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"The microbial contamination in the rhizomes of medicinal plants including Curcuma amada rhizomes is generally high. This due to the fact that rhizomes are the bottom parts that grow in the soil. Based on the Regulation of Head of the Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control Number HK.00.06.1.52.4011, the limits of microbial contamination in herbal/medicinal plants are 106 cfu/g for the total microbial and 2×104 cfu/g for the total yeast and mold. Gamma irradiation is one of the methods to reduce microbial contamination in medicinal plants. In this research, the effectiveness of gamma irradiation in microbial reduction and its effects to curcuminoid contents was determined by irradiating Curcuma amada rhizomes at doses of 5 and 10 kGy. The initial contamination in this rhizome was 8.78×107 cfu/g and 5×101 cfu/g for the total microbial and for the total yeast and mould, respectively. The result indicates that at 5 kGy, the microbial contamination and the mould and yeast contamination were reduced from 8.78×107 cfu/g and 5×101 cfu/g to 1.39×104 cfu/g and under 1×101 cfu/g, respectively. Meanwhile the comparison of curcuminoids between the irradiated and non irradiated samples was performed by HPLC method and was found to actually increase from 0.26% to 0.36% after the 5-kGy irradiation. It can be concluded that an irradiation dose of 5 kGy is effective to reduce the content of microorganisms without lowering curcuminoids. Gamma radiation could be used as decontamination method in medicinal plants."

"This book is a selection of reviewed manuscripts issuing from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security held in Jasná, Slovakia, on 15-18 March 2011. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and research activities focused at the plasma applications in areas such as bio-decontamination, water chemistry, effects on cells; biofilm inactivation, UV sterilization, and medicine, especially tissue treatment and wound healing, as well as dentistry and food security."

"ABSTRAK Tren kembali ke alam mempengaruhi pertumbuhan industri jamu dan herbal diIndonesia. Namun produk jamu dan herbal di pasaran belum diproses secara higienissehingga terkontaminasi oleh bakteri, jamur dan kapang yang melampaui batasmaksimal cemaran mikroba. Pasteurisasi radiasi sampai dengan dosis 10 kGymampu menurunkan angka lempeng total bakteri simplisia rimpang temu mangga(Curcuma mangga Val and Zijp) 3 – 4 logaritma. Dari segi mikrobiologi,pasteurisasi radiasi sangat menguntungkan, namun informasi mengenai aktivitastemu mangga iradiasi masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untukmengetahui pengaruh dosis pasteurisasi radiasi 0, 5 dan 10 kGy terhadap kandungansenyawa kurkuminoid dan aktivitas antidiabetes C. mangga secara in vitro(penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase) dan in vivo (pada mencit yang diinduksialoksan). Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi dengan etanol. Hasil uji secarain vitro menunjukkan adanya peningkatkan kadar kurkuminoid pada simplisia temumangga yang diiradiasi 5 kGy. Sedangkan simplisia temu mangga 0, 5 dan 10 kGytidak memiliki aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase dengan nilai persentasepenghambatan berturut-turut yaitu 9,89 ± 0,68; 8,44 ± 1,21 dan 16,95 ± 2,05 padakonsentrasi 50 ppm. Hasil uji secara in vivo, pada hari ke-15 ekstrak etanol temumangga 0, 5 dan 10 kGy mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah relatif sebesar46,53% ± 18,41; 54,66 % ± 19,94 dan 48,13 % ± 36,02.

