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"Prevention of dental caries is still continuing, because the prevalence caries is high. There was many methods to prevent dental caries etc, dental education, oral hygiene, special method on tooth brushing, water fluoridation, fissure scalant and later on the passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies. The purpose of this study was to investigate about monoclonal antibodies IgA, IgG1 and IgG3 against Streptococcus mutans 1 (c) in basic paste for inhibiting the growth Streptococcus mutans. The monoclonal antibodies were IgA Ab, IgG1 Ab and IgG3 Ab. Formula basic paste from PT "X" contained Aqua, Sorbitol, Nipagin, Dicalcium Phosphat, Titanium Dioxid, Sodium Carboxyl, Methyl Sel, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sacarin. Basic paste was mixed with monoclonal antibodies IgA, IgG1 and IgG3 in room temperature (27°C), then to investigate zone of inhibition from these toothpaste with Wistreich and Lochtman methods. The data obtained in this study was analyzed with one way Anova and LSD. The result showed that there was a significant differences between basic paste with or without monoclonal antibodies. From the data analyzed in this study it can be concluded that monoclonal antibodies against S.mutans 1 (c) could be formulation with basic paste."

"[Latar Belakang: Reaktivasi CMV pasca transplantasi ginjal 3 bulan pertama 40-80% dan 20-50% menjadi penyakit CMV. Pencegahan pasca transplantasi dapat dilakukan dengan terapi preemptive saat terjadi reaktivasi CMV yang ditandai dengan DNA CMV >500 kopi/mL. Di Indonesia belum ada pemeriksaan DNA CMV, sebaliknya pemeriksaan IgG CMV tersedia di seluruh daerah, mudah dan murah.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui insidens reaktivasi CMV pada resipien seropositif 3 bulan pertama pasca transplantasi ginjal, mengetahui korelasi antara DNA CMV dengan peningkatan titer IgG CMV, dan cutoff point titer IgG CMV saat reaktivasi.Metode: Penelitian ini kohort prospektif 3 bulan. Uji korelasi DNA CMV dengan peningkatan IgG CMV menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman’s rho. Penentuan cutoff point terbaik IgG CMV menggunakan kurva ROC dengan menilai AUC.Hasil: Jumlah subyek penelitian 23 resipien seropositif CMV. Reaktivasi pertama pada minggu ke-4 pasca transplantasi (2 orang), diikuti minggu ke-6 (4 orang) dan ke-10 (3 orang), sehingga keseluruhan 9 orang (39%). Dua (22,2%) orang meninggal karena penyakit CMV, dan 7 (77,8%) orang tanpa tanda/keluhan klinis CMV dengan kreatinin serum 1,19 (SB 0,29) mg/dL serta eGFR 69,99 (SB 19,92) mL/menit/1,73 m2. Korelasi positif antara DNA CMV dengan IgG CMV ditemukan bermakna mulai minggu ke-8 (r=0,70 p <0,001), minggu ke-10 (r=0,83 p <0,001) dan minggu ke-12 (r=0,72 p <0,001), dengan peningkatan minimal 2 kali. Cutoff point titer IgG CMV terbaik pada minggu ke-10, yaitu 401,4 AU/dL (sensitivitas 88,9 %, spesifisitas 92,9%), Pada minggu ke-8 dan ke-12 juga diperoleh AUC yang baik untuk ditetapkan nilai cutoff point titer IgG CMV, yaitu berturut-turut 502,7 AU/dL (sensitivitas 83,3 %, spesifisitas 94,1%) dan 679,35 AU/dL (sensitivitas 81,9 %, spesifisitas 90,8%).Kesimpulan: Insidens reaktivasi pada resipien seropositif pasca transplantasi ginjal 3 bulan pertama adalah 39%. Terdapat korelasi positif yang bermakna antara DNA CMV kuantitatif dengan peningkatan minimal 2 kali titer IgG CMV pada resipien seropositif mulai pada minggu ke-8 pasca transplantasi ginjal; dengan cutoff point terbaik titer IgG CMV pada minggu ke-10., Background: Reactivation of CMV in the first 3 month after kidney transplantation reached 40-80%, and 20-50% developed to CMV disease. CMV reactivation in seropositive recipients are prevented by pre-emptive therapy, when CMV DNA >500 copy/mL. Indonesia hasn’t performed CMV DNA real-time routinely, however do measuring CMV antibody-IgG because it is simple, cheap and available.Objective: to determine the incidence of CMV reactivation in seropositive recipients, identify correlation between quantitative CMV DNA with increasing CMV antibody-IgG titre, and determine CMV antibody-IgG cutoff point when reactivation.Methods: prospective cohort study for 3 months. Using Spearman‘s rho test to correlate CMV DNA and CMV antibody-IgG, and using ROC curve to identify AUC to decide the best cutoff point of CMV antibody-IgG.Results: All of subject is 23 seropositive recipients. The first reactivation on 4th week after transplantation (2 persons), followed on 6th week (4 persons) and on 10th week (3 persons), so the total is 9 recipients (39%). Two (22,2%) recipients died due to sepsis, and 7 (77,8%) recipients is healthy without signs/symptoms of CMV infection. Their serum creatinin is 1,19 (SB 0,29) mg/dL and eGFR 69,99 (SB 19,92) mL/menit/1,73 m2. There was positive correlation between CMV DNA with CMV antibody-IgG on the 8th week (r=0,70 p <0,001), on the10th week (r=0,83 p <0,001) and on the 12th week (r=0,72 p <0,001), with double increasing of antibody IgG titre. The best of antibody IgG cutoff point was on the 10th week (401,4 AU/dL, sensitivity 88,9 %, specifity 92,9%). On 8th and 12th week was found a good antibody IgG cutoff point titre too, respectively 502,7 AU/dL (sensitivity 83,3 %, specifity 94,1%) and 679,35 AU/dL (sensitivity 81,9 %, specifity 90,8%).Conclusion: Incidence of reactivation in seropositive recipients after kidney transplantation was 39%. There was positive correlation between quantitative CMV DNA with double increasing of CMV antibody-IgG titre started from 8th week after transplantation. The best cutoff point was on 10th week.]"

