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"ABSTRAKBased on the content of the galangal's essential oil which can be used as antimicroorganism, analgesic, and antiseptic characterized with inhibiting and destructing microorganism life process, it is predicted that there is a possibility of essential oil can be used for anti-inflammatory agent. Nitric-oxide (NO) is an unstable gas produced by cell such as macrophage and has the function as antimicroorganism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether essential oil of galangal components has an effect to the macrophage NO production, which stimulated by LPS E. coli.The both curative and preventive analysis using ANOVA showed that the NO productions differences were significant (p< 0,01). This study showed that the NO levels produced by murine macrophages induced by LPS E. coli were suppressed by essential oil in a dose dependent fashion, suggesting anti-inflammatory activities. Curatively, increased doses of the essential oil resulted in increased its anti-inflammatory functions. Five micro liter of the essential oil was preventively the most concentration as anti inflammation."

"Ksantorizol merupakan salah satu senyawa yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan sintesis dan uji aktivitas derivat ksantorizol sebagai inhibitor produksi nitrit oksida (NO) pada sel RAW 264,7. Sebanyak empat senyawa derivat ksantorizol telah berhasil disintesis dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, NMR dan HR-MS serta dilakukan uji aktivitas penghambatan NO menggunakan sel RAW 264,7 yang telah distimulasi menggunakan LPS. Esterifikasi ksantorizol (senyawa 1) dilakukan pada tahap pertama menghasilkan senyawa 2a dan gugus senyawa 2b dengan rendemen hasil sintesis masing-masing sebesar 58,49 % dan 63.2%. Selanjutnya senyawa 2a dan 2b dioksidasi menggunakan kalium permanganat menjadi senyawa 3a dan 3b dengan rendemen masing-masing 51,92% dan 43,78%. Hasil uji senyawa 1 ,2a ,3a, 3b dan sodium diklofenak sebagai kontrol positif masing-masing mempunyai nilai IC50 penghambatan produksi NO sebesar 31,82; 73,85; 354,05; 97,19; dan 78,43 µM, sedangkan untuk senyawa 2b tidak menunjukkan aktivitas terhadap penghambatan produksi NO. Uji sitotoksisitas senyawa 1 ,2a ,2b ,3a, 3b dan sodium diklofenak mempunyai nilai LD50 sebesar 30,97; 65,15; 31,15; 117,86; 53,40; dan 51,67 µM. Senyawa 2a, 3a, dan 3b aktivitasnya lebih rendah untuk menghambat produksi NO ketika dibandingkan ksantorizol (senyawa 1). Hasil uji sitotoksisitas menunjukkan senyawa 2a, 3a dan 3b mempunyai toksisitas lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ksantorizol.

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Xanthorrhizol is one of the compounds as anti-inflammatory activity. This experiment aimed were to synthesize xanthorrhizols derivate and examine their activity as inhibitory of nitric oxide (NO) production. Thus, four derivatives of xanthorrhizol were synthesized and characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR and 12C-NMR, HR-MS, as well as investigated their anti-inflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells LPS induced. The first stage of synthesis produced compounds, namely 2a and 2b yielding 58, 49 % and 63,26%, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2a and 2b were oxidised using potassium permanganate, constructing compounds 3a and 3b yielding 51,92% and 43,78, respectively. The result revealed that compound 1, 2a, 3a, and 3b as well as diclofenac sodium, a positive control, had IC50 values of NO production, showing 31,82, 73,85, 354,05, 97,19 and 78,43 M, respectively. While for compound 2b, it didnt show activity. Cytotoxicity assay of compounds 1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and diclofenac sodium pointed the LD50 values, resulting 30,97, 65,15, 31,15, 117,86, 53,40, and 51,67 µM, respectively. Compound 2a, 3a and 3b showed lesser activity to inhibit NO production when compared with xanthorrhizol (compound 1). The result of the cytotoxicity tests implicated that compound 2a, 3a and 3b had a lower activity than xanthorrhizol. "

"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the essential oil of Kaempheria galangal as an anti-inflammatory agent, by evaluating its effect on interleukin 1B (IL-1B ???), produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli stimulated macrophages. Macrophage cells were stimulated with LPS E. coli and essential oil of Kaempheria galangal at concentrations of 3 ul/ml, 1.5 ul/ml, 0.75 ul/ml and 0.25 ul/ml. All of the treatment groups were incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2 for 24 hours. The concentrations of IL-1B supernatant were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed significant differences between the treatment groups (p<0.05). This study indicates that the essential oil of Kaempheria galangal suppressed IL-1B produced by LPS E. coli stimulated macrophage cells."

