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"Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence, distribution and association of developmentalalteration in tooth number with gender, location, and presence of delayed eruption of tooth among children whoattended to Student’s polyclinic of IIUM Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study on total 727Orthopanthomograms (OPGs) of 3-17 years old children from April 2009 to July 2012. OPGs with presence ofalteration number were scrutinized to find out the prevalence, distribution and association. The data was analyzedcomparing gender, location and presence of delayed eruption and tested using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 727OPGs, 71 OPGs showed developmental alteration in tooth number. The prevalence was 98/1000 OPGs within 3 years.Among those 71 OPGs, the gender differences were: males (49.3%) and females (50.7%). Locations were found inmaxilla (45.1%), mandible (40.8%) and both (14.0%). The finding of delayed eruption was (7.0%). There weresignificant differences between alteration in tooth number with location as (p < 0.05) while there were no significantdifferences with gender and delayed eruption as (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that hyperdontia wasconsiderably lower than hypodontia. There was association between alteration in tooth number with location, but noassociation with gender and delayed eruption."

"Ekstrak meniran dan jinten hitam telah lama digunakan sebagai imunostimulan tunggal. Sedangkan kombinasi kedua ekstrak tersebut belum pernah digunakan sebagai imunostimulan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek imunostimulan dari kombinasi ekstrak meniran dan jinten hitam dibandingkan dengan efek imunostimulan dari ekstrak tunggal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang terbagi dalam 6 kelompok. Larutan uji dalam bentuk suspensi diberikan secara per oral. Kelompok 1 merupakan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok 2 diberikan suspensi ekstrak meniran dosis tunggal (27 mg per hewan uji). Kelompok 3 diberikan suspensi ekstrak jinten hitam (10 mg per hewan uji). Kelompok 4 diberikan suspensi kombinasi (13,5 mg ekstrak meniran dan 5 mg ekstrak jinten hitam per hewan uji). Kelompok 5 diberikan suspensi kombinasi 2 (6,75 mg ekstrak meniran dan 7,5 mg ekstrak jinten hitam per hewan uji). Kelompok 6 diberikan suspensi kombinasi 3 (21 mg ekstrak meniran dan 2,5 mg ekstrak jinten hitam per hewan uji). Aktivitas imunostimulan diukur dengan uji hipersensitivitas tipe lambat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua variasi dosis kombinasi ekstrak meniran dan jinten hitam memiliki aktivitas imunostimulan. Dosis kombinasi lainnya maupun ekstrak dalam dosis tunggal. Dosis kombinasi 3 memiliki aktivitas imunostimulan yang lebih kuat daripada dosis kombinasi 1 dan dosis ekstrak tunggal. Aktivitas imunostimulan dari dosis kombinasi 1 dan dosis ekstrak tunggal tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna."

"Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence, distribution and association of developmental alteration in tooth number with gender, location, and presence of delayed eruption of tooth among children who attended to Student?s polyclinic of IIUM Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study on total 727 Orthopanthomograms (OPGs) of 3-17 years old children from April 2009 to July 2012. OPGs with presence of alteration number were scrutinized to find out the prevalence, distribution and association. The data was analyzed comparing gender, location and presence of delayed eruption and tested using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 727 OPGs, 71 OPGs showed developmental alteration in tooth number. The prevalence was 98/1000 OPGs within 3 years. Among those 71 OPGs, the gender differences were: males (49.3%) and females (50.7%). Locations were found in maxilla (45.1%), mandible (40.8%) and both (14.0%). The finding of delayed eruption was (7.0%). There were significant differences between alteration in tooth number with location as (p < 0.05) while there were no significant differences with gender and delayed eruption as (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that hyperdontia was considerably lower than hypodontia. There was association between alteration in tooth number with location, but no association with gender and delayed eruption.;"

"Pendahuluan : Pemeriksaan high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) menjadi pilihan metode pemeriksaan penunjang untuk penegakan diagnosis hipersensitif pneumonitis. Dengan belum adanya pemeriksaan baku emas penegakan diagnosis maka perlu ditelaah mengenai keakuratan penggunaan metode penunjang penegakan diagnosis tersebut.Metode : metode pencarian artikel menggunakan pubmed dan scopus serta melakukan skrining artikel berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Hasil pencarian artikel tersebut kemudian dilakukan telaah dengan menggunakan kriteria penilaian validitas, tingkat pentingnya hasil yang didapat pada penelitian tersebut, dan kemampu-terapan.Hasil : Hasil pencarian didapatkan sebanyak 415 artikel dari Pubmed dan 343 artikel dari Scopus. Ditemukan hanya 2 (dua) artikel uji diagnosis yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, eksklusi dan metode PICO yang ditetapkan sebelumnya. Artikel pertama oleh Lynch dkk (1992) ditemukan sensitivitas 45 %, spesifisitas 90 % dan akurasi diagnosis sebesar 74 %. Artikel kedua oleh Rival G (2016) dkk menemukan nilai sensitivitas 66 %, spesifisitas 96 % dan akurasi diagnostik sebesar 86 %. Sehingga terbukti bahwa pemeriksaan high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) sebagai metode / alat penegakan diagnosis hipersensitif pneumonitis memiliki tingkat akurasi yang baik namun tidak cukup akurat sebagai alat skrining diagnosis hipersensitif pneumonitis.

