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"The collapse of the Ottoman Empire was by no means a singular event. After six hundred years of ruling over the peoples of North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East, a series of wars, insurrections, and revolutions spanning the early twentieth century brought the sultanate to an end. This book encompasses a full accounting of the international political, economic, and social forces that prompted this climactic event in the making of the modern world. In surveying the many tragedies that transpired in the years between 1908 and 1922, this book particularly explores the causes that eventually led so many to view the legacy of the Ottomans with loathing and resentment. Fall of the Sultanate provides a retelling of this critical history as seen through the eyes of those who lived through the Ottoman collapse. Drawing upon a large gamut of sources in multiple languages, this book strikes a critical balance in presenting and interpreting the most impactful experiences that shaped the lives of the empires last generation. The story presented here takes into account the perspectives of the empires diverse population as well as the leaders who piloted the state to its end. In surveying the personal, communal, and national struggles that defined Italys invasion of Libya, the Balkan War, the Great War, and the Turkish War of Independence, Fall of the Sultanate presents readers with a fresh and comprehensive exposition of how and why Ottoman imperial rule ended in bloodshed and disillusionment."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas peran para ulama yang berasal dari kelompok Sunni danSyiah terhadap konflik dan perang saudara di Suriah. Masalah yang dibahasadalah mengenai sikap para ulama, baik yang berasal dari Suriah maupun darinegara Timur Tengah lainnya seperti Irak, Iran, Mesir, Lebanon dan Qatar, jugamotif yang mendasari sikap dan respon mereka. Melalui konsep Zaman terkaitaktivitas politik-keagamaan ulama, penelitian ini menampilkan aktivitas paraulama yang khusus berkaitan dengan peristiwa di Suriah. Untuk mengetahui motifdan justifikasinya, penelitian ini memakai teori instrumentalisme untuk membacamobilisasi sektarian yang diwacanakan para ulama. Teori kedua, yakni selfdeterminationdipakai untuk menguak motif para ulama yang kontra-revolusi.Metode yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah kualitatif yang diawali denganpembacaan sejarah, yang berbasis penelitian pustaka dan dibantu denganobservasi non-partisipant yang mengamati aktivitas ulama terkait Suriah secaratidak langsung bertemu dengan mereka. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwabeberapa ulama yang pro-revolusi didorong oleh seruan sektarian sebagaijustifikasi guna melakukan mobilisasi mendukung oposisi di Suriah. Sementaraulama yang kontra-revolusi lebih didorong oleh keinginan untuk menentukannasib sendiri (self-determination) yang menjadi hak bangsa dan negara Suriah.Penelitian juga menemukan bahwa ulama kontra-revolusi berperan aktifmengawal upaya rekonsiliasi antara pemerintah Suriah dan kelompok oposisibersenjata.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the role of Sunni and Shiite clerics (ulama) in responding toconflict and civil war in Syria. The issues discussed are the certain attitudes ofulama from both Syria and other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq, Iran,Egypt, Lebanon and Qatar, as well as the motives underlying their attitudes andresponses. Through the concept of Zaman related to the religious-politicalactivities of the scholars, this study shows the activities of scholars who arespecifically related to events in Syria. To find out the motives and theirjustification, this study uses the theory of identity instrumetalism to read sectarianmobilization that narated by ulama. The second theory, namely self-determinationused to uncover the motives of the revolution oppossition ulama. The methodused in this research is historical and qualitative research-based on libraryresearch assisted by non-participant observation that observes Syrian-relatedulama activity without meeting them directly. The study found that some of thepro-revolutionary ulamas were encouraged by sectarian discourse to mobilizetheir support for the opposition in Syria. While the counter-Syria revolutionulamas are more driven by the desire to self-determination which is became rightof the nation and state of Syria. The study also found that the counter-Syriarevolution ulamas actually played an active role in assisting the reconciliationefforts between the Syrian government and the armed opposition groups."