"Asam salisilat memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi dan antioksidan, namun dapat menimbulkan efek samping pada saluran cerna. Modifikasi gugus karboksilat senyawa tersebut menjadi turunan amida dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi kekurangannya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa analog salisilamida, 2‐hidroksi‐N‐(piridin‐2‐il)benzamida (1) dan turunan basa Mannich-nya (2a-f). Berdasarkan hasil uji aktivitas anti-inflamasi in vitro dengan metode penghambatan denaturasi protein, senyawa hasil sintesis menunjukkan aktivitas anti-inflamasi dengan hasil uji IC50 pada rentang = 0,118-0,434 mM. Aktivitas tersebut lebih rendah dibandingkan piroksikam yang digunakan sebagai senyawa standar (IC50 = 0,0073 mM). Senyawa 2e, 2‐hidroksi‐N‐(piridin‐2‐il)benzamida tersubstitusi basa Mannich 2,6-dimetilmorfolin merupakan senyawa paling tinggi aktivitasnya. Energi ikatan (DG) yang diperoleh dari studi penambatan molekul adalah -8,49 kkal/mol pada reseptor COX-1 (PDB ID: 1EQG) dan -8,92 kkal/mol pada reseptor COX-2 (PDB ID: 5KIR). Pengujian antioksidan dengan metode DPPH diperoleh rentang IC50 = 0,63-12,90 mM, sedangkan dengan metode FRAP diperoleh EC50 antara 0,68-0,91 mM. Semua senyawa hasil sintesis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan standar asam askorbat (metode DPPH, IC50= 0,0021 mM; metode FRAP, EC50= 0,008 mM).

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Salicylic acid is a natural active substance known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, but it has side effects in gastrointestinal tract. The modification of its carboxylic groups into amide derivatives can be a solution to overcome its weakness. In this study we synthesized salicylamide analog, 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(pyridine‐2-yl)benzamide (1) and its Mannich base derivatives (2a-f). Based on an in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity test using the inhibition protein denaturation method, the synthesized compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity. The IC50 obtained was in the range of 0.118-0.434 mM. The activity was lower than piroxicam used as a standard compound (IC50 = 0.0073 mM). Compound 2e, 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(pyridine‐2-yl)benzamide substituted by 2,6-dimethylmorpholin Mannich base, showed the highest activity with IC50= 1.18 mM. The binding energy (DG) obtained from molecular docking study was -8.49 kcal/mol and -8.92 kcal/mol for COX-1 and COX-2 receptors (PDB ID: 1EQG and 5KIR) protein target respectively. The antioxidant activity using DPPH test was obtained with IC50 in the range of 0.63-12.90 mM, while using the FRAP method EC50 in the range of 0.68-0.91 mM. All the synthesized compounds had lower antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid used as a standard (DPPH method, IC50 = 0.0021 mM; FRAP methode, EC50 = 0.008 mM)"

"ABSTRAKAsam kojat merupakan asam organik yang memiliki banyak kegunaan diantaranya sebagai antibakteri, antifungal, antimelanosis, dan agen pengkelat, yang dihasilkan melalui fermentasi kapang genus Aspergillus dan Penicillium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang optimal pada fermentasi menggunakan Aspergillus oryzae dengan melakukan optimasi medium dan kondisi fermentasi secara bertahap. Kadar asam kojat ditentukan dengan metode KLT densitometri dengan detektor UV pada panjang gelombang 318 nm. Kombinasi sukrosa dan yeast extract dipilih sebagai sumber karbon dan nitrogen terbaik dari sembilan variasi medium dengan jumlah asam kojat yang dihasilkan sebesar 1,5425 g/L. Keasaman medium yang paling optimum adalah pada pH 4,5 dibandingkan dengan pH 3,5 dan 5,5 dengan hasil asam kojat sebesar 1,7127 g/L. Fermentasi pada suhu 35 C menunjukkan kadar asam kojat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada suhu ruang. Optimasi kondisi aerasi dilakukan dengan empat variasi volume medium dimana medium dengan volume 100 ml menghasilkan asam kojat dengan jumlah tertinggi yaitu 1,6472 g/L.. Hasil optimasi yang paling baik memiliki nilai yield sebesar 0,0370 gg-1.

