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"Dentists are often taught that 'overcure' is better than 'undercure'. Undercure is said to cause serious problem with resin composite fillings. Actually it does not always happen this way. Overcure also has several bad impacts that have never been thought before by practitioners. Researchers claim that curing time informed by resin composite manufacturers is not always correct. Filling material is not the only factor that determines the correct curing time for each filling. Light cure unit performance also plays a major role."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: LCU prototip dengan metode PWM-kombinasi dengan iradiansi sinar 800, 900, dan 1.000 mW/cm2 telah dibuat untuk mencegah kenaikan suhu pulpa akibat polimerisasi. Tujuan: Menganalisis kekerasan komposit resin yang dipolimerisasi dengan LCU berbeda iradiansi sinar. Metode: Spesimen merupakan komposit resin yang dipolimerisasi dengan LCU prototip (PWMkombinasi) beriradiansi sinar 800, 900, atau 1.000 mW/cm2 atau dengan LCU pembanding (900 mW/cm2). Kekerasan komposit resin diukur menggunakan sistem Knoop. Hasil: Kekerasan komposit resin antar kelompok berbeda bermakna (p<0,05) kecuali yang diberi iradiansi sinar 900 mW/cm2 dari LCUprototip dan LCU pembanding. Kesimpulan: Kekerasan komposit resin dipengaruhi oleh iradiansi sinar dari LCU prototip. LCU prototip atau LCU pembanding dengan iradiansi 900 mW/cm2 menghasilkan kekerasan komposit resin yang sama.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Prototype light curing unit (LCU) with PWM-combined lightirradiance of 800, 900, and 1.000 mW/cm2 was made to prevent the pulp temperature rise due to the polymerization. Objective: To analyze the hardness of resin composites polymerized by LCU different light irradiation. Methods: The specimen is resin composites polymerized by prototype LCU light irradiance 800, 900, or 1.000 mW/cm2 or with comparison LCU (900 mW/cm2). Hardness of resin composite test performed by Knoop system. Result: There is significant differences (p<0.05) among the groups except those between using the prototype LCU and comparison LCU that have irradiance of 900 mW/cm2. Conclusions: The hardness of resin composite was influenced by the irradiance of prototype LCU. The hardness of resin composite from prototype LCU is equal to those from comparison LCU irradiance of 900 mW/cm2."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh waktu penyinaran resin komposit nanofil menggunakan Light Curing Unit (LCU) LED protototipe terhadap temperatur atap pulpa gigi. Spesimen berupa 30 gigi premolar 1 rahang atas yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok dengan jumlah spesimen 10 untuk setiap kelompok. Gigi kemudian direstorasi resin komposit nanofil dan disinari menggunakan LCU LED prototipe selama 10 atau 20 detik dan komersial selama 20 detik. Pengukuran temperatur dilakukan sebelum dan setelah penyinaran resin komposit dan temperatur atap pulpa yang dihasilkan oleh LCU LED prototipe selama 10 atau 20 detik lebih rendah secara signifikan dari yang dihasilkan oleh LCU LED komersial., The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of curing duration of nanofilled composite resin by the prototype curing light on pulp roof temperature. Thirty extracted human maxillary premolars were divided into 3 groups, 10 specimens for each group. Each teeth restored using nanofilled composite resin and were cured by the prototype LED curing light in 10 or 20 seconds or the commercially available in 20 seconds as a comparison. Pulp roof temperature was measured before and after the curing process. As a result, the temperature induced by the prototype curing light in both 10 or 20 seconds were significantly lower compared to the commercially available.]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh durasi penyinaran menggunakan LED dan pemanasan awal menggunakan Micerium ENA Heat terhadap depth of cure resin komposit bulk-fill. Alat dan bahan: Enam puluh spesimen Filtek Bulk-Fill Posterior Restoratives ketebalan 4 mm dan diameter 3 mm; tanpa dan dengan pemanasan awal pada temperatur 39 C dibagi ke dalam 3 kelompok sesuai dengan durasi penyinaran 5 detik, 10 detik, dan 15 detik. Spesimen dipolimerisasi menggunakan LED Curing Unit 3MTM Elipar, 1.200 mW/cm2 dan diuji kekerasan mikro menggunakan Vickers Microhardness Tester Shimadzu, Japan untuk menghitung nilai depth of cure. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Kruskall-Wallis dan Post-Hoc Mann Whitney-U.Hasil: Adanya perbedaan yang tidak bermakna p ge;0,05 untuk nilai depth of cure pada keenam kelompok tanpa dan dengan pemanasan awal. Walaupun nilai depth of cure tersebut tidak bermakna namun telah mencapai nilai minimum yaitu ge; 80. Selain itu terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna p.

