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"Suhu lingkungan diketahui sebagai faktor penting pertumbuhan bagi beragam mikroorganisme. Bermacam bakteri sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan suhu termasuk bakteri patogen seperti Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati pertumbuhan A. hydrophila yang diinokulasi dalam air Danau Maninjau (stasiun Bayur dan stasiun Tengah) sebagai media pertumbuhan dan diinkubasi pada suhu yang berfluktuasi selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan dalam perlakuan variasi suhu yang berfluktuasi. Namun, perbedaan nyata terlihat pada kelompok grup stasiun Bayur dan Tengah (p<0.05). Kultur A. hydrophila yang ditumbuhkan pada media air dari stasiun Tengah memperlihatkan pertumbuhan tertinggi (9.12E+07�5.3E+07) CFU/mL."

"[ABSTRAKAeromonas hydrophila merupakan foodborne dan waterborne patogen, yang banyakditemukan pada lingkungan perairan. Bakteri ini dapat menginfeksi manusia, hewanteresterial dan hewan air seperti ikan mas, Infeksi A. hydrophila dapat mengakibatkankomplikasi gastrointestinal dan non-gastrointestinal pada manusia dengan penularanterjadi secara oral maupun luka yang terinfeksi bakteri. Sedangkan infeksi A.hydrophila pada ikan mas dapat menjadi sumber penularan ke manusia danmengakibatkan kematian ikan mas budidaya yang berdampak pada kerugian ekonomi.Hingga saat ini informasi mengenai infeksi A. hydrophila pada manusia masih jarangdilaporkan. Hal tersebut dapat terjadi karena hingga saat ini metode diagnosa antibodianti A. hydrophila belum banyak berkembang, sedangkan uji kekebalan penting bagiskrining, diagnosa banding dan uji konfirmasi terhadap infeksi A. hydrophila. Untukitu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode ELISA dan uji deteksicepat berdasarkan modifikasi ELISA menggunakan imunostik untuk mendeteksiantibodi anti A. hydrophila. Sebagai hewan uji digunakan enam ekor kelinci (NewZeland White) dan enam ekor ikan mas (Cyprinid carpio) yang diimunisasi denganantigen sel utuh bakteri A. hydrophila yang diiaktivasi dengan formalin 0,3%.Imunisasi pada ikan mas dilakukan secara intraperitoneal, diulang satu minggu setelahimunisasi pertama, sedangkan imunisasi pada kelinci dilakukan satu kali denganemulsi antigen dan Freund?s complete adjuvant kemudian dilanjutkan dengan dua kalibooster menggunakan emulsi antigen dan Freund?s incomplete adjuvant. Koleksiserum hewan uji dilakukan setiap minggu hingga minggu ke-6 dari koleksi serumpertama. Hasil optimasi terhadap uji ELISA menunjukkan bahwa uji ELISA yangdikembangkan mampu mendeteksi antibodi anti A. hyrophila, demikian pula denganimunostik yang dirakit mampu memdeteksi antibodi anti A. hyrophila pada serum ikanmas dan kelinci.

