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"Credit facilities given by the banks often pose problems to the banks and its officers due to the changing of economics environment and the changing of debtor's attitude. These conditions of course are beyond the control of bank officers. The law concerning the bank system also can not keep up with these changing of environments. The law, which is a specialist law, often only gives a very vague guidance and composed in very general terms while in fact the nature of banking business is very complicated business. This article is written due to give contribution in approaching some problems in balancing the risk of giving credit facilities and the necessity to have funds in doing economics activities at a time of economics development."

"Bank sangat berperan penting dalam melaksanakan pembangunan perekonomian nasional. Peranan tersebut tercermin melalui penyaluran kredit kepada UMKM yang dilakukan oleh bank, dengan tetap mengedepankan prinsip kehati-hatian. Namun, hal tersebut saja tidak cukup, bank juga harus mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan kebutuhan masyarakat seiring perkembangan teknologi di era digital ini. Maka dengan demikian, bank berupaya untuk memberikan kemudahan akses pembiayan dengan mengadakan pemberian kredit secara digital kepada masyarakat. Skripsi ini mengkaji mengenai pengaturan terkait prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pemberian kredit melalui perbankan digital, serta mengenai implementasi prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pemberian kredit melalui perbankan digital pada Bank X kepada UMKM. Penyusunan skripsi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penilitian doktrinal. Hasil dari penilitan ini adalah penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pemberian kredit melalui perbankan digital memiliki landasan hukum yakni Pasal 2, Pasal 8, dan Pasal 20A UU Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan sebagaimana telah diubah beberapa kali terakhir dengan UU Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan mengenai kewajiban bagi bank dalam menerapkan prinsip kehati-hatian termasuk manajemen risiko dalam melakukan kegiatan usaha, serta Pasal 5 POJK Nomor 21 Tahun 2023 tentang Layanan Digital oleh Bank Umum mengenai kewajiban Bank dalam melakukan identifikasi dan verifikasi terhadap calon nasabah. Dalam menyalurkan kredit, Bank X telah mengimplementasikan prinsip kehati-hatian dengan melakukan Customer Due Deligence terhadap nasabah atau calon nasabah. Akan tetapi, peneliti memiliki saran untuk Bank X agar dapat melakukan seluruh rangkaian pemberian kredit dari awal hingga akhir secara digital, dalam rangka memudahkan akses pembiayaan UMKM.

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Banks play a crucial role in national economic development. This role is reflected in their distribution of credit to SMEs, conducted with a focus on prudence. However, this alone is not sufficient, banks must also adapt to societal needs amidst the technological advancements of the digital era. Therefore, banks strive to enhance financing accessibility by providing digital credit services to the public. This thesis examines the regulation of prudential principles in digital banking credit provision, specifically how Bank X implements these principles for SMEs. The thesis employs a doctrinal research method. The findings highlight that the application of prudential principles in digital banking credit is legally grounded in Article 2, Article 8, and Article 20A of Law Number 7 of 1992 on Banking, as lastly amended by Law Number 4 of 2023 on Financial Sector Development and Strengthening, which mandates banks to apply prudence principles, including risk management, in their operations. Furthermore, Article 5 of Regulation Number 21 of 2023 on Digital Services by Commercial Banks outlines banks' obligations in identifying and verifying prospective customers. In credit distribution, Bank X has implemented prudential principles by conducting Customer Due Diligence on customers or prospective clients. Nonetheless, the researcher advises Bank X to digitalize the entire credit process from start to finish to facilitate SME financing access."

"Matrik transisi menjelaskan pergerakan dari satu kolektibilitas ke kategori kolektibilitas lainnya selama 1 (satu) periode. Dengan pendekatan waktu descrete dan continue, diketahui kredit performing loan dengan kolektibilitas Lancar diestimasi lebih besar untuk berada pada kolektibilitas sama dibandingkan jika downgrade, sedangkan kredit dengan kolektibilitas Dalam Perhatian Khusus cenderung untuk upgrade. Kredit non performing loan diprediksi tertinggi untuk downgrade ke kolektibilitas Macet, dan kredit yang telah Macet diestimasi akan tetap. Kredit dengan kolektibilitas Diragukan atau Macet dimungkinkan transisi maksimal menjadi Kurang Lancar jika dilakukan restrukturisasi. Perpindahan dari performing loan ke non performing loan diprediksi lebih rendah daripada sebaliknya. Perbedaan antar matriks transisi metode Cohort dengan masing-masing dari kedua metode continuous adalah signifikan. Sedangkan perbedaan antara 2 (dua) matriks metode continuous mendekati nol sehingga perbedaan antar matriks dianggap sama. Penerapan analisa dan metode yang sama pada kredit modal kerja yang memiliki pangsa kredit 52% dari total kredit perbankan, juga menunjukkan hasil yang sejalan.

