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"The sensation of pain is the means by which the body is made urgently aware of the presence of tissue damage. Pain represents a protective reflex for self-preservation. It is often pain that brings the patient to the dental office but also can be the factor that keeps the patient from seeking treatment at the appropriate time.Pain control is of great importance in dental practice. The clinician has to know the functional neuroanatomy, peripheral and central nervous system pathways, pain modulating system and various categories of pain of the head, neck and face. Psychological and psychosocial factors also contribute to pain, whether pain arises endogenously from pathologic processes or exogenously from trauma or even dental treatment. The dentists task is threefold: first, to establish the correct diagnosis, second to find the cause of the pain, and third to select the treatment plan that the addresses the patients complaint. By knowing the classification of orofacial pain, the clinician will easily make a diagnosis and determine the cause of the pain. After establishing the physical diagnosis it is easy then to determine the therapy to be made. The treatment in managing dental pain from pharmacotherapy is still effective using analgesic and local anesthetic drug."

"Latar Belakang : Nyeri seringkali tidak dikelola dengan adekuat pada lebih kurang separo dari semua kasus bedah. 1 Sebuah konsep baru untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri dengan pemberian analgetik sebelum munculnya stimulus nyeri , lebih efektif dibandingkan pemberian analgetik setelah munculnya stimulus nyeri. Inilah prinsip dari preemptive analgesia.1 Nyeri pasca operasi dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan blok anestesi lokal, Opioid, obat anti inflamasi non steroid, atau kombinasi dari ketiganya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian Ketorolak pra operasi pada nyeri Pasca Operasi pada pasien yang dilakukan operasi prostatektomi transuretral, di RSUP dr Sardjito Yogyakarta. Manfaat bagi pasien adalah meningkatnya kenyamanan dengan menurunnya sensasi nyeri pasca operasi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang, analitik, dan prospektif. Kami mengelompokkan pasien pembesaran prostat jinak (PPJ) dari bulan Oktober 2011 sampai Februari 2012 di RSUP dr Sardjito Yogyakarta menjadi dua. Kelompok I diberikan Ketorolak 30 mg intravena dua kali sehari , sehari sebelum operasi dan pagi hari sebelum operasi . Kelompok II tidak diberikan Ketorolak preoperatif. Pasien dilakukan operasi prostatektomi transuretral dengan anastesi spinal. Setelah 24 jam pasca operasi, kami melakukan wawancara tentang sensasi nyeri dengan menggunakan Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) . Kemudian dibandingkan antar kelompok I dan II.Hasil: Duapuluh empat pasien termasuk dalam penelitian ini dengan rerata umur 66 tahun dengan usia paling muda 45 tahun dan tertua 80 tahun (sd 8,77744). Kelompok I ( 17 pasien ) , Skor VAS 1 hingga 7 dengan median 3 dan rerata 3,4118 ( sd 1,66053 ) . Kelompok II ( 7 pasien ) Skor VAS 1 hingga 8 dengan median 3 dan rerata 3,8571 ( sd 2,8357 ). Kami menghitung secara statistik menggunakan tes Mann-Witney U dengan p 0,951.Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat perbedaan nyeri pasca operasi yang bermakna antara pasien yang dilakukan operasi prostatektomi transuretral yang diberikan Ketorolak praoperasi dan yang tidak diberikan Ketorolak pra operasi.