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ABSTRACTAeromonas hydrophila is foodborne and waterborne pathogens. The bacteria thatoccur ubiquitously and autochthonously in aquatic environments. These bacteria caninfect humans, animals terrestrial and aquatic animals such as goldfish, infection of A.hydrophila can lead to complications of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinalinfection in humans and transmitted by oral and infected wounds contamination. Theinfected carp with A. hydrophila is a source of transmission to humans, resulting in thedeath of farmed fish that have an impact on economic disadvantage. Till now there arelacking information of A. hydrophila infection in humans reported. This can be occurbecause to the current diagnostic methods antibodi A. hydrophila undeveloped, whilethe immunity test is important for screening, differential diagnosis and confirmationtest of A. hydrophila infection. Therefore, the aims of this research is to developELISA methods and rapid detection test based on the modified ELISA usingimunostick to detect antibodies against A. hydrophila. For animals models, 6 rabbits(New Zeland White) and 6 carp (Cyprinid carpio) were immunized with whole cellantigen A. hydrophila bacteria which inactivated using 0.3% formalidehide. Carpimmunized intraperitoneally with antigen, and repeated one week after the firstimmunization, whereas immunization in rabbits done once with antigen emulsion andFreund's complete adjuvant followed by two booster using emulsion of antigen andFreund's incomplete adjuvant. Collection of animal serum done every week, till thesixth week from the first serum collection. The results of the optimization of theELISA test showed that the developed ELISA test is able to detect antibodies againstA. hyrophila, as well as the assembled imunostik capable to detect antibodies againstA. hyrophila both in carp and rabbit serum respectively, Aeromonas hydrophila is foodborne and waterborne pathogens. The bacteria thatoccur ubiquitously and autochthonously in aquatic environments. These bacteria caninfect humans, animals terrestrial and aquatic animals such as goldfish, infection of A.hydrophila can lead to complications of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinalinfection in humans and transmitted by oral and infected wounds contamination. Theinfected carp with A. hydrophila is a source of transmission to humans, resulting in thedeath of farmed fish that have an impact on economic disadvantage. Till now there arelacking information of A. hydrophila infection in humans reported. This can be occurbecause to the current diagnostic methods antibodi A. hydrophila undeveloped, whilethe immunity test is important for screening, differential diagnosis and confirmationtest of A. hydrophila infection. Therefore, the aims of this research is to developELISA methods and rapid detection test based on the modified ELISA usingimunostick to detect antibodies against A. hydrophila. For animals models, 6 rabbits(New Zeland White) and 6 carp (Cyprinid carpio) were immunized with whole cellantigen A. hydrophila bacteria which inactivated using 0.3% formalidehide. Carpimmunized intraperitoneally with antigen, and repeated one week after the firstimmunization, whereas immunization in rabbits done once with antigen emulsion andFreund's complete adjuvant followed by two booster using emulsion of antigen andFreund's incomplete adjuvant. Collection of animal serum done every week, till thesixth week from the first serum collection. The results of the optimization of theELISA test showed that the developed ELISA test is able to detect antibodies againstA. hyrophila, as well as the assembled imunostik capable to detect antibodies againstA. hyrophila both in carp and rabbit serum respectively]"

"This research evaluated a method involving provision of a concoction of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox dan Zingimber zerumbet extracts for pathogen prevention in tilapia. The concentration of each extract was 600 ppm of Boesenbergia pandurata/BP, 900 ppm of Solanum ferox/SF and 200 ppm of Zingimber zerumbet/ZZ. The examination was performed by issuing two combinations of extracts (SF:BP, SF:ZZ) against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens (105 CFUmL-1). Preventive trials were carried out by providing a concoction of extracts through intraperitoneal injection (0.1 mL/fish) in tilapia (15±2 g) and the immersion method was performed by bathing the fish in the extracts for 20 minutes, with pathogen challenging during the following 24 h being carried out. The composition of the used extract was by SF60:ZZ40; SF50:ZZ50; BP90:SF10; BP50:SF50; and fish without being given the extract. Haematology and immunology parameters were observed at the 4th week after challanges with pathogenic bacteria. The number of white blood cells (WBCs) increased significantly (P <0.05) compared to controls without extract, with a similar increase observed for red blood cell (RBCs), but heamatocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) values did not significantly increase compared to control. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst and lysozyme activities also experienced a significant increase in fish fed with combined extracts compared to controls. The numbers of pathogenic bacteria in the body of the fish given extract were also lower than the control and significantly different at the 4th week. The results of this study indicate that giving combined extracts of SF50:ZZ50 and BP90:SF10 provides the best protection (RPS) against infection of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescent by injection of 100%. This study indicates that providing combined extracts by injection and immersion in the ratio of SF50:ZZ50 has a positive effect in increasing the non-specific immune system of tilapia and increasing protection against bacterial infections."