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Introduction : High resolution computer tomography (HRCT) examination becomes the preferred method of investigation for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. In the absence of a gold standard of diagnosis, it is important to examine the sensitivity and specificity of this method.

Method : The articles searching methods by using Pubmed and Scopus and screening the articles with inclution and exclution criteria which were predetermined, articles were than performed using the assesment criteria of validity, importance, and ability applied.

Result : The results were 415 articles from Pubmed and 343 articles from Scopus. 2 (two) articles diagnostic test were found in accordance with the inclution, exclution criteria and PICO methods which were predetermined. These articles were than performed a systematic review of articles and the result was valid. The first Article by Lynch et all (1992) found 45 % sensitivity, 90 % specificity and the accuration of diagnose was 74 % and the second article by Rival G et all (2016) found 66 % sensitivity, 96 % specificity and the accuration of diagnose was 86 %. There were found an evidence about using the accuration of high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) as a tool for diagnosis hypersensitivity pneumonitis was good. But the accuracy was not accurate enough as a screening tool for hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Conclusion : using high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) is more acurate as a diagnostic examination than a screening method."

"Pada masa anak-anak, perkembangan ada salah satu faktor penting dalam kehidupan. Bedasarkan riset yang diadakan oleh Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangukusumo, prevalensi keterlambatan perkembangan yang terjadi pada anak-anak ada lah sekitar 42%1 dan angka ini meningkat setiap tahunnya. Ada dua faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembang: internal dan external. Tujuan utama dari skrining perkembangan adalah untuk mencari prevalensi keterlambatan perkembangan pada anak-anak umur 4-6 dan faktor yang berkontribusi pada keterlambatan perkembangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong-lintang dan menggunakan kuestioner PEDS sebagai alat untuk skrining perkembangan. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah konsekutif. Hasil skrining perkembangan ini adalah Path C (40,7%), Path E (25%), Path B (23,1%), Path A (11,1%) tidak ada subjek yang dikategorikan sebagai Path D. Prevalensi mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan adalah 75% sedangankan yang masih dalam tahap normal adalah 25%. Faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan anak-anak adalah jumlah anak. Hasil PEDS ini didominasi kekhawatiran orang tua terhadap perkembangan anak. Kesimpulan riset ini adalah prevalensi anak suspek dengan keterlambatan perkembangan cukup tinggi dan jumlah anak berpengaruh pada proses perkembangan.

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During child, development is important role in entire human life. Based on research conducted by Cipto Mangukusumo hospital, the prevalence of delayed development was around 42%1 and this number is increasing every year. Contributing factors are classified into two types, internal and external. Main purpose of developmental screening in this research is to seek the prevalence of child at age 4-6 suspected developmental delayed process. Determine the exact factors that contributing most and to prevent the children developmental delay number increasing. Research design used was cross sectional study by which the researcher collected the questionnaires (PEDS). Sampling techniques that will be used for this research is consecutive sampling. Path C result (40%), Path E (25%) Path B (23,1%) Path A (11,1%). There is no subject categorized as Path D. The normal subject only 25%, while subjects suspected with developmental delayed reach the number of 75%. The most influence factor is the number of children with the strength of relationship to child development is 0,402. PEDS interpretation result in PAUD Cikini, Jakarta dominated by parents concern about their child development process. The prevalence of children suspected with developmental delayed based on the PEDS interpretation is quite high. The factor has the most powerful relationship with developmental process in child is number of children."