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Background : Pain is often not assesed adequately in about half of all surgical case. 1 There is a new concept to relief pain by administering analgesics before pain stimulus, which is more effective than when administered after pain stimulus. This is the principle of preemptive analgesia.1 Postoperative pain maybe controlled by the use of local anaesthetic block, opioids, non steroidal anti inflamatory drugs or combination of these. The aim of this study is to know the effect of preoperative Ketorolak on postoperative Transurethral Prostatectomy pain in Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. We expected to increase patients comfort by decreasing postoperative pain sensation.Methods: This is a cross sectional, analitic, prospective study. We devide BPH patients - from October 2011 until February 2012 in Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta - into two groups. Group I given Ketorolak 30 mg intravenously twice a day one day before operation day and in the morning before operation. Group II without Ketorolak preoperatively. Patient undergo Transurethral operation with spinal anaesthesia. After 24 hours ,postoperatively, we asses pain using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) . And then we compare between Group I and Group IIResult: Twenty four patients were included in this study with mean of the age is 66 years old with the youngest 45 years old and the oldest 80 years old (sd 8,77744). Group I ( 17 patients) , VAS score 1 until 7 with median 3 and mean 3,4118 ( sd 1,66053 ) . Group II ( 7 patients ) VAS score 1 until 8 with median 3 and mean 3,8571 ( sd 2,8357 ). We count it using Mann-Witney U with p 0,951.Conclusion: There is no significance difference of postoperative pain between Transurethral prostatectomy patients which administered and without Ketorolak preoperatively."

"Latar belakang: Gangguan sendi temporomandibula dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup seseorang. Belum ada penelitian yang membahas hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kualitas hidup khususnya dengan menggunakan indeks OHIP-TMD-ID dan ID-TMD di Indonesia. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kualitas hidup, hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan tingkat ekonomi, hubungan kualitas hidup dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan tingkat ekonomi. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang pada 115 subjek berusia 20-40 tahun dari pasien Klinik Integrasi RSGM Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Dilakukan pencatatan data diri subjek dan wawancara untuk pengisian kuesioner ID-TMD dan OHIP-TMD-ID. Hasil penelitian: uji analisis Man-Whitney menunjukan perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kualitas hidup. Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan antara kualitas hidup dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat ekonomi. Hasil uji analisis Chi Square menunjukan tidak perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat ekonomi. Kesimpulan: Penderita gangguan sendi temporomandibula mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup dari aspek nyeri orofacial.

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Background: Temporomandibular disorders may have an impact on quality of life. No studies have been done to analyze relationship between temporomandibular disorders and quality of life in particular by using OHIP TMD ID and ID TMD in Indonesia.

Objectives: To analyze the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and quality of life, temporomandibular disorder and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level economic level, quality of life and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level, economic level.

Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 115 subjects aged 20 40 years from patients at Integration Clinic of RSGM FKG UI. Subject rsquo s personal data were obtained and interview for ID TMD questionnare and OHIP TMD ID questionnare were conducted.

Results: Man Whitney test showed significant differences between temporomandibular disorders and quality of life. However, there are no significant differences between the quality of life and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level, economic level. Chi Square test showed no significant differences between temporomandibular disorders and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level, economic level.

Conclusion: Temporomandibular disorders patients suffered from impaired orofacial pain related quality of life. Keywords temporomandibular disorder, quality of life, OHIP TMD ID, ID TMD."

"Abstract:Provides an essential pain management injection technique. From head and neck to foot and ankle - and everywhere between - this title equips you to perform a range of clinical injection techniques with greater confidence."

"Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mebandingkan efek analgetik, efek samping, lama rawatan dan perbandingan biaya antara ketorolac intravena dengan Meloxicam oral pada pasien pasca ureterorenoskopi. Metode: Pasien yang menjalani tindakan ureterorenoskopi di Rumah Sakit Meuraxa, Banda Aceh dari bulan Juli sampai September 2017. Pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok terapi analgetik dengan ketorolac 30 mg dan kelompok Meloxicam 7,5 mg. Efek analgetik kedua kelompok diamati selama dalam rawatan di rumah sakit yang dinilai dengan Visual Analog Scale VAS . Hubungan antar variabel dinilai dengan menggunakan Chi Square dan Mann-Whitney U. Hasil: 46 pasien yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini dengan rata-rata usia 40.57 13.53 tahun, dimana 23 pasien mendapat terapi ketorolac dan 23 pasien mendapat terapi meloxicam. Lama rata-rata rawatan pada kedua kelompok pasien adalah 3.13 0.46 hari. Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada nilai VAS pada kedua kelompok analgetik baik pada rawatan hari pertama p 0.134 , kedua p 0.623 maupun ketiga p 0.529 . Komplikasi yang paling sering dikeluhkan pasien adalah mual, yang terjadi 7 30.4 pasien kelompok ketorolac dan 2 8.7 pasien kelompok meloxicam, namun tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kedua kelompok ini p 0.063 . Terdapat perbedaan yang cukup jauh pada biaya yang diperlukan untuk terapi analgetik selama dalam perawatan, dimana kelompok ketorolac rata-rata menghabiskan Rp. 162.384,00 sedangkan kelompok meloxicam sebesar Rp. 5.604,00. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kedua kelompok analgetik baik dari nilai VAS, efek samping maupun lama rawatan di rumah sakit. Namun kelompok analgetik meloxicam memerlukan biaya yang lebih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok analgetik ketorolac.

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Aim: Purpose of this study to compare analgesic effects, side effects, length of hospitalization and cost between intravenous ketorolac and oral Meloxicam in post ureterorenoscopy patients.

Methods: Patients undergoing ureterorenoscopy at Meuraxa Hospital, Banda Aceh from July to September 2017. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, analgetic therapy with ketorolac 30 mg group and the Meloxicam 7.5 mg group. The analgesic effects of both groups were observed during the hospitalization and assessed with Visual Analog Scale VAS . Association between variables were assessed using Chi Square and Mann Whitney U.

Results: Forty six patients were involved in this study with an average age of 40.57 13.53 years, 23 patients received ketorolac therapy and 23 patients received meloxicam therapy. The mean length of hospitalization in both groups was 3.13 0.46 days. There was no significant difference in VAS values in both analgesic groups on the first day p 0.134 , second day p 0.623 or third day p 0.529 . The most common side effect was nausea, which occurred in 7 30.4 patients of ketorolac group and 2 8.7 patients in the meloxicam group, but there was no significant difference in both groups p 0.063 . There is a considerable difference in the costs required for analgesic therapy during hospitalization, in which the average ketorolac group spends Rp 162.384,00 while the meloxicam group spends Rp 5.604,00.

Conclusion: There were no significant differences in both analgesic groups either from VAS values, side effects or length of hospitalization. However, the meloxicam analgesic group requires a lower cost when compared with the ketorolac group"

"Peripheral Receptor Targets for Analgesia reviews the role of peripheral receptor mechanisms in the transduction of pain, providing a framework for the development of new and effective rationally-designed analgesic drugs and therapies with and promoting further basic and clinical studies on potentially interesting peripheral receptor targets. It uniquely brings together in one text the diverse body of work on peripheral receptor mechanisms of pain. This comprehensive reference aids pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacologists, and neuroscientists developing drugs and researching pain in achieving selectivity in drug therapy for more efficient pain management."

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ABSTRACTThe AAOP Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management of Orofacial Pain is an invaluable resource for all health care professionals who evaluate and treat patients with orofacial pain and face the daunting task of "keeping up with the literature" in the rapidly emerging arena of pain management in clinical practice. This new edition continues to emphasize evidence-based knowledge and, for the first time, offers a summary of key points at the beginning of each chapter. Other important changes include an entirely new chapter on sleep and its relationship to pain and well-being; new imaging guidelines for the diagnosis of headache, TMD, and neuropathic pain; a new section on dysesthesias related to neuropathic pain; comprehensive descriptions of SUNCT/SUNA in the chapter devoted to primary headache disorders; and recommendations for quantitative sensory testing, narcotic agreement, and brief screening questionnaires used in patient assessment. Most important, the differential diagnosis and TMD chapters reflect the recommendations of the long-awaited RDC/TMD taxonomy, which will have a significant impact on clinical practice. "