"Ruang lingkup dan cara penelitian : Adanya imunoglobulin M (IgM) pada serum merupakan salah satu tanda terjadinya suatu infeksi awal, sehingga dengan ditemukannya suatu bahanl metode yang bisa mendeteksi adanya IgM secara tepat dan cepat, penyakit dapat segera terdeteksi. Pada penelitian ini ,dicoba membuat antibodi monoklonal terhadap IgM manusia dengan cara memfusikan sel splenosit mencit imun dengan sel mieloma NS1 yang dibantu dengan fusogen Poly Ethylene Glycol 4000,50%. Hasil fusi kemudian didistribusikan kedalam pelat mikrotiter dan sel hibrid diseleksi dengan mengunakan medium Hypoxantine, Aminopterine , Tymidine. Setelah terbentuk koloni sel hibrid kemudian dilakukan penapisan antibodi dengan cara ELISA dengan IgM manusia sebagai antigen. Sel hibrid dengan nilai optical density tinggi dilakukan kloning dan subkloning. Hasil dari subkloning dengan nilai OD tinggi dilakukan uji reaksi silang dengan imunoglobulin lain yaitu IgG, IgA dan serum minus IgG, IgM dan IgA. Untuk menguji ada tidaknya reaksi silang dengan imunoglobulin lain pembuktian adanya reaksi silang dilakukan uji kompetitif dan uji dengan menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi dari IgG,IgM dan IgA. Uji lain yang dilakukan adalah uji untuk menentukan klas dan subklas dari antibodi monoklonal yang dihasilkan. Hasil : Sel splenosit yang digunakan untuk fusi adalah 1,2x108 clan 3x107 sel mieloma dengan perbandingan 1 : 4. Dari 576 sumur pelat milcrotiter didapatkan pada 333 sumur tumbuh koloni set hibrid, 93 sumur tidak terdapat koloni dan 150 sumur kontaminasi. Setelah dilakukan penapisan antibodi, koloni sel hibrid dengan nilai OD tinggi disubkloning dan diambil 5 untuk disubkloning kembali. Dan 5 klon awal tersebut diambil 8 klon dengan nilai OD tinggi untuk uji reaksi silang. Dui kedelapan klon tersebut setelah diuji reaksi silang masih mengenali IgG clan IgA, kemudian diuji dengan uji kompetitif dan uji dengan berbagai konsentrasi. Dari kedua uji tersebut, kedelapan klon menunjukkan tidak adanya reaksi silang dengan imunoglobulin lain yaitu IgG, IgA dan serum minus. Pada uji penentuan klas dan subklas diperoleh basil 6 klon merupakan klas dan subklas IgG2a dan 2 klon tidak diidentifikasi. Kesimpulan : Diperoleh 8 klon yang spesifik terhadap imunoglobulin M manusia. Dan kedelapan klon tersebut 6 klon merupakan klas dan subklas IgG2a dan 2 klon tidak diidentifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan perlu dilakukan pengujian terhadap rantai ringan dari 1gM dan dilakukan tahap produksi dan pemurnian."

