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"ABSTRAKUp to present, plaque control is the most effective method to maintain oral hygiene. Using chewing gum after eating food and snacks can stimulate saliva, promote remineralization and reduce potential dental plaque. To know whether using chewing gum can reduce plaque index as good as toothbrushing, thus an experimental study was performed. Sample was the first grade of junior high school students. After selection according to the requirements, the sample size was 35 students. Each sample got two different treatments. In the first day, they used chewing gum and the next day they were instructed to brush their teeth. Before and after using chewing gum and toothbrushing their dental plaque was scored. The mean of plaque score before using chewing gum was 2.24 and after using chewing gum was 1.28, statistically there was a significant difference (t=33; df=34; p,0.001). The mean of plaque score before toothbrushing was 2.26 and after toothbrushing 1.10, statistically there was a significant difference. Using chewing gum and toothbrushing can reduce plaque score, though the reduction of plaque score by toothbrushing was greater compared with using chewing gum."

"Latar Belakang: Restorasi resin komposit masih memiliki kekurangan, yaitu terjadinya kebocoran mikro akibat kontraksi saat polimerisasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kegagalan restorasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding restorasi kelas I antara RK packable (RP) dan RK flowable dengan kandungan filer tinggi (RF). Metode: Kavitas kelas I dipreparasi pada tiga puluh dua gigi premolar kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama ditumpat dengan RP, kelompok kedua dengan RF, keduanya ditumpat secara inkremental. Selanjutnya spesimen dilakukan uji thermocycling dan diikuti perendaman dalam biru metilen 1% selama 24 jam. Gigi kemudian dibelah bukolingual dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop stereo pembesaran 14x dan dinilai dalam skala ordinal (0-4). Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok RP dan RF (p=0,699). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kebocoran mikro menggunakan RP maupun RF yang ditumpat secara inkremental. Namun secara substansi, RF menunjukkan kebocoran mikro lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan RP.

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Background: Composite resins undergo contraction during polymerization which may result in microleakage and leads to restoration failure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the microleakage of Class I restorations that were filled with packable composite (RP) and high filler flowable composite (RF) incrementally.

Methods: Standardized Class-I cavities were prepared on 32 extracted human premolars and randomly assigned into two groups. The first group were filled with RP and the second group were filled with RF. The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned bucco-ligually and evaluated for microleakage under 14x magnification stereomicroscope and scored in ordinal scale (0-4). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between group RP and RF (p=0.699).

Conclusion: There is no significance difference between microleakage by RP and RF. But substantially, RF provided less microleakage than RP."

"Latar Belakang: Kerapatan pengisian saluran akar merupakan hal yang penting bagi kesuksesan perawatan saluran akar. Pengambilan gutaperca dan preparasi pasak pada restorasi gigi pasca PSA dapat mengganggu kerapatan bahan pengisi yang tersisa. Siler saluran akar sebaiknya dapat mempertahankan kerapatan bahan pengisi setelah dilakukan pembuangan gutaperca dan preparasi pasak. Siler epoksi telah digunakan secara luas karena memiliki sifat adhesif dan kerapatan yang baik dengan dinding saluran akar. Baru-baru ini siler MTA juga telah dikembangkan dan dikatakan memiliki sifat adhesif dan kerapatan yang baik. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kerapatan sepertiga apeks pengisian saluran akar dengan siler epoksi dan siler MTA setelah dilakukan preparasi pasak. Metode: Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan pada empat puluh gigi manusia dengan saluran akar tunggal dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak, yaitu kelompok siler epoksi (SE) dan siler MTA (SM). Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan dengan ProTaper rotary, dan irigasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA cair 17%. Preparasi pasak dengan peeso reamer dilakukan 7 hari pasca pengisian dengan menyisakan bahan pengisi sepanjang 5 mm di bagian apeks. Kerapatan sisa bahan pengisi diukur dengan menghitung penetrasi tinta pada sampel yang telah ditransparansi. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mikroskop stereo perbesaran 20 kali. Skor 1 untuk penetrasi tinta 0-0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi tinta 0,51-1mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi tinta >1 mm. Hasil: Data penetrasi tinta pada kelompok SE: skor 1 sebanyak 35%, skor 2 sebanyak 30%, dan skor 3 sebanyak 35%. Sedangkan pada kelompok SM skor 1 sebanyak 25%, skor 2 sebanyak 30%, dan skor 3 sebanyak 45%. Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kerapatan yang tidak bermakna antara kelompok SE dan SM. Kesimpulan: Pengisian sepertiga apeks pasca preparasi pasak pada kelompok siler epoksi lebih rapat dibandingkan kelompok siler MTA, namun keduanya tidak berbeda bermakna.