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ABSTRACT The trend back to nature has influenced the growth of herbal medicine and herbalindustry in Indonesia. But those products in the market have not been processedhygienically so contaminated by bacteria, fungi and mold that have the maximummicrobial contamination. Pasteurization radiation dose up to 10 kGy can reduce thetotal plate count bacteria of Curcuma mangga Val and Zijp until 3 – 4 logarithms. Interms of microbiology, pasteurization radiation very advantageous, but the retrievalof information about the activities of irradiated C. mangga are still limited. Thisstudy was conducted to determine the effect of pasteurization radiation doses of 0, 5and 10 kGy for curcuminoid compound and antidiabetic activity of C.mangga in invitro (inhibition enzyme α-glucosidase) and in vivo (in mice induced alloxan). C.mangga was extracted by maceration eith ethanol. In vitro test result showed thatiradiation 5 kGy could increased the curcuminoid compound while C. mangga 0, 5and 10 kGy did not have inhibitory activity of the enzyme α-glucosidase, with valueof percentage of α-glucosidase inhibition consecutive 9.89 ± 0.68; 8.44 ± 1.21 and16.95 ± 2.05 at a concentration of 50 ppm. In vivo result test, on the 15th day of C.mangga 0, 5 and 10 kGy reduced blood glucose levels relative of 46.53% ± 18.41;54.66 % ± 19.94 and 48.13 % ± 36.02."

"Temu mangga (Curcuma amada) adalah salah satu jenis tanaman herbal yang termasuk dalam genus Curcuma dan famili Zingiberaceae. Dari beberapa penelitian, tanaman ini diketahui memiliki aktivitas biologi yang menarik seperti antijamur, antibakteri, antioksidan, antikanker, antihelmitik, antihiperglikemik, antiturbekular, dan berperan dalam penurunan kolesterol. Senyawa yang sebelumnya telah diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari temu mangga diantaranya adalah senyawa volatil (minyak atsiri), asam fenolik, flavonoid, kurkuminoid, dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa fenolik dari ekstrak etanol rimpang temu mangga serta mengulas aktivitas antibakterinya dari berbagai jurnal internasional. Rimpang temu mangga dimaserasi dalam etanol (3 x 24 jam) hingga diperoleh ekstrak etanol sebesar 50,73 g dengan rendemen 5,084% (b/b). Uji fitokimia terhadap ekstrak etanol menunjukkan bahwa rimpang temu mangga mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, tanin, dan saponin. Hasil fraksinasi dan purifikasi ekstrak etanol dengan berbagai teknik kromatografi seperti kromatografi cair vakum (KCV), kromatografi kolom (KK), dan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif (KLTP) menghasilkan tiga isolat sederhana (fraksi C1, F1, dan F2). Ketiga isolat tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen UV-Vis, FT-IR, dan LC-MS untuk mengetahui struktur senyawanya. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi, ketiga fraksi diidentifikasi sebagai senyawa fenolik yaitu kurkumin (fraksi C1), naringenin (fraksi F1), serta gabungan kurkumin dan naringenin (fraksi F2). Berdasarkan studi literatur dari berbagai jurnal internasional diketahui rimpang temu mangga memiliki potensi antibakteri, baik terhadap bakteri gram positif maupun gram negatif.