"Latar Belakang: Perkembangan karies gigi berkaitan dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis dilaporkan sebagai agen antibakteri karena mengandung flavonoid berupa apigenin dan tt-farnesol yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase dan mempengaruhi integritas membran bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi hambat pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI terhadap pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Metode: Biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii yang telah dipaparkan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dengan  konsentrasi 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml kemudian diinkubasi selama 4 jam (fase adhesi), 12 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37ºC. Persentase inhibisi dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Persentase potensi hambat biofilm Streptococcus mutans tertinggi setelah inkubasi 12 jam dan Streptococcus gordonii setelah inkubasi 4 jam dengan konsentrasi 100mg/10 ml.  Kesimpulan: Efek paparan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan durasi paparan pasta gigi UI.

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Background: The development of dental caries has been found to be associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis has been reported as a potent antimicrobial material because containing flavonoids such as apigenin and tt-farnesol that inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity and membrane integrity.

Objective: To analyze the effect of toothpaste containing propolis wax UI in inhibit Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation.

Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm that has been exposed by propolis UI toothpaste at concentration 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml was incubated for 4 hours (adherence phase), 12 hours (active accumulation phase) and 24 hours (maturation phase) at 37ºC. The percentage of inhibition was tested with MTT assay.

Result: Inhibition percentage of Streptococcus mutans the highest is on active accumulation phase and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm is on adherence phase at concentraton 100mg/10ml.

Conclusion: Propolis UI toothpaste effect on inhibiting biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii depend on concentration and duration of time."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype E is a major bacterium causing caries, and widely present in dental plaque. Dentifrices containing xylitol have been shown to inhibit the growth of these mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype E (in vitro). The 1:1 solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was diluted to the test concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, in addition to positive and negative control groups. These solutions were examined in S. mutans serotype E test cultures by the diffusion method. The resulting inhibition zone was 2.16 mm at a concentration of 10%, and 3.0 mm at a concentration of100%. Zero zone size was found at all other test concentrations,and a significant (Spearman) negative correlation was indicatedbetween the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutansstreptococci (p<0.05). The MIC was not been identified, but MBC was 10%. In conclusion, the dentifrice containing xylitol can significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype E at least at dentrifice concentrations of 5-10%."

"Latar Belakang : Ekstrak kismis telah dikenal sejak dahulu dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, karena mengandung oleanolic acid yang telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri rongga mulut.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek antimikroba infusum Kismis terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Infusum Kismis dibuat dengan proses pemanasan 100oCselama 15 menit pada 50 gr kismis dalam 500ml air (konsentyrasi 10%), kemudian diopanaskan lagi sehingga larutan tersisa 50ml (konsentrasi 100%). Untuk penelitian ini dibuat infusum 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, dan 15% sesuai dengan prosedur yang benar. Efek antimikroba masing2 infusum kismis diperiksa dengan metode dilusi sehingga diperoleh nilai KHM dan KBM serta metode difusi sehingga diperoleh nilai Zona Hambatan terhadap 6 koloni streptococcus mutans.Hasil: Efek infusum Kismis terhadap Streptococcus mutans adalah sebagai berikut : Pada koloni 1 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml ; koloni 2 : zona hambatan 1,50 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 3 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 4 : zona hambatan 0,50 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 5 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 6 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml;Kesimpulan: Secara in vitro, infusum kismis dengan konsentrasi 30% bersifat bakteriostatik, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 60% bersifat bakterisid dengan rata-rata Zona hambatan 1,0625 mm.