"ABSTRACTAgen (patogen) yang ditemukan di nila tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) adalah umumnya disebabkan oleh bakteri Gram-negatif bernama Aeromonas hydrophila dan GrampositiveBakteri bernama Streptococcus agalactiae, keduanya menyebabkan penyakit wabah. Kedua jenis bakteri tersebut adalah penyebab penyakit Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) dan Streptococcosis yang dapat menyebabkan kematian tinggi dan menurun kualitas produk perikanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji imunogenik potensi kemanjuran vaksin polivalen dari S. agalactiae dan A. hydrophila secara oral aplikasi melalui pakan pada budidaya nila nila, O. niloticus. Dua tahap ini penelitian dirancang untuk membantu membuat keputusan. Yang pertama, menganalisis kekebalan tubuh respons terhadap campuran A.hydrophila (AHL 0905-2) dan S.agalactiae (non-hemolitik dan sel-sel antigen hemolitik) sebagai ukuran keberhasilan vaksinasi nil nila dengan vaksin polyvalent. Analisis respons imun pada bakterisida serum aktivitas dapat digunakan sebagai komponen untuk melihat viabilitas patogen dalam inang yang ditunjukkan oleh titer antibodi nila nila. Yang kedua, menganalisis persentase kelangsungan hidup relatif (RPS) nilai pasca-vaksinasi dengan antigen campuran dari A. hydrophila dan S. Bakteri agalactiae untuk melihat keawetan nila tilapia pada MAS dan Streptococcosis penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan titer antibodi kelompok vaksinasi pada minggu pertama sampai minggu kelima secara signifikan lebih tinggi dari kontrol (P <0,05) setelah ditantang dengan S. agalactiae (non-hemolitik), sedangkan nilai-nilai RPS vaksin adalah pengobatan polivalen B dan pengobatan C campuran seluruh sel S. agalactiae (non-hemolitik dan hemolitik) dan A. hydrophila (AHL 0905-2) mencapai lebih rendah daripada nilai referensi RPS (> 50%) dalam uji tantangan infeksi tunggal.

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ABSTRACTThe agent (pathogen) found in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) is commonly caused by Gram-negative bacteria called Aeromonas hydrophila and GrampositiveBacteria called Streptococcus agalactiae, both of which cause plague. Both types of bacteria are the cause of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) and Streptococcosis which can cause high mortality and decrease the quality of fishery products. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunogenic potential efficacy of polyvalent vaccines from S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila orally by application through feed in the cultivation of tilapia, O. niloticus. These two stages of research are designed to help make decisions. The first is analyzing the body's response to a mixture of A.hydrophila (AHL 0905-2) and S.agalactiae (non-hemolytic and hemolytic antigen cells) as a measure of the success of tilapia vaccination with a polyvalent vaccine. Analysis of immune responses to serum bactericidal activity can be used as a component to see the viability of pathogens in the host shown by tilapia tilapia antibodies. Second, analyze the percentage of relative survival (RPS) of post-vaccination values ​​with mixed antigens from A. hydrophila and S. Bacterial agalactiae to see the durability of tilapia in MAS and Streptococcosis. The results showed the vaccination group antibody titers in the first week to the fifth week were significantly higher than controls (P <0.05) after being challenged with S. agalactiae (non-hemolytic), while the RPS vaccine values ​​were polyvalent B treatment and treatment C mixture of all S. agalactiae cells (non-hemolytic and hemolytic) and A. hydrophila (AHL 0905-2) reached lower than the RPS reference value (> 50%) in a single infection challenge test"

"Penyakit ikan dapat disebabkan oleh bakteri pembentuk biofilm, seperti Aeromonas hydrophila dan Flavobacterium columnare. Pengobatan penyakit ikan umumnya menggunakan antibiotik dan tanaman herbal. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui potensi antibakteri ekstrak etanol tumbuhan liar dari Sulawesi Selatan dan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak dengan berbagai konsentrasi terhadap pembentukan biofilm. Uji sensitivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi cakram dan mikrodilusi. Uji penghambatan pembentukan biofilm dilakukan dengan metode microtiter plate dan cover slip dilanjutkan visualisasi 3D menggunakan software ImageJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, uji sensitivitas ekstrak etanol Ammannia baccifera dan Breynia virgata menghasilkan zona hambat terhadap kedua bakteri pada konsentrasi 0,2 g/mL, 0,4 g/mL, dan 0,6 g/mL dengan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) pada 1,56 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, dan 100 mg/mL serta konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) pada 3,13 mg/mL,12,5 mg/mL, dan 200 mg/mL. Ekstrak etanol A. baccifera dan B. virgata konsentrasi 6,25–12,5 mg/mL menghambat pembentukan biofilm A. hydrophila dengan kuat. Ekstrak A. baccifera konsentrasi 0,78 mg/mL, 3,13 mg/mL, dan 6,25 mg/mL menghambat dengan kuat pembentukan biofilm F. columnare. Ekstrak etanol A. baccifera dan B. virgata konsentrasi 200 mg/mL meningkatkan pembentukan biofilm A. hydrophila dan F. columnare dengan kuat. Tutupan biofilm tidak dipengaruhi oleh besar atau kecilnya konsentrasi ekstrak.