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Background: Root canal obturation sealing ability is an important part of endodontic success. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth may sometimes need post and core. Post preparation procedure requires partial removal of the root canal filling to prepare adequate space for the post and retention of the intra canal post. Root canal sealer should be able to maintain obturation seal. Epoxy sealer has been widely used because its adhesive properties and sealing ability. Recently MTA sealer has also been developed and according to the manufacturer, MTA sealer also has adhesive properties and good sealing ability.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the sealing ability of apical third of the root canal a with epoxy sealer and MTA sealer after post preparation.

Methods: Root canal preparation was performed on forty human teeth with a crown down technique; irrigation with 2,5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, and lubrication with RC-Prep were used. The canals were then filled with gutta-percha and root canal sealer utilizing a cold lateral condensation technique. MTA Fillapex or AH-Plus were used in the experimental groups. The teeth were cleared with Robertson technique and examined under a stereomicroscope. Post preparation was performed with peeso reamer 7 days after obturation. Residual seal was measured by counting dye leakage. Observations were made with a stereo microscope magnification of 20 times. Score 1 for ink penetration 0-0.5 mm, a score of 2 to 0.51 - 1mm dye leakage, and a score of 3 for dye leakage > 1 mm.

Results: Dye leakage on the SE group: score1 : 35 %, score 2: 30 %, and score 3: 35 %. While the SM group: score 1: 25 %, score 2: 30 %, and score 3: 45 %. Chi-Square test showed no significant differences in density between the SE and SM group.

Conclusion: Dye leakage demonstrated that SE group show less leakage than SM group. Chi-Square test show there is no significant difference between both group."

"Latar Belakang:.Pembedahan kepala dan leher merupakan tindakan yang kompleks dan penuh tantangan karena berhubungan dengan pencernaan dan pernapasan. Dengan angka kejadian komplikasi yang cukup tinggi yaitu 17%, dibutuhkan tolok ukur yang dapat memprediksi komplikasi pascabedah terutama di bidang bedah mulut dan maksilofasial. Sistem skoring APACHE II pada penelitian terdahulu terbukti efektif dalam memprediksi kejadian komplikasi pascabedah reseksi dan rekonstruksi mandibula. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui efektivitas sistem skoring APACHE II sebagai prediktor komplikasi pascabedah reseksi dan rekosntruksi tumor jinak mandibula. Metode Penelitian: Studi retrospektif tahun 2015 – 2020 pada subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data diambil dari rekam medis pasien baik tertulis maupun digital. Analisis variabel kategorik dengan Uji Chi Square. Uji Mann-Whitney U untuk perbandingan rerata skor dua kelompok. Efektivitas skor APACHE II dinilai berdasarkan kurva ROC dan luas area dibawah kurva. Hasil: Dari 62 subjek penelitian, sebanyak 6 responden (9.7%) mengalami komplikasi pascabedah. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara semua variabel independen yang duji dengan peningkatan skor APACHE II (nilai p > 0.05). Rerata skor pada kelompok komplikasi lebih tinggi (4.83) namun pada Uji Mann-Whitney U nilai p > 0.05. Analisis ROC pada studi ini memiliki sensitivitas 50% dan spesifisitas 78.6% dengan nilai cut off point 5.5 dan luas area dibawah kurva ROC sebesar 0.558. Kesimpulan: Sistem skoring APACHE II terbukti efektif dalam memprediksi kejadian komplikasi pascabdedah reseksi dan rekonstruksi tumor jinak mandibula.

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Background: Head and neck surgery is a complex and challenging procedure because it affect the digestion and respiration organ system. With a fairly high incidence of complications, namely 17%, an indicator is needed to predict postoperative

complications, especially in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The APACHE II scoring system in a previous study proved to be effective in predicting the incidence of postoperative complications after mandibular resection and reconstruction. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the APACHE II scoring system as a predictor of postoperative complications of mandibular resection and reconstruction of benign tumors. Methods: Retrospective study on subjects who met the inclusion criteria in the period of 2015 – 2020. The data is collected from the patient's medical record, both written and digital. Categorical variable is being analyze with Chi Square Test. While Mann-Whitney U test analyzing the comparison of the mean scores of the two groups. The effectiveness of the APACHE II score was assessed based on the ROC curve and the area under the curve. Results: Of the 62 research subjects, 6 respondents (9.7%) experienced postoperative complications. There was no significant difference between all tested independent variables with an increase in the APACHE II score (p value > 0.05). The mean score in the complication group was higher (4.83) but in the Mann-Whitney U test the p value was > 0.05. The ROC analysis in this study has a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 78.6% with a cut off point value of 5.5 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.558. Conclusion: The APACHE II scoring system proved to be effective in predicting the incidence of postoperative complications after surgical resection and reconstruction of benign mandibular tumors."