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ABSTRACTKojic acid is an organic acid that has many uses such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimelanosis, and chelating agent, which is produced by fermentation of genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. This study aimed to obtain optimal conditions on fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae by optimizing the medium and fermentation conditions gradually. Levels of kojic acid were determined by the method of TLC densitometry with UV detector at 318 nm wavelength. The combination of sucrose and yeast extract was chosen as the best source of carbon and nitrogen from nine medium variations with the amount of kojic acid produced at 1.5425 g L. The optimum acidity of the medium is at pH 4.5 in which 1.7127 g L of kojic acid produced, compared to medium with pH value of 3.5 and 5.5. Fermentation at 35 C indicates higher kojic acid production compared to room temperature. Optimization of aeration conditions was performed with four variations of medium volume where medium with 100 ml volume produced the highest amount of kojic acid at 1.6472 g L. The most optimum result has a yield value of 0.0370 gg 1."

"Natrium diklofenak termasuk anti-inflamasi non-steroid (OAINS) dengan efek samping iritatif terhadap lambung sehingga perlu dibuat sistem pelepasan zat aktif ditunda. Tablet lepas tunda memerlukan polimer bersifat pH dependent, seperti hidroksipropil metil selulosa ftalat (HPMCP). Masalah yang dapat terjadi pada tablet salut, yaitu retakan di lapisan penyalut akibat ketidakelastisan polimer akan pemuaian akibat pemanasan. Diperlukan penambahan plasticizer yang kompatibel terhadap polimer untuk menambah keelastisannya, seperti triasetin dan trietil sitrat. Penelitian ini berfokus dalam mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan trietil sitrat ataupun triasetin terhadap adanya cracking serta efeknya terhadap pelepasan obat pada variasi weight gain tertentu. Dilakukan metode penyalutan, yaitu formula HPMCP atau HP (F1) ; HPMCP-Triasetin atau HP-TRI (F2) ; HPMCP-Trietil Sitrat atau HP-TEC (F3) ; dan HPMCP-Triasetin-Trietil Sitrat atau HP-TRI-TEC (F4) yang akan dibuat dalam variasi weight gain 8%, 10%, dan 12%. Morfologi cracking dievaluasi dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hasil evaluasi SEM tidak ditemukan cracking dan kekasaran lapisan penyalut tablet, yaitu F1 > F3 > F4 > F2. Semua formula dan variasi weight gain-nya memenuhi syarat pelepasan obat di medium asam maupun basa. Jadi, penggunaan polimer HPMCP saja sudah mampu menahan pelepasan obat di kondisi asam dan penambahan plasticizer triasetin dan trietil sitrat mampu memperhalus morfologi lapisan penyalut tablet salut enterik.

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Sodium diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with gastric irritative, necessitating the development of a delayed-release drug delivery system. This system require a pH-dependent polymer, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP). A problem that can occur is cracking in the coating layer due to the polymer's lack of elasticity during expansion caused by heating. To enhance its elasticity, the addition of a compatible plasticizer is needed, such as triacetin and triethyl citrate. This study focuses on evaluating the influence of adding triethyl citrate or triacetin on the occurrence of cracking and its effects on drug release at specific weight gain variations. The coating methods used include HPMCP or HP (F1), HPMCP-Triacetin or HP-TRI (F2), HPMCP-Triethyl Citrate or HP-TEC (F3), and HPMCP-Triacetin-Triethyl Citrate or HP-TRI-TEC (F4). These formulations will be made with variations of weight gain at 8%, 10%, and 12%. Cracking morphology will be evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM evaluation results showed no cracking and the surface roughness are F1 > F3 > F4 > F2. All formulations and their weight gain met the requirements for drug release in both acidic and basic media. Therefore, the use of HPMCP polymer alone is already capable of controlling drug release in acidic conditions, and the addition of triacetin and triethyl citrate plasticizers can further smoothen the morphology."