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Fish diseases can be caused by biofilm-forming bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare. Treatment of fish diseases is usually done using antibiotics and herbal plants. This study aims to determine the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of wild plants from South Sulawesi and to determine the effect of giving extracts with various concentrations on the formation of biofilms. Antibacterial sensitivity test was carried out using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The biofilm formation inhibition test was carried out using the microtiter plate and cover slip methods followed by 3D visualization using ImageJ software. The result revealed that, the sensitivity test of ethanolic extracts Ammannia baccifera and Breynia virgata inhibited both bacteria at concentrations of 0.2 g/mL, 0.4 g/mL, and 0.6 g/mL with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at 1.56 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) at 3.13 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, and 200 mg/mL. Ethanolic extracts of A. baccifera and B. virgata at concentrations of 6.25–12.5 mg/mL strongly inhibited the formation of A. hydrophila biofilms. Ammannia baccifera ethanolic extract concentrations of 0.78 mg/mL, 3.13 mg/mL, and 6.25 mg/mL strongly inhibited the formation of F. columnare biofilms. Ethanolic extract of A. baccifera and B. virgata with a concentration of 200 mg/mL strongly increased the biofilm formation of A. hydrophila and F. columnare. Biofilm coverage was not affected by the larger or smaller concentration of the extract."

"Pengendalian penyakit pada ikan merupakan aspek penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam budidaya ikan. Ikan rentan terhadap penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri serta stres oksidatif yang dapat dipicu oleh kondisi lingkungan perairan. Senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berasal dari tanaman dapat dijadikan alternatif antioksidan dan antibakteri yang aman dibandingkan dengan senyawa sintetis. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. merupakan tanaman akuatik yang telah ditemukan secara luas pada daerah tropis dan subtropis. Pada penelitian sebelumnya diketahui bahwa ekstrak herba Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar flavonoid total, kadar fenol total, dan aktivitas antioksidan serta antibakteri dari herba Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. yang tumbuh di Indonesia. Herba Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. diekstraksi dengan etanol 70% menggunakan metode Ultrasound Assisted ExtractionUAE). Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan dengan metode kolorimetri AlCl3 dengan standar kuersetin. Penetapan kadar fenol total dilakukan dengan metode Folin-ciocalteu dengan standar asam galat. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH dan FRAP dengan standar asam askorbat sebagai kontrol positif. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan metode difusi cakram terhadap bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila dengan antibiotik kloramfenikol standar sebagai kontrol positif. Kadar flavonoid total yang diperoleh dari ekstrak herba Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. sebesar 2,05 mgEK/g dan kadar fenol total sebesar 8,83 mgEAG/g. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH pada asam askorbat dan ekstrak diperoleh nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 2,49 dan 61,47 μg/mL. Pada uji aktivitas antioksidan metode FRAP diperoleh nilai aktivitas antioksidan pada asam askorbat dan ekstrak secara berurutan yaitu 329,09 dan 0,6 g FeSO4.7H2O ekivalen/100 g. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan terbentuknya zona hambat oleh antibiotik kloramfenikol standar dan ekstrak masing-masing sebesar 30,5 dan 7,05 mm.

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Disease control in fish is an important aspect that must be considered in fish farming. Fish are susceptible to diseases caused by bacterial infections and oxidative stress that can be triggered by aquatic environmental conditions. Secondary metabolite compounds derived from plants can be used as a safe antioxidant and antibacterial alternative compared to synthetic compounds. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. is an aquatic plant that has been found widely in the tropics and subtropics region. Previous studies revealed that the extract of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wetts. herbs have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content, total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. herbs growing in Indonesia. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. herbs was extracted with ethanol 70% using the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). Determination of total flavonoid content was carried out using the AlCl3 colorimetric method with quercetin as standard. Determination of total phenol content was carried out using the Folin-ciocalteu method with gallic acid as standard. Antioxidant activity assay was carried out by DPPH and FRAP methods with ascorbic acid standard as positive control. The antibacterial activity was tested qualitatively by disc diffusion method against Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with standard chloramphenicol antibiotic as positive control. Total flavonoid content obtained from the extract of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. herbs was 2.05 mgQE/g and total phenol content was 8.83 mgGAE/g. The antioxidant activity assay using the DPPH method of ascorbic acid and extract showed IC50 values ​​of 2.49 and 61.47 μg/mL, respectively. In antioxidant activity assay with FRAP method, the antioxidant activity values ​​of ascorbic acid and extract were 329.09 and 0.6 g FeSO4.7H2O equivalent/100 g. The antibacterial activity assay showed inhibition zones by standard chloramphenicol antibiotic and extract were 30.5 and 7.05 mm, respectively."