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Mango ginger (Curcuma amada) is herbal plant belonging to Curcuma genus and Zingiberaceae family. Several studies proved that this plant had interesting biological activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antihelmytic, antihyperglycemic, antitubercular, and plays a role in lowering cholesterol. Research on isolated compounds from mango ginger showed that this plant consisted of volatile compounds (essential oil), phenolic acids, flavonoids, curcuminoids, and terpenoids. This study aims to isolate phenolic compounds from ethanol extract of mango ginger rhizomes and to analyze its antibacterial activity based on literary review from various international journals. The rhizomes of mango ginger were macerated in ethanol (3 x 24 hours) to obtain 50.73 g ethanol extract with the percentage yield of 5.084% (w/w). Phytochemical tests on the ethanol extract exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The results of fractionation and purification of ethanol extract using various chromatography techniques such as vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), column chromatography (CC), and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) produced three simple isolates (fractions C1, F1, and F2). The three isolates then were characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR, and LC-MS instruments to determine their structures. According to the characterization data, three isolates were identified as curcumin (C1 fraction), naringenin (F1 fraction), and the mixture of curcumin and naringenin (F2 fraction). Literary studies from various international journals showed that mango ginger rhizomes had"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti ekstrak etanol Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. yang dihipotesakan menjadi terapi alternatif komplementer kanker payudara. Ekstrak dibuat dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Hewan yang digunakan adalah tikus putih betina strain Sprague-Dawley dibagi dalam 9 kelompok yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol DMBA, kontrol doksorubisin, kelompok perlakuan kuratif dan kelompok perlakuan adjuvan. Setiap tikus, kecuali kontrol normal, diinduksi dengan 7-12-dimetilbenz(a)antrasena (DMBA) 20 mg/kgBB sebanyak 5 kali, dua kali seminggu. Masa inkubasi tumor 8 minggu. Kelompok perlakuan mendapatkan ekstrak dalam 3 variasi dosis yaitu 40 mg/200gBB, 80 mg/200gBB dan 160 mg/200gBB. Palpasi dilakukan seminggu sekali. Pada minggu terakhir perlakuan dilakukan pembedahan. Tumor dibuat preparat histopatologi hematoksilin-eosin dan AgNOR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua kelompok kuratif dan kelompok adjuvan (2 dan 3) berat tumornya lebih rendah secara signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Volume tumor kelompok kuratif dosis 1 dan 3 serta adjuvan 2 lebih rendah secara signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Skor HE kelompok kuratif dosis 1 dan 3 lebih rendah signifikan (<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Nilai mAgNOR dan pAgNOR seluruh kelompok lebih rendah secara signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Secara keseluruhan disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak temu hitam dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tumor payudara tikus khususnya kelompok perlakuan kuratif dosis 3 (160 mg/200gBB), meskipun tidak sebanding dengan doksorubisin.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the ethanolic extract of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. which hypothesised to become complementary alternative therapies for breast cancer. Extracts were made by maceration using ethanol 96%. Animals used were female white rats of Sprague-Dawley strain which divided into nine groups: normal control, DMBA control, doxorubicin control, curative treatment groups and adjuvant treatment groups. Each rat, except for the normal controls, induced by 7-12-dimetilbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) 20 mg/kgBW 5 times, twice a week. The incubation period of tumors was 8 weeks. Extract in the treatment group were given 3 variant of doses, 40 mg/200gBW, 80 mg/200gBW and 160 mg/200gBW. Palpation done once a week. Surgery was done in the last week of treatment. Histopathological slides of tumor in hematoxylin-eosin and AgNOR staining was made. The results showed that tumor weight of all curative groups and adjuvant groups (2 and 3) was significantly lower (P <0.05) than DMBA. Tumor volume of curative groups dose 1 and 3 and adjuvant 2 significantly lower (P <0.05) than DMBA. HE score of curative groups dose 1 and 3 significantly lower (<0.05) than DMBA. The value of mAgNOR and pAgNOR of the whole group was significantly lower (P <0.05) than DMBA. Overall can be concluded that the extract of temu hitam can inhibit the rat breast tumors growth particularly the curative treatment dose 3 (160 mg/200gBW) although not comparable to doxorubicin."

"Kurkuminoid merupakan senyawa aktif dari rimpang kunyit yang telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Spesies bakteri penyebab infeksi paling umum ditemukan adalah bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus dan bakteri Gram negatif Escherichia coli. Senyawa turunan kurkuminoid dapat ditingkatkan aktivitas antibakterinya dengan meningkatkan lipofilisitas senyawa, salah satunya dilakukan modifikasi atom hidrogen pada gugus fenol kurkuminoid disubtitusi dengan gugus asetat melalui reaksi asetilasi. Senyawa kurkuminoid diekstraksi dari rimpang kunyit menggunakan metode sokhlet menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 10,24 . Kurkuminoid hasil ekstraksi ini dimodifikasi strukturnya melalui reaksi asetilasi menggunakan anhidrida asetat dengan katalis Ni/SiO2. Produk hasil reaksi kemudian dipisahkan dengan kromatografi kolom gravitasi, kemudian senyawa dikarakterisasi menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis KLT , spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan spektrofotometer FTIR. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kurkuminoid telah termodifikasi menjadi asetilkurkuminoid. Kondisi optimum reaksi ini ialah dengan menggunakan 15 w/w katalis menghasilkan konversi sebesar 90,44. Diameter zona hambat senyawa turunan asetilkurkuminoid menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri tertinggi pada konsentrasi 500 ppm sebesar 18 mm terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan 13 mm terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli. Sedangkan pada konsentrasi yang sama ekstrak kurkuminoid memiliki zona hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan E.coli berturut-turut sebesar 7,5 mm dan 8 mm. Berdasarkan data uji tersebut, aktivitas antibakteri senyawa kurkuminoid terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli meningkat 2,4 kali lipat melalui reaksi asetilasi menjadi turunan asetilkurkuminoid.