"Infeksi virus dengue (DENV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Menurut data CDC, diseluruh dunia terdapat sekitar 400 juta kasus DENV dengan 40.000 jiwa setiap tahunnya. Keparahan infeksi DENV berkaitan dengan jumlah viral load yang tinggi dan badai sitokin yang disebabkan oleh inflamasi berlebih. Sampai saat ini tidak ada antivirus spesifik digunakan untuk DENV, sementara itu penggunaan obat anti inflamasi untuk DENV terbatas hanya untuk pasien dengan gejala klinis berat. Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat telah dilaporkan sebagai drug repurposing yang dapat menghambat replikasi DENV, namun apakah kedua obat ini memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi yang disebabkan oleh infeksi DENV belum dikaji lebih lanjut. Aktivitas antivirus favipiravir dan kina sulfat dianalisis melalui nilai IC50 dan CC50 terhadap DENV serotipe-1 (DENV-1) pada sel Vero. Ekspresi relatif sitokin TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 dan faktor transkripsi NFkB dianalisis dari PBMC donor sehat yang diinfeksikan DENV-1 dengan pemberian Favipiravir atau Kina Sulfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IC50 dan CC50 untuk Favipiravir sebesar 2,72 ug/mL dan 156,78 ug/mL dengan nilai SI 58, sementara IC50 dan CC50 Kina Sulfat sebesar 14,97 ug/mL dan 85,2 ug/mL dengan nilai SI 5,69. Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat mampu menurunkan ekspresi IL-6 dan IL-10, namun menginduksi ekspresi TNF-a dan faktor transkripsi NFkB pada dua skema uji infeksi DENV-1 dengan atau tanpa antibodi. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Favipirafir memiliki aktivitas antivirus dengue yang lebih baik dibandingkan Kina Sulfat sementara peranan Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat sebagai anti-inflamasi infeksi DENV masih memerlukan studi lebih lanjut.

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Dengue virus (DENV) infection is still a global health problem in the world, including Indonesia. According to CDC data, worldwide there are around 400 million DENV cases with 40,000 deaths each year. The severity of DENV infection is related to the high viral load and cytokine storm caused by excessive inflammation. Until now there is no specific antiviral used for DENV, meanwhile the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for DENV is limited to patients with severe clinical symptoms. Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate have been reported as repurposing drugs that can inhibit DENV replication, but whether these two drugs have anti-inflammatory activity caused by DENV infection has not been studied further. The antiviral activity of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate was analyzed through IC50 and CC50 values against DENV serotype-1 (DENV-1) on Vero cells. The relative expression of cytokines TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 and the transcription factor NFkB was analyzed from PBMCs of healthy donors infected with DENV-1 with the addition of Favipiravir or Quinine Sulfate. The results showed that the IC50 and CC50 for Favipiravir were 2,72 ug/mL and 156,78 ug/mL with an SI value of 58, while the IC50 and CC50 of Quinine Sulfate were 14,97 ug/mL and 85,2 ug/mL with an SI value 5,69. Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate were able to reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-10, but induced the expression of TNF-a and the transcription factor NFkB in two DENV-1 infection test schemes with or without ADE. From this study it can be concluded that Favipiravir has better dengue antiviral activity than Quinine Sulfate, while the role of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate as an anti-inflammatory for DENV infections still requires further study. From this study, it can be concluded that Favipiravir has better dengue antiviral activity than Quinine Sulfate while the role of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate as anti-inflammatory of DENV infection still requires further study."

"Ketoprofen merupakan obat antiinflamasi yang memiliki kelarutan di dalam air yang rendah. Pada umumnya ketoprofen diberikan secara oral. Namun, memiliki kelemahan yaitu dapat terjadi metabolisme lintas pertama dan pendarahan gastrointestinal. Maka dari itu untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, dapat diberikan secara transdermal yaitu dengan dissolving microneedle. Selain itu, untuk meningkatkan kelarutan dari ketoprofen diperlukan metode yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan seperti co-grinding. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memformulasikan dan mengkarakterisasi dissolving microneedle yang mengandung co-grinded ketoprofen. Co-grinded ketoprofen diformulasikan dengan PVA atau PVP dan dilanjutkan karakterisasi yang meliputi spektrofotometri FTIR, analisis difraksi sinar-X, analisis termal, dan uji disolusi. Co-grinded ketoprofen dikombinasikan dengan polimer PVA dan/atau PVA lalu dimasukkan ke dalam dissolving microneedle dan dilakukan evaluasi yang meliputi kekuatan mekanis, kehilangaan massa air selama pengeringan, uji kemampuan insersi, dan uji pelarutan jarum. Berdasarkan hasil uji disolusi co-grinded ketoprofen yang terpilih adalah ketoprofen : PVA = 1 : 2 dengan profil disolusi tertinggi yaitu 99,62 ± 1.56% pada menit ke-60. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa formula dissolving microneedle F8 (5% PVA + 15% PVP) dan F11 (7,5% PVA + 15% PVP) dapat diformulasikan dalam dissolving microneedle yang memberikan kekuatan mekanik yang baik yaitu dengan persentase pengurangan tinggi jarum 0,58 ± 0,21% untuk F8 dan 1,26 ± 0,56 untuk F11, mampu membentuk lubang >25% pada lapisan ketiga parafilm, serta waktu pelarutan jarum pada menit ke-10 untuk F8 dan pada menit ke 22,5 untuk F11.