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Background : Seedless Raisins has been known that it can inhibit the growth of pathogen bactery, because it contains of oleanolic acid that can inhibit the growth of oral pathogen.Objectives: The aim of the study is to determine the sensitivity of Infusum Raisins on mutans streptococci.Methods: Infusum is the product of the process of steeping Raisins for extraction of its medicinal principle. The effect of infusum Raisins was examined in vitro on the inhibit the bacterial growth by determining the inhibition zone (agar diffusion method), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The microorganisms tested were composed 6 colony of Streptococcus mutans wild strain that taken from Oral Biology Laboratory of Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia, labeled as Streptococcus mutans1, Streptococcus mutans2, Streptococcus mutans3, Streptococcus mutans4,Streptococcus mutans5, Streptococcus mutans6. Data obtained was done in a descriptive method.Results: showed that Raisins?s Infusum had effect on all of mutans of Streptococcus mutans 1 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30% /ml ,MBC 60% /ml); Streptococcus mutans 2 (inhibition zone 1.50 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 3 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 4 (inhibition zone 0.50 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 5 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml), Streptococcus mutans6 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30/ml ,MBC 60%/ml).Conclusion: We concluded that Raisins's Infusum has anti microbial activity against 6 colony of Streptococcus mutans in oral cavity, in vitro. Hence it may have potential anti-cariesproperty."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype C is a major causative agent to caries and is found predominantly in dental plaque and saliva. Dentifrice containing xylitol has been shown to inhibit the growth of mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify in vitro the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype C. The solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was first diluted with sterile aquadest at 1:1, and then to concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, also with positive and negative controls. These solutions were exposed to S. mutans Serotype C by diffusion and dilution method. The results of the study show that the inhibition zone formed at concentration of 10% and 100%. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutans streptococci (p<0.05), with MBC point at 10%. In conclusion, dentifrice containing xylitol has an antibacterial effect and can inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype C. Increasing concentration of dentifrice containing xylitol increases the size of the inhibition zone."

"Probiotik adalah mikroorganisme hidup yang ketika diberikan dalam jumlah yang tepat dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kesehatan host. Lactobacillus Casei merupakan salah satu contoh bakteri asam laktat yang digunakan dalam probiotik. Bakteri ini dapat mencegah adhesi dan invasi bakteri patogen, memodifikasi lingkungan usus dan memodulasi respon imun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah koloni S.mutans pada plak gigi anak sebelum dan setelah minum minuman probiotik di Jakarta. Subyek penelitian berusia 9-12 tahun, sebanyak 13 orang anak. Sampel penelitian berupa koloni S.mutans yang terdapat dalam plak gigi anak. Jumlah koloni diukur dengan colony forming unit. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan rerata jumlah koloni S.mutans pada hari ketiga dan ketujuh, sebelum dan setelah minum probiotik. Pada perhitungan statistik ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah koloni S.mutans pada plak gigi anak sebelum dan setelah minum minuman probiotik.

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Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Lactobacillus Casei is one example of lactic acid bacteria used in probiotics. These bacteria may prevent bacterial adhesion and invasion of pathogens, modify the intestinal environment and modulate the immune response. This research was conducted to determine the differences of total S.mutans colony on children dental plaque before and after probiotics consumption in Jakarta. Subjects aged 9-12 years, 13 children. Research sample are S.mutans on children dental plaque. Total S.mutans colony were measured using colony forming unit. The results showed a mean difference between total S.mutans colony on children dental plaque, on the third day and the seventh day, before and after probiotics consumption. From the results of statistical analysis showed significant differences between total S.mutans colony on children dental plaque before and after probiotics consumption."