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Transition matrice explains credit movement from one collectibility to other collectibility within one period. The estimation on collectibility explains that performing loan credit with pass collectibility has the most significant score at the same place than it is downgraded, but credit with special mention collectibility has the highest score if it is upgraded. The non performing loan credit has the highest score to downgrade until loss, while credit in loss collectibility will remain steady. Credit with either loss or doubtful collectibility might move to a maximum transition to become substandard collectibility, provided that the credit was restructured. The transition of a performing loan credit to a non performing loan estimated lower than the movement of a non performing loan credit to a performing loan credit. When comparing transition matrices, there are significant differences among transition matrices, using Cohort method and continuous method. On the other hand, comparison between two matrices using continuous method almost reaches zero and therefore can be considered unchanged. Implementation of the same analysis and methods in capital working credit which has 52% contribution of all banking credit, also indicates the same result with the analysis and methods to overall credit."

"[ABSTRAKLaporan magang ini membahas serta menganalisis pelaksanaan atas prosesprosedur pemberian kredit pada PT.ABC dengan kesesuaiannya dengan PeraturanBank Indonesia dan pelaksanaannya. Penulis telah melaksanakan prosespemberian kredit sesuai dengan Standar Prosedur Kredit yang dirancang olehPT.ABC, meliputi tahap initial process hingga tahap proposal process danmembantu tahapan disburstment dan monitoring. Tidak terdapat kejanggalan atautemuan yang menyalahi standar prosedur namun terkadang perlu dilakukan penyesuaian untuk memenuhi kategori kredit. Penyesuaian ini dilakukan setelah adanya judgment atas penilaian kelayakan atas debitur atau calon debitur.

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ABSTRACTThis report discusses and analyzes the implementation of the process of lendingprocedures in PT.ABC and its compliance with Bank Indonesia Regulation and itsimplementation. The author has implemented the credit granting process inaccordance with the Credit Standard Procedures designed by PT.ABC, coveringfrom the initial process up to the stage of the proposal process and also assist thedisburstment and monitoring process. There are no irregularities or findings thatviolates the standard procedure, but sometimes there is condition where there need to be adjusted to meet the credit category. This adjustment is done after the judgment on the feasibility assessment of borrowers or potential borrowers., This report discusses and analyzes the implementation of the process of lendingprocedures in PT.ABC and its compliance with Bank Indonesia Regulation and itsimplementation. The author has implemented the credit granting process inaccordance with the Credit Standard Procedures designed by PT.ABC, coveringfrom the initial process up to the stage of the proposal process and also assist thedisburstment and monitoring process. There are no irregularities or findings thatviolates the standard procedure, but sometimes there is condition where there need to be adjusted to meet the credit category. This adjustment is done after the judgment on the feasibility assessment of borrowers or potential borrowers.]"

"Tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana efektivitas jaminan perorangan dalam mendukung pemenuhan hak-hak kreditur dalam penyelesaian kredit macet di bank. Tulisan ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian non doktrinal. Pemahaman mengenai peran jaminan perorangan dalam konteks penyelesaian kredit macet sangat penting untuk mengoptimalkan proses dan hasil akhir penyelesaian kredit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaminan perorangan memegang peranan penting dalam pemenuhan hak-hak kreditur dalam penyelesaian kredit wanprestasi. Analisis efektivitas jaminan perorangan meliputi evaluasi terhadap proses pendaftaran agunan, prosedur penilaian nilai agunan, dan mekanisme penyelesaian kredit. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas jaminan perorangan meliputi aspek legal, operasional, dan manajerial. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar bagi pihak-pihak terkait, termasuk lembaga perbankan, untuk memperbaiki kebijakan dan praktik terkait penyelesaian kredit dalam rangka meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak kreditur.