"Latar belakang: Penyakit alergi didasari reaksi hipersensitivitas yang diinisiasi mekanisme imunologi spesifik diperantarai oleh IgE. Warga kota Denpasar memiliki karakteristik spesifik, yaitu tingkat memelihara hewan berbulu anjing dan konsumsi daging babi yang tinggi. Data sensitisasi alergen pada anak di kota Denpasar belum ada. Penelitian sensitisasi alergen dapat memberikan gambaran sensitisasi spesifik untuk anak di kota Denpasar sehingga upaya pencegahan penyakit alergi dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efektif. Tujuan: Mengetahui sensitisasi alergen pada anak dengan penyakit alergi dermatitis atopi, asma, rinitis alergi yang dibuktikan melalui uji tusuk kulit di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang di Poliklinik Rawat Jalan Alergi Imunologi Bagian/SMF Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, RSUP Sanglah, Denpasar, periode Januari 2017-Maret 2017. Anak usia 3-18 tahun dengan dermatitis atopi, asma, rinitis alergi dan orang tua setuju mengikuti penelitian akan diinklusi. Sensitisasi alergen dibuktikan melalui uji tusuk kulit terhadap alergen spesifik inhalan dan/atau ingestan, hasil positif bila diameter urtika 3 mm. Data dinyatakan sebagai proporsi, dilakukan pengelompokan berdasarkan jenis penyakit alergi dan umur. Hasil: Proporsi anak dengan penyakit alergi, yaitu dermatitis atopi 30,5, asma 57,9, dan rinitis alergi 56,8. Proporsi berdasarkan multimorbiditas penyakit adalah dermatitis atopi dengan asma 8,5, dermatitis atopi dengan rinitis alergi 4,2, asma dengan rinitis alergi 24,2, dermatitis atopi dengan asma dan rinitis alergi 4,2, dermatitis atopi 13,7, asma 21, rinitis alergi 24,2. Sensitisasi pada kelompok dermatitis atopi usia 3-6 tahun tersering terhadap alergen ingestan, usia sekolah baik pada dermatitis atopi, asma, maupun rinitis alergi sensitisasi terutama terhadap alergen inhalan D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, kecoa. Simpulan: Proporsi penyakit alergi tertinggi pada anak di kota Denpasar adalah asma dengan rinitis alergi. Sensitisasi terutama terhadap alergen inhalan pada anak usia sekolah.

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Background: Allergic disease in children is based on hypersensitivity reactions initiated by specific immunologic mechanism mediated by IgE. Residents of Denpasar city have their own characteristics in terms of the level of having furry animals dogs and the level of consumption of pork is high. While allergen sensitization data for the children of Denpasar is still not available. Allergen sensitization research in Denpasar will give a picture of the sensitization type specifically for children in Denpasar in order for having more effective prevention programs.

Objectives: To study the sensitization of allergens in children with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis that proven through skin prick test at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar.

Methods: A cross sectional study was done in the Outpatient Immunology Allergy Polyclinic, Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar in the period of January to March 2017. Children 3 18 years who are diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, and the parents signed a letter of approval, will be included. Allergen sensitization proven by skin prick test against specific allergens inhalants and or ingestants, and it classified positive results when indicating wheal diameter ge 3 mm. The data is calculated as a proportion number and is grouped based on the type of allergy and age.

Results: The proportion of children with allergy was atopic dermatitis 30.5, asthma 57.9, and allergic rhinitis 56.8. While the proportion based on the multimorbidity of the disease is atopic dermatitis with asthma 8.5, atopy dermatitis with allergic rhinitis 4.2, asthma with allergic rhinitis 24.2, atopy dermatitis with asthma and allergic rhinitis 4.2, atopic dermatitis 13, 7, asthma 21, and allergic rhinitis 24.2. Sensitization in the atopy dermatitis at age 3 6 years group frequently to ingestant allergen, but at school age in both atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis sensitization especially to inhalants allergen D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and cockroaches.

Conclusions: Children in Denpasar showed the highest proportion of allergies for asthma and allergic rhinitis, with the majority of allergen are inhaled at school age."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Erupsi obat alergik EOA tipe sindrom Stevens-Johnson dan nekrolisis epidermal toksik SSJ/NET adalah EOA berat yang jarang terjadi namun dapat mengancam nyawa. Tata laksana utama EOA tipe SSJ/NET saat ini adalah menghentikan pajanan obat penyebab. Di beberapa negara Asia, polimorfisme gen HLA-B telah digunakan sebagai metode skrining pada pemberian obat berisiko tinggi. Tujuan: Mengetahui sebaran obat penyebab dan polimorfisme gen HLA-B pada pasien EOA tipe SSJ/NET di Jakarta. Metode: Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan pada bulan April ndash; Juni 2017 di RSCM, RS Persahabatan, RS Fatmawati, RSUD Koja, dan RSUD Tarakan. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara total sampling pada pasien EOA tipe SSJ/NET di 5 RS tersebut selama 2 tahun. Dilakukan anamnesis dan penentuan obat dengan algoritma ALDEN dan pemeriksaan typing gen HLA-B dengan metode PCR ndash;SSOP. Hasil: Didapatkan 22 subjek dengan median usia 45,5 tahun dan sebagian besar perempuan. Obat penyebab tersering yang ditemukan adalah karbamazepin. Pada subjek, alel HLA-B yang tersering adalah HLA-B 15:02 dan HLA-B 18:01. Alel HLA-B 15:02 ditemukan pada lima 72 dari tujuh SP dengan obat penyebab karbamazepin. Simpulan: Obat penyebab EOA tipe SSJ/NET yang paling sering ditemukan pada SP adalah karbamazepin, dengan 5 dari 7 SP memiliki gen HLA-B 15:02.