"Latar Belakang : Jambu air Semarang (Syzygium samarangenase) atau jambu cincalo telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, karena mengandung senyawa Tannin dan Oleanolic acid.Tujuan: Penelitian ini untuk membuktikan daya antimikroba infusum Jambu air Semarang terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Infusum Jambu air Semarang dibuat dengan proses pemanasan 100o C selama 15 menit terhadap 50 gram jambu air semarang dalam 500 ml air, kemudian disaring untuk mendapatkan 500 ml larutan (konsentrasi 10%), dipanaskan lagi sehingga larutan tersisa 50 ml (konsentrasi 100%), untuk penelitian ini dibuat infusum 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, dan 15% sesuai prosedur yang benar. Efek antimikroba masing-masing konsentrasi infusum diperiksa dengan metode difusi serial dilusi sehingga diperoleh nilai KHM dan KBM serta metode difusi sehingga diperoleh nilai zona hambatan terhadap 6 koloni S.mutans.Hasil: Terhadap ke-6 koloni S.mutans diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: KHM : 80%/ml dan KBM tidak diketahui serta rata-rata zona hambatan 1,533 mm.Kesimpulan: Secara in vitro, Infusum Jambu air Semarang dengan konsentrasi 80% berkhasiat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans(efek bakteriostatik).

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Background : Wax apple (Syzygium samarangenase) has been known to prevent the growth of pathogen bacteria since anciety because it is contain fenol (tannin) and oleanolic acid which had been proved to prevent the growth of bacteria.Objectives: This research are for determine the antimicroba activity of Wax apple?s infusum on Streptococcus mutans.Methods: Wax apple?s infusum was made by the process of steeping seedless 50 gram Wax apple in 500 ml water, to see it?s medicinal properties after getting 100% concentration of solution. After that we made 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 15% infusum. The antimicrobial activity of wax apple?s infusum was examined by dilution method to get the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and diffusion method to get the inhibition zone to 6 colony of S.mutans. Data obtained from this research in a descriptive method.Results: Effect of Wax apple?s infusum on Streptococcus mutans are : Streptococcus mutans type 1 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 2 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 3 inhibition zone 1,4 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 4 inhibition zone 1,6 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 5 inhibition zone 1,7 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutan type 6 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown;Conclusion: We conclude that Wax apple?s Infusum has anti microbial activity against Mutans Streptococci, in vitro. Hence it may have potential anticariesproperty."

"S.mutans dikatakan sebagai salah satu penyebab utama karies. Bakteri ini dinyatakan sebagai bakteri pertama yang dapat melekat dan berkoloni pada permukaan gigi dan menyebabkan plak terbentuk secara terus menerus, dan terjadinya penurunan pH plak. Probiotik adalah suatu mikroorganisme hidup yang apabila dipergunakan dalam jumlah yang cukup, memberikan manfaat kesehatan bagi host. Berdasarkan berbagai penelitian, berbagai produk probiotik dapat mempengaruhi bakteri-bakteri penyebab karies gigi, terutama S.mutans. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah koloni S.mutans dalam plak anak sebelum dan sesudah kumur minuman probiotik. Pengambilan sampel plak dilakukan terhadap 13 subyek dan dilakukan pertama kali yaitu sebelum memulai kumur minuman probiotik. Setelah itu subyek diinstruksikan untuk kumur minuman probiotik selama 7 hari dan pada saat hari ke 3 dan ke 7 kumur minuman probiotik sampel plak diambil kembali. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan penurunan jumlah koloni S.mutans dari sebelum kumur minuman probiotik, kemudian pada hari ke 3 kumur, hingga setelah kumur minuman probiotik selama 7 hari. Hasil perhitungan statistik menunjukkan bahwa kumur minuman probiotik selama 3 dan 7 hari dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni S.mutans dalam plak gigi anak secara bermakna dibanding dengan sebelum kumur (p = 0,001).

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S.mutans is said as one of the major etiology of caries. This bactery is said to be the first bactery that sticked and colonized on the tooth surface and caused the continuity of plaque formation, also the decrease of plaque?s pH. Probiotic is living microorganisms that, if used in adequate amount, will give health benefits to the host. Based on previous researches, various products of probiotic can influence caries etiology bacterias, especially S.mutans. The aim of this study is to know the differences of S.mutans colonization total amount before and after rinsing with probiotic drink. The plaque samples were first taken from 13 subjects before starting the probiotic oral rinse. After that subjects were instructed to rinse with probiotic drink for 7 days, and then in the 3rd and 7th days of rinsing, the plaque samples were taken again. The study showed that after 7 days rinsing with probiotic drink, the total amount of S.mutans colonization was found decreasing on the 3rd day and continued to the 7th day. Statistic count showed that rinsing with probiotic drinks for 3 and 7 days can make a significant difference on the amount of S.mutans colonization than before rinsing (p = 0,001)."