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This paper analyzes how the effectiveness of personal guarantees in supporting the fulfillment of creditor rights in resolving defaulted loans at banks. This paper is prepared using a non-doctrinal research method. Understanding the role of personal guarantees in the context of defaulted credit settlement is essential to optimize the process and final results of credit settlement. The results show that personal guarantees play an important role in the fulfillment of creditor rights in defaulted credit settlements. The analysis of the effectiveness of personal guarantees includes an evaluation of the collateral registration process, collateral value assessment procedures, and credit settlement mechanisms. Factors affecting the effectiveness of personal guarantees involve legal, operational, and managerial aspects. The findings are expected to serve as a basis for relevant parties, including banking institutions, to improve policies and practices related to credit settlement in order to enhance the protection of creditor rights."

"Tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana akibat hukum tidak didaftarkannya Hak Tanggungan sebagaimana yang dimuat dalam Perjanjian Kredit Nomor 16 yang membebankan hak tanggungan sebagai jaminan dan kedudukan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli yang dijadikan sebagai jaminan oleh debitor Nona EF dan akibat hukumnya bagi Bank ABC sebagai kreditor. Tulisan ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Pemberian jaminan hak tanggungan merupakan syarat penting dari sebuah perjanjian Kredit Pemilikan Apartemen (KPA) untuk melindungi kepentingan Bank. Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan atas Tanah Beserta Benda-Benda yang Berkaitan dengan Tanah sebagai instrumen hukum nasional yang mengatur mengenai Hak Tanggungan menyebut pengikatan jaminan tersebut sebagai langkah terpenting, karena pendaftaran hak tanggungan merupakan syarat mutlak lahirnya dari hak tanggungan. Namun dalam praktiknya terdapat perjanjian kredit yang tidak diikuti dengan pembuatan Surat Kuasa Memberikan Hak Tanggungan (SKMHT) dan/atau Akta Pemberian Hak Tanggungan (APHT) yang kemudian didaftarkan ke kantor pertanahan setempat untuk dikeluarkan sertipikat hak tanggungan dan dituliskan hak tanggungannya dalam buku tanah hak tanggungan. Tidak didaftarkannya hak tanggungan, berarti hak tanggungan belum lahir dan menyebabkan kedudukan bank hanya sebagai kreditor konkuren yang tidak memegang jaminan kebendaan. Selain itu, dalam perkembangannya, praktik penggunaan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB) sebagai dasar peralihan hak atas tanah yang digunakan sebagai jaminan hak tanggungan dalam perjanjian kredit sering terjadi. Hak yang timbul dari PPJB adalah hak perorangan, bukan hak kebendaan sehingga belum terjadi peralihan hak sampai dilakukan Akta Jual Beli (AJB), maka debitor belum memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan tindakan hukum seperti pemberian hak tanggungan sebagai jaminan kepada Bank untuk kreditnya dan bank tidak mempunyai hak untuk didahulukan dari kreditor lain atas penjualan jaminan.

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This article examines the legal implications arising from the failure to register mortgage rights, as stipulated in Credit Agreement Number 16, where mortgage rights serves as collateral. The validity of the Sale and Purchase Agreement used as collateral by debitor, Miss EF and its legal ramifications for Bank ABC as a creditor are assessed using normative juridical research methods. The provision of mortgage rights as collateral is a crucial aspect of credit agreements to safeguard the interests of the Bank. Undang- Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan atas Tanah Beserta Benda-Benda yang Berkaitan dengan Tanah, serving as the national legal framework for mortgage rights, deems the registration of collateral as the pivotal step. Registration is an absolute prerequisite for the validity of mortgage rights. However, certain credit agreements lack a subsequent creation of a Power of Attorney to Grant Mortgage Rights (SKMHT) and/or a Deed of Granting Mortgage Rights (APHT). These omissions, if not rectified through registration at the local land office to issue a Mortgage Rights certificate, mean the Mortgage Rights remains unestablished. Consequently, the bank assumes a position solely as a unsecured creditor without tangible collateral. Furthermore, in practice, the use of a Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) as the foundation for transferring land rights to be utilized as collateral for mortgage rights in credit agreements is prevalent. The rights arising from the PPJB are individual, not material, until the execution of the Deed of Sale and Purchase (AJB). Consequently, debtors lack the authority to take legal actions such as granting mortgage rights as collateral to the Bank for credit, and the bank does not possess the right to prioritize over other creditors in collateral sales. This dual lapse underscores potential legal consequences for both parties involved in credit agreements."