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ABSTRACTBackground Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis is a very rare but life threatening type of cutaneous drug eruption. The principle management of SJS TEN is withdrawal of causative drug and preventing reexposure to said drug. In other countries in Asia, spesific HLA B allele has already been utilized as a screening method to prevent SJS TEN. Objective to acquire data regarding causative drugs and HLA B allele polymorphism in SJS TEN patient in Jakarta. Method This cross sectional study was performed in RSCM, RS Persahabatan, RS Fatmawati, RSUD Koja, and RSUD Tarakan from April to June 2017. The sampling method is total sampling of all patient in all five hospital from March 2015 to March 2017. Subject fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria was interviewed and their blood sample was taken for DNA extraction. The DNA was examined with PCR SSOP and Luminex technology for high resolution HLA B typing. Results We studied 22 subjects. The median age was 45,4 years old 14 74 and female gender predominate. The most common causative drug in this study is carbamazepine. HLA B 15 02 and HLA B 18 01 were the most common allele in all subjects. HLA B 15 02 was found in five 72 out of seven subjects whose condition was caused by carbamazepine. Conclusion The most common causative drug of SJS TEN in five hospitals in Jakarta is carbamazepine, with five 72 out seven subjects had HLA B 15 02 allele. "

"Banyak perdebatan apabila dokter melakukan kesalahan. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya pengaduan kasus malpraktik medis yang diajukan masyarakat pada profesi dokter. Kondisi demikian dipicu oleh makin meningkatnya tingkat pendidikan dan kesadaran masyarakat atas hak perawatan dan pemeliharaan kesehatan dan hak untuk menentukan nasib diri sendiri. Cara dokter dalam menangani seorang pasien adalah antara kemungkinan dan ketidakpastian karena tubuh manusia bersifat kompleks dan tidak dapat dimengerti sepenuhnya. Berangkat dari permasalahan tersebut, skripsi ini membahas perlindungan hukum bagi dokter pada kasus alergi obat dengan menganalisis Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bekasi Nomor 630/Pdt.G/2015/PN Bks. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan bentuk yuridis-normatif. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah pengaturan malpraktik medis di Indonesia diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan, Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan, serta peraturan turunan, yaitu Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 269/MENKES/PER/III/2008 tentang Rekam Medis dan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011 tentang Izin Praktik dan Pelaksanaan Praktik Kedokteran. Terkait perlindungan hukum bagi dokter pada kasus alergi obat studi kasus : putusan pengadilan negeri Bekasi No. 630/Pdt.G/2015/PN Bks. Majelis Hakim tidak memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi dokter tersebut.

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There are so many debate when doctors make mistakes. This is demonstrated by the many complaints of medical malpractice cases filed society in the medical profession. Such conditions triggered by the increasing level of education and public awareness of the right to health care and the right of self determination. How doctors treat patients is between probable and uncertainty because the human body is complex and cannot be fully understood. Departing from these problems, this thesis discusses the legal protection for doctors in case of allergy drugs by analyzing the Bekasi District Court 39 s Decision Number 630 Pdt.G 2015 PN Bks. This research is a qualitative study with normative juridical form. Results of this research is the regulation of medical malpractice in Indonesia stipulated in the Penal Code, Civil Code, The Law of Republic Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 on Health, The Law of Republic Indonesia Number 36 of 2014 on Health Workers, as well as derivative legislation, namely the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 269 MENKES PER III 2008 on the Medical Records and Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic Indonesia Number 2052 MENKES PER X 2011 on Permit Practice and Implementation of Medical Practice. Related to Legal Protection For Doctors In Case Of Drug Allergy Case Study Bekasi District Courts rsquo s Decision Number 630 Pdt.G 2015 PN Bks. Judges do not provide legal protection for the doctor. "

"The hypersensitive reaction (HR) jn plants is a plant defense system against pathogen attack. HR is characterized by the rapid death of infected cells accompanying the formation of necrotic lessions in which pathogens are thought to be enclosed. Following the early signaling events activated by pathogen attack, the elicitor signals are often amplified through the generation of secondary signal molecules such as salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonate acid (JA). Some studies have shown thai SA- and JA-signaling pathways are interconnected in complicated ways and it is still not clear how defense response is modulated by SA and JA. To understand better the involvement of JA. the action of MeJA on harpin-induced HR was investigated by using tobacco plant (wildtype and transgenic carrying a chimeric gene of PSPAL2 promoter and GUS gene. Leaves of of tobacco were infiltrated with harpin and MeJA. The results from HR assay and GUS histochemical staining showed that induction of HR by harpin (250 ug/ml) seems to be modulated by 100 uM MeJA. These results suggest that exogenenously application of MeJA will affect the endogenous concentration in plant that will become a switching point for MeJA to lead the potentiation or suppression of defense response."