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Ketoprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug that has low water solubility. In general, ketoprofen is given orally. However, it has disadvantages such as first pass metabolism and gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, to overcome this, it can be given transdermally, namely by dissolving microneedle. In addition, to increase the solubility of ketoprofen, co-grinding is a method that can be used. The purpose of this study was to formulate and characterize dissolving microneedles containing co-grinded ketoprofen. Co-grinded ketoprofen is formulated in combination with PVA or PVP and characterization is continued using FTIR spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, and dissolution test. Co-grinded ketoprofen was combined with PVA and/or PVA polymer and then put into a dissolving microneedle. The evaluation that is carried out includes mechanical strength, loss of drying, insertion test, and in skin dissolution. Based on the results of the co-grinded ketoprofen dissolution test, the selected ketoprofen : PVA = 1: 2 with the highest dissolution profile was 99.62 ± 1.56% at 60 minutes. It can be said that the dissolving microneedle formula F8 (5% PVA + 15% PVP) and F11 (7.5% PVA + 15% PVP) can be formulated in dissolving microneedle which provides good mechanical strength by reducing the number of needles by 0.58 ± 0 .21% for F8 and 1.26 ± 0.56 for F11, capable of forming holes >25% in the third layer of parafilm, as well as needle coating time at 10 minutes for F8 and at 22.5 minutes for F11."

"COVID-19 menunjukkan berbagai manifestasi klinis dengan tingkat keparahan berkaitan dengan peningkatan mediator inflamasi yang tidak terkendali. Sebagai terapi potensial COVID-19, penelitian tentang efek imunomodulator SPM telah berlangsung. Penggunaan sekretom SPM memiliki kelebihan daripada penggunaan SPM itu sendiri. Namun demikian, mekanisme dimana sekretom memberikan efek imunomodulatornya sebagai agen terapeutik untuk COVID-19 masih belum jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai apakah komponen sekretom SPM-TP mampu mengubah karakteristik inflamatorik dari sel-sel imun dengan melakukan studi in vitro dari inkubasi darah lengkap dengan sekretom yang kemudian dipaparkan dengan LPS yang merupakan agen inflamasi kuat. Sebanyak 12 sampel darah subjek COVID-19 dan sehat dikultur ke dalam  tiga kelompok (kelompok kontrol RPMI, kelompok sekretom 3μl, dan 9μl) yang diinkubasi selama 24 jam, kemudian dipaparkan LPS dan diinkubasi selama 48 jam. Supernatan kultur sebelum dan setelah paparan LPS dipanen dan diukur kadar sIL-6R, sgp130, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-10. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan LPS meningkatkan produksi IL-6, TNF-α, dan IL-10 dan menurunkan produksi  sIL-6R, dan sgp130, sedangkan IFN-γ tidak mengalami perubahan pada kultur darah yang telah diinkubasi dengan sekretom SPM-TP. Analisis rasio post-LPS/pre-LPS dilakukan untuk menyelidiki potensi antiinflamasi sekretom dan ditemukan sekretom SPM-TP ini memberikan efek antiinflamasinya melalui peran IL-1RA.