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Curcuminoid are active compounds of turmeric rhizome that widely known to have antibacterial activities. The most common species of infection causing bacteria are Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activities of curcuminoid derivatives can be improved by increasing their lipophilicity, one of which is modified the hydrogen atom on the phenol groups to substituted with acetate group by acetylation. The curcuminoids were extracted from turmeric rhizomes by soxhlet method yielded rendemen of 10.24 . This curcuminoids were structurally modified by acetylation using acetic anhydride with Ni SiO2 catalyst. The products were separated through column chromatography then characterized using thin layer chromatography TLC , UV Vis and FTIR spectrophotometer. The results showed that curcuminoid successfully was modified into acetylcurcuminoids. The best condition of this reaction was found by using 15 w w catalyst with product conversion of 90.44 . Diameter of inhibitory zone of acetylcurcuminoid derrivatives compounds showed the highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 500 ppm against S. aureus of 18 mm, and against E. coli of 13 mm. On the other hand, at the same concentration, the curcuminoid had inhibitory zone of 7.5 mm and 8 mm against S. aureus and E.coli respectively. It can be concluded that the antibacterial activity of curcuminoids against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli has been increase up to 2.4 fold by acetylation to their acetyl derrivatives."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas ekstrak rimpang temu hitam (Curcuma aeruginosaRoxb.) terhadap makrofag, sitokin TNF dan IFN pada tikus Spraque-Dawley betina yang diinduksi dengan7,12-dimetilbenz-()antrasen (DMBA). Ekstrak etanol 96% dibuat secara maserasi. Pengukuran kadar NO makrofag, jumlah sitokin TNF, IFN menggunakan metode ELISA pada panjang gelombang 450nm. Hewan uji dibagi dalam 10 kelompok yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol DMBA, kontrol doksorubisin, kontrol bahan alam (ST), kelompok perlakuan kuratif dan kelompok perlakuan ajuvan. Setiap tikus kecuali kontrol normal diinduksi dengan DMBA 4mg/200gBB, 5 kali diberikan 2x/minggu. Masa inkubasi tumor 8 minggu dengan palpasi seminggu sekali. Delapan minggu berikutnya kelompok perlakuan diberikan ekstrak dalam 3 variasi dosis yaitu 40mg/200gBB, 80mg/200gBB, 160mg/200gBB. Pengambilan darah dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Perhitungan statistic menggunakan Kruskal Wallis (=0,05) untuk makrofag, dan ANOVA (=0,05) untuk TNF dan IFN. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh temu hitam terhadap makrofag pada kelompok kuratif dan ajuvan, meski tidak sebesar ST. Terjadi penurunan kadar TNF sebelum dan sesudah pemberian sampel temu hitam, demikian juga pada sitokin IFN. Penurunan kadar TNF dan IFN tidak berbeda bermakna, dapat disebabkan oleh penurunan imunitas non spesifik tikus akibat tingkat keparahan penyakit tumor. Disimpulkan bahwa temu hitam meningkatkan produksi NO makrofag, namun tidak meningkatkan jumlah sitokin TNF dan IFN.