"Latar Belakang: Kasus bencana yang diakibatkan oleh alam dan manusia di Indonesia menimbulkan banyak korban jiwa. Terdapat usia kritis yang terkait dengan undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan usia. Dibutuhkan metode yang paling baik dalam uji estimasi usia, sehingga perlu dicari metode uji estimasi usia yang akurat untuk di Indonesia. TCI-Khoman baru dikemukakan pada tahun 2015, estimasi usia pada metode ini menggunakan gigi insisivus, kaninus, premolar, dan molar pada radiograf periapikal yang  hasilnya belum pernah dibandingkan dengan metode estimasi usia yang sudah ada. Metode atlas Blenkin-Taylor merupakan metode estimasi usia dengan menggunakan atlas tahap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi usia prenatal hingga 25 tahun  pada pria dan wanita, populasinya pada Australia Modern dengan menggunakan radiograf panoramik atau sefalometrik yang telah digunakan sebagai acuan tahap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi di dunia. Sehingga dibutuhkan penelitian untuk membandingkan antara hasil estimasi usia menggunakan metode TCI-Khoman yang baru ditemukan, dengan metode atlas Blenkin-Taylor yang sudah menjadi acuan di dunia. Tujuan: Menganalisis keakuratan metode estimasi usia menggunakan rumus TCI-Khoman dibandingkan dengan metode atlas Blenkin-Taylor pada gigi insisivus, kaninus, premolar, dan molar di Indonesia dalam rentang usia 8-25 tahun. Metode: Pengujian estimasi usia pada 123 sampel dengan menggunakan rumus TCI-Khoman kemudian dibandingkan dengan estimasi usia menggunakan metode atlas Blenkin-Taylor. Hasil: Metode TCI-Khoman dapat menggunakan radiograf periapikal maupun panoramik. Hasil perbandingan antara estimasi usia dengan menggunakan metode TCI-Khoman dan atlas Blenkin-Taylor tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna. Hasil perbandingan antara usia kronologis dengan masing-masing metode estimasi usia TCI-Khoman dan atlas Blenkin-Taylor tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna. Kesimpulan: Uji estimasi usia menggunakan metode TCI-Khoman dengan metode atlas Blenkin-Taylor pada rentang usia 8-25 tahun sama-sama dapat digunakan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan radiograf panoramik.

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Background: Cases of human or natural disasters in Indonesia have caused many victims. There is a critical age associated with laws relating to age. The best method for age estimation is needed, so it is necessary to find an accurate age estimation for Indonesian people. TCI-Khoman discovered in 2015, the age estimation in this method uses incisor, canine, premolar, and molar teeth on periapical radiographs whose results have never been compared with existing age estimation methods. The Blenkin-Taylor Atlas method using atlas order of eruption between prenatal age to 25 years old in men and women with Modern Australian population uses panoramic or cephalometric radiographs that have been used as a reference for tooth development and eruption atlas in the world. So the research is needed to compare the results of age estimation using the newly discovered TCI-Khoman method, with the Blenkin-Taylor atlas method that has become a reference in the world. Objectives: To analyze the accuracy of the age estimation method using the TCI-Khoman formula in incisor, canine, premolar, and molar  teeth compared to the Blenkin-Taylor atlas method in Indonesia in the age range of 8-25 years. Methods: Testing age estimations in 123 samples using the TCI-Khoman formula then compared with age estimation using the Blenkin-Taylor atlas method. Results: The TCI-Khoman method can use in both periapical and panoramic radiographs. The results of the comparison between age estimations using the TCI-Khoman method and Blenkin-Taylor atlas did not show significant difference. The results of the comparison between actual age between each TCI-Khoman age estimation method and Blenkin-Taylor atlas did not show significant differences. Conclusion: Both age estimation methods, TCI-Khoman method and Blenkin-Taylor atlas method, in the age range of 8-25 years can be used in Indonesia using a panoramic radiograph."

