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"From generation to generation over the centuries, people in all parts of the world have developed adaptive social-cultural institutions and strategies of natural resource management based on the intimate relationship they had with their environment. At present, recent global warming is threatening people’s lives. Unfortunately, climate change is a natural phenomenon which is neither easy to observe, nor to predict and anticipate accurately. In many places, local people can no longer rely on earlier experiences and existing socio-cultural institutions to adjust to unprecedented changes. We are in urgent need of specific efforts to re-interpret and enrich our knowledge of this natural phenomenon. However, this is not an easy thing to do. People from all kinds of levels and entities in society are simultaneously the cause and the victims of global warming. The problem becomes even more complicated because of various mutually-affecting dimensions like ethics, politics, power, economics, and justice. These are the ultimate challenges scholars of the social sciences and humanities need to address seriously everywhere in the world, including in Indonesia. This article addresses the arguments of what scholars in the social sciences and humanities could and should do in response to climate change. Promoting a new paradigm and ethics in dealing with climate change is urgent and improvements in approaches and research methodologies are necessary. Learning from experiences gained from the way farmers in Java respond to climate change, the author argues that interdisciplinary research across social and natural sciences, and collaborative work with target groups is a promising and significant step (although scholars will have to face many challenges and constraints)."

"Climate change is increasingly recognized as a multiplier with serious for peace and security. Leading media of the world intend to call current situation as the 'climate crisis'."

"Effect of climate change on water balance will play a key role in the biosphere system. To study the global climate change impact on water balance during 95-year period (1901-1995) long-term grid climatic data including global mean monthly temperature and precipitation at 0.5x0.5 degree resolution were analyted

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"Perubahan iklim telah menjadi tantangan besar bagi sektor pertanian di Indonesia, khususnya bagi petani kopi yang rentan terhadap variabilitas cuaca. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis regulasi yang mengatur tentang asuransi pertanian berbasis indeks cuaca khususnya untuk komoditas kopi di Indonesia dan potensi konflik antara pemegang polis (petani) dan perusahaan asuransi dalam perjanjian asuransi pertanian berbasis indeks cuaca dapat diidentifikasi dan diatasi untuk memastikan pelindungan yang adil dan efektif bagi petani. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif (doktrinal). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, dan dianalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa belum terdapat regulasi yang mengatur secara khusus asuransi berbasis indeks cuaca khususnya untuk komoditas kopi. Hal ini dapat memunculkan potensi konflik antara perusahaan asuransi dengan petani, diantaranya adalah adanya ketidaksetaraan penilaian risiko dalam penetapan indeks cuaca dan penentuan ambang batas klaim, yang dapat mengakibatkan petani kopi tidak dilindungi dengan baik dari praktik-praktik bisnis yang tidak adil atau merugikan oleh perusahaan asuransi. Temuan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi penting bagi kebijakan publik dan strategi adaptasi iklim, serta mendorong penerapan asuransi pertanian berbasis indeks cuaca yang lebih luas di Indonesia. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan selaku pengawas sektor perasuransian, diharapkan dapat menerbitkan peraturan yang dapat dijadikan dasar asuransi berbasis indeks cuaca.

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Climate change has become a major challenge for the agricultural sector in Indonesia, especially for coffee farmers who are vulnerable to weather variability. This research aims to analyse the regulations governing weather index-based agricultural insurance especially for coffee commodities in Indonesia and potential conflicts between policyholders (farmers) and insurance companies in weather index-based agricultural insurance agreements can be identified and addressed to ensure fair and effective protection for farmers. The research method used is normative juridical research method (doctrinal). The data used is secondary data, and analysed with a qualitative approach. The results showed that there is no regulation that specifically regulates weather index-based insurance, especially for coffee commodities. This can lead to potential conflicts between insurance companies and farmers, including the inequality of risk assessment in determining the weather index and determining the claim threshold, which can result in coffee farmers not being properly protected from unfair or harmful business practices by insurance companies. The findings are expected to make important contributions to public policy and climate adaptation strategies, as well as encourage wider adoption of weather index-based agricultural insurance in Indonesia. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), as the supervisor of the insurance sector, is expected to issue regulations that can be used as a basis for weather index-based insurance."