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The objectives of these research are to find out the activity of Curcuma aeruginosarhizome extracts on macrophage, TNF and IFNcytokinesforfemale Spraque-Dawley ratsinduced by dimethylbenz()anthracen (DMBA).Extract yielded from C. aeruginosa rhizomes maceration using 96% ethanol. The amount of NO production ofmacrophage, TNF and IFN concentration counts by ELISA reader on 450 nm. Rats devided into 10 groups of Normal, control of DMBA, control of doxorubicin, control of herbal, curative groups and adjuvant groups. All rats except Normal group induced by DMBA 4 mg/200gBB, 5x for 2x/weeks. Incubation phases were 8 weeks with palpation every week. The next 8 weeks were extracts treatment in 3 dose variation, 40mg/200gBB, 80mg/200gBB, 160mg/200gBB. The first bloods take before extract treatments, and the second after treatments. Statistical analysis for macrophage using Krukal Wallis (=0,05), and ANOVA(=0,05) for TNF and IFN. On macrophage studies, the NO yields onDMBA group and ST group significantly different from KD groups and AD groups. The amounts of TNF after Curcuma aeruginosaextracts treatments lower than the amounts before treatments. Also with IFN, the IFN amounts decreased after treatments. The descendent among all groups are not significantly different. The conclusions areCurcuma aeruginosaincreaseNO production of macrophage, but can?t increased the amounts ofTNF and IFN in serum."

"Beras berwarna memiliki nutrisi lebih baik karena mengandung pigmen antosianin. Kandungan antosianin beras dipengaruhi oleh pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama dan masa penyimpanan. Pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama dapat menginduksi radikal bebas sehingga memicu sintesis antosianin atau memutus ikatan glikosidik antosianin. Kandungan antosianin juga dapat teroksidasi selama masa penyimpanan. Pemaparan sinar gama pada enam beras hitam dan merah dengan variasi dosis 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, dan 30 kGy serta disimpan selama 6 bulan. Antosianin dianalisis menggunakan metode perbedaan pH. Hasil pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan antosianin tertinggi pada beras hitam yaitu Botanik (50,264 menjadi 82,743 mg/100g) dan Jatiluwih (15,697 menjadi 32,228 mg/100g). Beras hitam lainnya mengalami penurunan antosianin terendah yaitu Hariku (27,553 menjadi 14,110 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (33,481 menjadi 13,943 mg/100g), dan Jawa Melik (53,353 menjadi 31,060 mg/100g). Pada beras merah, kandungan antosianin tertinggi yaitu Cempo Sleman (1,252 menjadi 20,539 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (2,672 menjadi 17,867 mg/100g), Jatiluwih (2,254 menjadi 43,000 mg/100g), Bronrice (6,680 menjadi 19,287 mg/100g), PK Sundakala (1,085 menjadi 20,289 m/100g), dan Healthy Choice (2,004 menjadi 23,044 mg/100g). Selain itu, penyimpanan selama 6 bulan cenderung meningkatkan kandungan antosianin pada beras hitam dan merah.

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Colored rice has better nutrition because it contains anthocyanin pigments. The anthocyanin content of rice is influenced by exposure gamma radiation and storage time. Gamma radiation exposure can induce free radicals, triggering anthocyanin synthesis or breaking anthocyanin glycosidic bonds. Anthocyanin content can also be oxidized during storage. Six varieties of black and red rice were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kGy, followed by a 6-month storage period. Anthocyanins were analyzed using the pH difference method. The results of gamma radiation exposure caused the highest increase anthocyanin content in black rice, namely Botanik (50.264 to 82.743 mg/100g) and Jatiluwih (15.697 to 32.228 mg/100g). Other black rice varieties experienced the lowest decrease in anthocyanin, namely Hariku (27.553 to 14.110 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (33.481 to 13.943 mg/100g), and Jawa Melik (53.353 to 31.060 mg/100g). The highest red rice anthocyanin content was in Cempo Sleman (1.252 to 20.539 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (2.672 to 17.867 mg/100g), Jatiluwih (2.254 to 43.000 mg/100g), Bronrice (6.680 to 19.287 mg/100g), PK Sundakala (1.085 to 20.289 mg/100g), and Healthy Choice (2.004 to 23.044 mg/100g). Anthocyanin Storage for 6 months tended to increase anthocyanin content in both black and red rice."