"Provides a basic knowledge of anatomy with information presented in a simple way to help students easily remember important facts about the human body. The book discusses all branches of anatomy, such as general embryology, embryology of the head and neck, tissue histology, neuroanatomy, and clinical anatomy"

"Latar Belakang: Mahkota tiruan penuh metal porselen masih sering digunakan karena mempunyai kelebihan dibandingkan dengan mahkota tiruan penuh all-porcelain yaitu mempunyai sifat mekanis metal dan sifat estetis porselen. Jenis base metal alloy yang sering digunakan adalah Nickel-Chromium dan Cobalt-chromium. Cobalt-chromium lebih disarankan digunakan sebagai coping mahkota tiruan penuh metal porselen karena mempunyai sifat biokompatibilitas yang baik pada pasien dengan alergi Nikel. Ketepatan tepi servikal merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan suatu mahkota tiruan penuh metal porselen dari faktor biologis. Tujuan: Untuk mengukur besarnya celah antara tepi servikal gigi subyek yang telah dipreparasi dengan tepi servikal mahkota tiruan penuh metal porselen dengan coping Co-Cr sebelum dan sesudah proses pembakaran porselen. Metode: Subjek adalah 16 pasien yang memerlukan perawatan dengan mahkota tiruan penuh metal porselen di RSKGM FKG Universitas Indonesia yang diambil secara consecutive sampling. Pengukuran celah tepi servikal marginal gap pada tiap mahkota tiruan penuh metal porselen dengan coping Co-Cr sebelum dan sesudah proses pembakaran porselen dilakukan pada empat titik, yaitu bukal, distal, mesial, palatal dengan mikroskop optik Olympus BX41 dengan perbesaran 50x. Hasil: Uji statistik diperoleh nilai p

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Background: Metal porcelain crown is still commonly used because of the strength properties of the metal and the esthetic of the porcelain. Base metal alloys that used as copings of metal porcelain crowns are nickel chromium and cobalt chromium. Cobalt chromium is preferable because it has better biocompatibility for patients that have allergy to nickel. Marginal gap is one of the important factor that determine the success of a metal porcelain crowns.

Objective: To measure the marginal gap between the cervical margin of the prepared tooth and the cervical margin of metal porcelain crown with Co Cr coping before and after porcelain firing.

Method: The subjects are sixteen teeth that need to be treated with metal porcelain crowns at RSKGM Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia by using consecutive sampling method. Marginal gap of metal porcelain crowns with Co Cr coping, before and after porcelain firing are measured with the impression replica technique at four surfaces, buccal, mesial, distal palatal using optic microscope Olympus BX41 with a magnification of 50x.

Result: Statistical analyses reveals that there is significant difference p"

"Konsumsi jus jeruk terus meningkat dengan kehadiran jus jeruk dalam kemasan. Belum banyak penelitian yang dilakukan mengenai efek jus ini dibanding jus jeruk segar terhadap gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan penurunan pH plak setelah konsumsi jus jeruk kemasan dan jus jeruk segar. Metode: Subjek diberikan 3 perlakuan: mengonsumsi jus jeruk kemasan, jus jeruk segar, jus lemon segar. Nilai pH plak kemudian diukur setelah 1-30 menit. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna penurunan nilai pH plak 1-10 menit setelah konsumsi jus jeruk kemasan, jus jeruk segar, jus lemon segar Kesimpulan: Penurunan pH plak setelah konsumsi jus jeruk kemasan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan jus jeruk segar.

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Orange juice consumption has been increased with the presence of commercially orange juice. There had been little study about the effect of this juice compared to fresh fruit juice on human teeth.

Objective: To know the difference of pH dental plaque reduction, after consumption of commercially orange juice and fresh orange juice.

Methods: Subjects were given three treatments: consuming commercially orange juice, fresh orange juice, and fresh lemon juice. pH dental plaque was measured after 1-30 minutes

Results: The difference of pH dental plaque reduction is statistically significant after 1-10 minutes consuming commercially orange juice, fresh orange juice, fresh lemon juice.

Conclusion: The reduction of pH dental plaque was greater after consumption of commercially orange juice than after fresh orange juice."

"The present study investigated the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on serum level of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCLA), which are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in periodontal patients. Twenty volunteers (11 females and 9 males) with the mean age of 40.55 years participated in this study. Generalized chronic periodontitis was diagnosed through clinical periodontal examination at baseline visit. This examination included measuring the probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. Plaque index and gingival index were also recorded. After baseline examination, all the subjects received full-mouth non-surgical periodontal treatment. Subjects returned for a final visit 6 weeks after the last session of scaling for reevaluation of the periodontal parameters. At baseline and final visits 2 ml of venous blood was collected from each patient and an available commercially enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for analyzing aCLA (IgM and IgG). The collected data were analyzed using the paired sample t test. Mean levels of both forms of aCLA, before and after treatment, showed statistically significant difference (P = 0.003 for IgM and P = 0.001 for IgG). In addition, study results showed significant reductions in periodontal parameters after non-surgical periodontal therapy (P < 0.001). The results of this study suggested that successful periodontal therapy can improve the serum level of one of the inflammatory biomarkers involved in the cardiovascular problems."