomly assigned to use the test toothpaste, and eighteen others were assigned to use the control toothpaste. Assessments of early caries with DIAGNOdent Pen were performed before and after two weeks of toothpaste use. The results showed that the test toothpaste was more effective in repairing early caries over two weeks than the control toothpaste. Toothpaste containing nano-calcium has the potential to accelerate the healing of early dental caries.;Brushing teeth with toothpaste is the most effective method of removing plaque, preventing dental caries and repairing early caries. This research aims to conduct an efficacy test of toothpaste containing nano calcium as an active ingredient in repairing early caries over two weeks. A double-blind randomized parallel group clinical trial was conducted. Eighteen people were randomly assigned to use the test toothpaste, and eighteen others were assigned to use the control toothpaste. Assessments of early caries with DIAGNOdent Pen were performed before and after two weeks of toothpaste use. The results showed that the test toothpaste was more effective in repairing early caries over two weeks than the control toothpaste. Toothpaste containing nano-calcium has the potential to accelerate the healing of early dental caries."

"Ketahanan ikatan resin komposit-dentin merupakan salah satu penentu keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efek klorheksidin terhadap degradasi kekuatan ikat resin kompositdentin. Metode: Dua puluh empat sampel dentin yang diambil dari mahkota gigi premolar, dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan berbeda. Kelompok I diberi perlakuan bahan bonding tanpa klorheksidin, kelompok II diberi perlakuan klorheksidin dan bonding, kelompok III diberi perlakuan bonding mengandung klorheksidin, pada tiap kelompok dibagi menjadi 2 sub-kelompok yaitu kelompok tanpa direndam dan kelompok yang direndam NaOCl 10% selama satu jam, sehingga didapat enam sub-kelompok. Kemudian seluruh kelompok di ukur kekuatan ikat gesernya menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Satu sampel dari setiap sub-kelompok dilakukan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Data dianalisa statistik dengan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: rerata kekuatan ikat geser sebelum perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi kelompok I sedangkan rerata kekuatan ikat geser setelah perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi pada kelompok III. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok II dan antara kelompok II terhadap kelompok III. Kesimpulan: Klorheksidin mempunyai efek terhadap pengurangan degradasi kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit-dentin.

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Resilience of composite resin-dentin bonding known as one of success composite resin restoration determinants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine on reducing the degradation of composite resin-dentin shear bond strength.

Methods: Twenty-four premolar crowns were divided into three groups then given different treatments. Group I was treated material bonding without chlorhexidine, group II was treated with chlorhexidine and bonding, group III was treated with chlorhexidine-contained bonding. Each group was divided into two sub-groups: the group without immersion of NaOCl 10% and the group with immersion of NaOCl 10% for one hour, then it were obtained six sub-groups. After twenty-four hours, shear bond strengths measured using Universal Testing Machine. A sample of each group was photographed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was done by Kruskal Wallis test, then followed by Mann Whitney test to determine significance between groups.