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Aim Evaluate the influence of different exposure time and pre heating on its depth of cure of bulk fill composite. Methods Sixty cylinder shaped specimens of Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restoratives 4 mm of thickness x 3 mm of diameter with and without pre heating at 39 C were divided into 3 subgroups according to exposure times 5, 10, and 15. All specimens were polymerized using LED Curing Unit 3MTM Elipar, 1.200 mW cm2 and tested using Vickers Microhardness Tester Shimadzu, Japan to determine its microhardness for calculating its depth of cure. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskall Wallis and Post Hoc Mann Whitney U test.

Results A no significant differences p ge 0,05 in depth of cure amongst the six groups of non preheated and preheated bulk fill composite. However, all of the groups have reached a minimum value of ge 80 depth of cure. Moreover, there is a significant differences in microhardness in all of the six groups of non preheated and preheated bulk fill composite and between 5 and 15 of exposure times in both groups. Conclusion Exposure times and pre heating at 39 C had an influence on microhardness of bulk fill composite."

"Latar Belakang: Resin komposit bulk-fill dapat merestorasi kavitas dengan kedalaman 4-5 mm dalam sekali penyinaran sehingga dapat mempersingkat prosedur restorasi, Polimerisasi resin komposit dapat dipengaruhi oleh suhu, termasuk suhu penyimpanan dan preheating resin komposit. Polimerisasi yang adekuat diperlukan untuk mendapatkan kekerasan permukaan yang optimal. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh suhu penyimpanan dan preheating terhadap kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill. Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk-Fill shade IVA (diameter 6 mm dan tebal 3 mm) dibuat dari 3 kelompok perlakuan yaitu resin komposit yang disimpan pada suhu ruangan 23±1°C selama 24 jam (kontrol), lemari pendingin 4±1°C selama 24 jam, dan preheating 39°C selama 10 menit. Spesimen dipolimerisasi menggunakan light curing unit LED berintensitas 1100 mW/cm2 selama 10 detik dan disimpan di inkubator pada suhu 37°C selama 24 jam. Uji kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Analisis data dengan uji statistik One-Way ANOVA dan Post Hoc Bonferroni. Hasil: Kekerasan permukaan antara kelompok perlakuan suhu penyimpanan dan preheating menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill pada suhu penyimpanan di lemari pendingin 4±1˚C lebih rendah dibandingkan di ruangan 23±1˚C, sedangkan kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill dengan suhu preheating 39˚C lebih tinggi dibandingkan penyimpanan di ruangan 23±1˚C.

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Background: Bulk-fill composite resin could be used in 4-5 mm thickness for each photo-polymerization so that it can shorten the restoration procedure time. Polymerization of composite resin can be affected by temperature, including composite resin’s storage temperature and preheating. Adequate polymerization needed to achieve optimal surface hardness or composite resin. Objective: To evaluate the influence of storage temperature and preheating on surface hardness of Bulk-fill Composite Resin. Methods: Thirty specimens of Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk-Fill shade IVA (6 mm of diameter and 3 mm of thickness) were made from 3 groups according to storage temperature and preheating of the composite: (1) room temperature 23±1°C for 24 hours (control), (2) refrigerator temperature 4±1°C for 24 hours, and (3) preheating 39°C for 10 minutes. Each specimen was polymerized using LED Curing Unit for 10 minutes with 1100 mW/cm2 intensity, then immersed in 5 ml of aquadest and kept in 37°C incubator for 24 hours. urface hardness was measured using Knoop Microhardness Tester at the top surfaces. Data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Bonferroni test. Result: There was a statistically significant difference (p0,05) of surface hardness value between all test groups. Conclusion: Surface hardness of bulk-fill composite resin at refrigerator temperature 4±1˚C are lower than room temperature 23±1˚C, while surface hardness of bulk-fill composite resin with preheating 39°C are higher than room temperature 23±1˚C."