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COVID-19. However, the precise mechanism by which the secretome exerts its therapeutic effect on COVID-19 remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether the components of the UC-MSC-derived secretome can alter the inflammatory characteristics of immune cells. To achieve this, an in vitro study will be conducted involving co-incubation of whole blood with secretomes, followed by LPS stimulation. A total of 12 blood samples from severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects were cultured into three groups (RPMI control group, 3μl and 9μl secretome group) incubated for 24 hours. Then, the cultures were exposed to LPS for 48 hours. The levels of sIL-6R, sgp130, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were measured. Results showed that LPS increased IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 production, while reducing sIL-6R, and sgp130, but no changes seen in IFN-γ in secretome-incubated blood cultures. The post-LPS/pre-LPS ratio analysis was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of secretome. It was found that the secretome provides its anti-inflammatory effects through the role of IL-1RA."

"Dehidrozingeron merupakan analog kurkumin yang memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi yang baik, namun masih belum digunakan sebagai obat karena efeknya yang belum optimal. Substitusi basa Mannich dapat meningkatkan aktivitas biologis sebagian besar senyawa. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan percobaan sintesis dehidrozingeron tersubstitusi basa Mannich 2,6-dimetilmorfolin dan dievaluasi aktivitas antiinflamasinya. Sintesis dilakukan melalui dua jalur. Pertama, sintesis dehidrozingeron dengan metode pengadukan vanilin dan aseton selama 24 jam pada temperatur kamar, dilanjutkan dengan penambahan basa Mannich 2,6-dimetilmorfolin menggunakan larutan formaldehid dalam pelarut etanol dengan metode refluks 30 menit dan pengadukan selama 7 jam. Kedua, penambahan basa Mannich 2,6-dimetilmorfolin pada vanilin menggunakan larutan formaldehid dalam pelarut etanol dengan metode refluks 30 menit dan pengadukan selama 7 jam, dilanjutkan kondensasi dengan aseton melalui metode pengadukan selama 18 jam pada temperatur kamar. Senyawa produk tahap 1 dan 2 jalur A diuji kemurniannya menggunakan KLT dan penetapan jarak lebur serta dielusidasi strukturnya menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis, spektrofotometri FT-IR, dan spektrometri 1H-NMR. Sedangkan senyawa tahap 2 dielusidasi lebih lanjut menggunakan spektrometri 13C-NMR dan MS. Berdasarkan hasil elusidasi, disimpulkan bahwa senyawa tahap 1 adalah dehidrozingeron dengan nilai rendemen sebesar 32,49. Senyawa tahap 2 adalah derivat Mannich dehidrozingeron dengan substitusi basa Mannich 2,6-dimetilmorfolin pada salah satu cincin benzen dengan nilai rendemen sebesar 27,05. Kedua senyawa diuji aktivitas antiinflamasi in vitro dan didapatkan bahwa aktivitas antiinflamasi senyawa 2 sebesar 61,48 dari senyawa natrium diklofenak. Sedangkan, senyawa 1 tidak dapat ditentukan nilai IC50-nya.

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Dehydrozingerone is curcumin analog which has good antiinflammatory activity. However, it has not been used as a drug because the activity has not optimal yet. Mannich base substitution can improve biological activity of many compounds. Therefore, substituted dehydrozingerone with 2,6 dimethylmorpholine Mannich base was synthesized and its antiinflammatory activity was evaluated.

The synthesis was done through two routes. First, synthesis of dehydrozingerone by reacting vanillin and acetone by stirring for 24 hours at room temperature, continued with an addition of the 2,6 dimethylmorpholine Mannich base using formaldehyde solution in ethanol by refluxing for 30 minutes and stirring for 7 hours. Second, an addition of 2,6 dimethylmorpholine Mannich base to vanillin using formaldehyde solution in ethanol by refluxing for 30 minutes and stirring for 7 hours, and was continued by condensation with acetone by stirring at room temperature for 18 hours.

The compound of stage 1 and 2 of the route A was evaluated for purity by TLC and melting point determination, and elucidated by using UV Vis spectrophotometry, FT IR spectrophotometry, and 1H NMR spectrometry. Further, a compound of stage 2 was elucidated using 13C NMR spectrometry and MS. Based on the elucidation results, it was concluded that compound of stage 1 is dehydrozingerone has 32,49 yield value.

The compound of stage 2 is derivate Mannich of dehydrozingerone with substituted 2,6 dimethylmorpholine Mannich base on one of the benzene ring has 27,05 yield value. Both compounds were evaluated for in vitro antiinflammatory assay and antiinflammatory activity of compound stage 2 is 61,48 of diclofenac sodium. Meanwhile, IC50 of compound stage 1 could not be determined."