Results: The mean value of shear bond strength before immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group I, while the mean value of shear bond strength after immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group III. There are significant differences between Group I with Group II and between Group II with Group III.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine have an effect on reducing the degradation of shear bond strength of resin-dentin bonding."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Enterococcus Faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Hal ini berhubungan dengan sifat resistensi dari E.faecalis terhadap antibakteri. Klorheksidin 2 % merupakan bahan irigasi yang terbukti efektif dalam menghilangkan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis), akan tetapi klorheksidin memiliki toksisitas terhadap sel tertentu. Teh hijau merupakan salah satu bahan alami yang banyak dikonsumsi di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Ekstrak teh hijau terbukti memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis. Namun belum banyak penelitian yang meneliti daya antibakteri dari ekstrak teh hijau dan klorheksidin 2% terhadap E.faecalis dalam biofilm dengan menggunakan metode Real-time PCR. Tujuan: Membandingkan daya antibakteri ekstrak teh hijaudengan klorheksidin 2 % terhadapEnterococcus faecalisdalam biofilm. Metode: koloni E. faecalis ATCC 29212 di kumpulkan dengan loop dari biakan 1 malam E.faecalis di BHI agar, lalu dimasukkan kedalam 10 ml saline steril. Densitas dari suspensi di standarisasi dengan 0.5 McFarland untuk mendapatkan jumlah 10 8 CFU/ml. 50 μl suspensi bakteri diokulasi pada membran filter nitrat selulosa yang diletakkan pada permukaan agar lalu inkubasi selama 3 hari untuk membentuk biofilm, Larutanekstrak teh hijau, CHX 2 % dan kontrol dimasukkan kedalam tabung uji. biofilmE. faecalisdi membran nitrat selulosa dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji dan paparkan masing masing bahan uji. Semua tabung lalu dimasukkan ke dalam inkubator dengan suhu 37 °C selama 10 menit. Kemudian dilakukan penghitungan jumlah E.faecalis yang hidup dengan menggunakan Real-time PCR.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermaknadiantara kelompok ekstrak teh hijau, klorheksidin 2 %,dan kontrol. Kesimpulan:Esktrak teh hijau memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis dalam biofilm, namun tidak seefektif klorheksidin 2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly isolated bacteria in failed root canal treatment. This is due with resistency of E. faecalis to antimicrobial agent. 2% chlorhexidin is proven to be effecive against Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). However chlorhexidin is known to have toxicity againts several particular cells. Green tea is one of the most widely narutal comsumed beverage in the world, also in Indonesia. Green tea extract is proven to have antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis,but not many research has investigated green tea extract and chlorhexidin 2% antibacterial efficacy againtsE.faecalis biofilm by using real-time PCR method. Aim. To compare antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract solution with chlorhexidin 2 % againts E.faecalis biofilm.Methods : E. faecalis ATCC 29212 colonies collected from overnight culture of bacterial grown on BHI agar plate. The density of the suspension was standardized by comparison with 0,5 Mcfarland Standar to give an approximate count of 108 CFU/ml. Aliquos (50μl) bacterial suspension were then inoculated on steril disks place on the surface of BHI agar and incubated at 37°C for 72 h aerobically. After 72 h of incubation, the discs were removed and transferred into 10 ml PBS to loose attached bacterial. Then the disks were transferred to 10 ml of green tea extract solution, chlorhexidin 2% and PBS steril as control then exposed for 10 minutes in an aerobic incubator at 37 °C.thenall living E. faecalis cells was quantified by using Real-time PCR methods.Results : There were significant differences statistically between green tea extract, chlorhexidin 2 % and control groups.Conclusion.Green tea extract was effective againts E.faecalis biofilm butnot as effective as chlorhexidin 2%., Background:Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly isolated bacteria in failed root canal treatment. This is due with resistency of E. faecalis to antimicrobial agent. 2% chlorhexidin is proven to be effecive against Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). However chlorhexidin is known to have toxicity againts several particular cells. Green tea is one of the most widely narutal comsumed beverage in the world, also in Indonesia. Green tea extract is proven to have antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis,but not many research has investigated green tea extract and chlorhexidin 2% antibacterial efficacy againtsE.faecalis biofilm by using real-time PCR method.Aim.To compare antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract solution with chlorhexidin 2 % againts E.faecalis biofilm.Methods :E. faecalis ATCC 29212 colonies collected from overnight culture of bacterial grown on BHI agar plate. The density of the suspension was standardized by comparison with 0,5 Mcfarland Standar to give an approximate count of 108 CFU/ml. Aliquos (50μl) bacterial suspension were then inoculated on steril disks place on the surface of BHI agar and incubated at 37°C for 72 h aerobically. After 72 h of incubation, the discs were removed and transferred into 10 ml PBS to loose attached bacterial. Then the disks were transferred to 10 ml of green tea extract solution, chlorhexidin 2% and PBS steril as control then exposed for 10 minutes in an aerobic incubator at 37 °C.thenall living E. faecalis cells was quantified by using Real-time PCR methods.Results. There were significant differences statistically between green tea extract, chlorhexidin 2 % and control groups.Conclusion.Green tea extract was effective againts E.faecalis biofilm butnot as effective as chlorhexidin 2%.]"