"The use of resin composites as posterior restoratives has markedly increased over the past decade. The patients demand for better esthetics, concerns related to possible mercury toxicity from amalgam and improvements in resin composite materials have significantly contributed the popularity of these materials. Early problems related to composites included excessive wear, less of anatomic form, post operative sensitivity, secondary caries and marginal leakage. Marginal adaptation still remains an unavoidable problem for composite restoration, especially at the gingival wall of cervical or Class II restoration. In an attempt to improve marginal sealing, many techniques and lining materials have been designed. To reduce stress generated by polymerization shrinkage, applying and curing of resin composites in layers is often recommended. Using a thick adhesive layer or a low-viscosity resin may, due to its elastic properties, serve as a flexible intermediate layer and compensate for the polymerization stress created in resin composite. Flowable composites were created by retaining the same small practicle size of traditional hybrid composite but reducing the filler content and allowing the increased resin to reduce the viscosity of the mixture. Flowable composites were introduced in 1996 as liners, fissure sealants and also in tunnel preparations. They have been suggested for Class I, II, III and V cavity restorations, preventive resin restorations and composite, porcelain and amalgam repairing. Their usage as a liner under high filled resins in posterior restorations has been shown to improve the adaptation of composites and effectively achieve clinically acceptable results. This article attempts to give a broad characteristics of different types of flowable composites. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ketebalan komposit resin serat pendek KRSP dan iradiansi terhadap kekerasan dan depth of cure DoC. Dua puluh empat spesimen KRSP berbentuk silinder berdiameter 6 mm dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok ketebalan; 4 dan 5 mm n=12. Masing-masing kelompok dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yang dipolimerisasi dengan iradiansi berbeda; 1000 dan 1200 mW/cm2 n=6. Setiap spesimen dipolimerisasi selama 20 detik dengan jarak penyinaran 2 mm. Nilai kekerasan didapat melalui uji kekerasan Vickers dan DoC didapat dengan mengukur rasio kekerasan permukaan bawah terhadap permukaan atas. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik One-Way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of short fibre reinforced resin composite SFRC thickness and light curing irradiance on the hardness and depth of cure DoC . Twenty four specimens of SFRC were made into cylindrical shape with a diameter of 6 mm and divided into 2 different thickness groups 4 and 5 mm n 12. Each group was divided into another 2 different groups which was cured by different irradiance 1000 and 1200 mW cm2 n 6 . Each specimen was cured for 20s with 2 mm light curing distance. The hardness was measured by Vickers hardness test and DoC was measured by calculating a hardness ratio of the bottom to the top surface of specimens. Data were analyzed statistically by One Way ANOVA tests. The result showed significant differences."

"The aim of this study was to examine defect depths and volumes at the resin composite-dentin (R/D) interface after air polishing with different particles and spray angles. Samples were 54 dentin specimens that were formed in saucer-shaped cavities filled with resin composite. Each specimen was air polished with either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or one of two glycine (Gly) powders. The air polisher was set at angles of 90° to the interface and at 45° to the interface from both the dentin and resin composite sides. Air polishing with Gly powder produced defects with less depth and volume than NaHCO3 powder (p < 0.05). Air polishing with a spray angle of 45° to the interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects (p < 0.05) than polishing from the dentin side. Air polishing to the R/D interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects to the interface because the hardness of the resin composite was higher than that of dentin. "

"Latar belakang: Penelitian sebelumnya telah membuat LCU-LED prototip iradiansi 1000mW/cm2 dengan penyinaran 20 dan 10 detik. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh waktu penyinaran terhadap viabilitas sel dari komposit resin nanofil yang dipapar ke sel HaCaT. Metode Penelitian: Sampel berupa komposit resin nanofil yang disinar menggunakan LCU-LED prototip selama 20 atau 10 detik. Viabilitas sel diperoleh dengan pemaparan sel HaCaT pada larutan ekstrak komposit resin, dan diukur menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara viabilitas sel dari sampel yang disinar menggunakan LCU-LED prototip selama 20 dan 10 detik (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: LCU-LED prototip yang digunakan untuk menyinar komposit resin selama 20 atau 10 detik menghasilkan viabilitas sel yang sama.

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Introduction: Previous study has made LED-LCU prototype with irradiance of 1000mW/cm2 with curing time of 20 and 10 seconds.

Objective: To analyze the influence of curing time on cell viability of nanofilled composite resins which is exposed to HaCaT cell-line.

Methods: Samples of nanofilled resin composite were cured by LED-LCU prototype for 20 or 10 seconds. Cell viability was obtained by exposing HaCaT cell-line to extract solution of the samples and evaluated using MTT assay.

Results: There was no signifficant difference between cell viability of samples which cured using LED-LCU prototype for 20 and 10 seconds (p>0,05).

Conclusion: LED-LCU prototype that was used to cure resin composite for 20 or 10 seconds showed similar cell viability."

"Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan sumber sinar berbeda terhadap kekuatan tarik diametral resin komposit bulk-fill. Resin komposit bulk-fill Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill dibuat sebanyak 20 spesimen berbentuk lempeng dengan diameter 6 mm dan tebal 3 mm. Spesimen dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok yang disinari dengan sumber sinar QTH dan sumber sinar LED. Uji kekuatan tarik diametral dilakukan dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai rerata kekuatan tarik diametral resin komposit bulk-fill yang disinari sumber sinar QTH dan LED sebesar 38.62 2.34 dan 42.02 3.21. Hasil uji independent sample T menunjukkan nilai rerata pada kedua kelompok berbeda bermakna.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using different light sources on the diametral tensile strength of bulk fill resin composite. Bulk fill resin composite Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill was used to make of 20 disc shape specimens with 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. Specimens were divided into two groups, the two groups were polymerized with using QTH and LED light source curing unit. Diametral tensile strength test was conducted by using a Universal Testing Machine Shimadzu, Japan. The results showed that diametral tensile strength mean value of bulk fill resin composite that were cured with QTH and LED light source were 38.62 2.34 and 42.02 3.21 MPa respectively. Independent sample t test results showed that the mean value of the two groups was significantly different."