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"Children development stage is determined by physical growth. The sequence of growing process is usually constant, however the age at which children reach a certain sequence varies individually. Determining skeletal maturation by evaluating carpal bone and cervical vertebrae is very helpful in conducting orthodontic diagnosis and in planning proper treatment. Such evaluation enables to estimate the time of growing process to accelerate or decelerate. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stage of carpal bone and cervical vertebrae maturation in orthodontic patients at the age of 9 to 18. Samples were 83 cephalograms and hand wrist x-ray from 52 girls and 31 boys. The result of this study showed that the stage of carpal bone and cervical vertebrae maturation in girls and boys in the same age group varies greatly. Girls at the age of 11 to 12 demonstrated highes variation in the stage maturationn. In the same age group of sample, all stages of the maturation indicator were found, such as epiphysis is as wide as diaphysis, the capping of epiphysis, as well as variation in epiphysis fusion. These kinds of variations also occured in the cervical vertebrae maturation stage, where it varies from cervical vertebrae stage 2 to 6. On the other hand, boys showed highest variation at the age of 13 to 14. This study suggests that there was a matching pattern between carpal bone and cervical vertebrae maturation."

"In orthodontics, it is important to assess the skeletal maturity in order to make accurate diagnosis and to plan for appropriate treatment. Evaluation of the skeletal maturity through developmental stages of middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) and cervical vertebrae (CV) could help in predicting growth acceleration. The methods to evaluate maturity are being developed in order to obtain simple, low radiation and low cost tools for this purpose. The objectives of this study were to identify (1) MP3 maturation stages, (2) CV maturation stages, and (3) agreement between MP3 and CV of 10-16 year-old orthodontic patients. Skeletal maturity of 72 subjects from the Orthodontic Clinic at the Dental Faculty of University of Indonesia was assessed by classifying developmental stages of MP3 as seen in a periapical film and CV as seen on a lateral cephalometric film. MP3 was classified into six stages according to Rajagopal and Kansal method. CV was also classified into six stages as described by Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index (CVMI). The results showed that (1) at the same chronological age, MP3 and CV maturation stages could vary and the stages follow a gradual chronologic progression; (2) large variation of MP3 maturationstages was found in 12 year-old females (MP3-FG to MP3-I) and in13-14 year-old males (MP3-FG to MP3-HI), (3) large variation ofCV maturation stages was found in 12 year-old females (CVMI 2 to5) and in 12-13 year-old males (CVMI 1, 2, 3 and 5), and (4) anagreement of 70.8% between MP3 and CV maturation stages wasfound in 10-16 year-old orthodontic patients. This study concludedthat besides CVMI, the maturation stages of MP3 could be used as analternative method to assess the skeletal maturity in orthodontics."

"LatarBelakang: Struktur dentokraniofasial pada anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit yang ditangani dengan prosedur bedah, akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan maksila, namun tidak mempengaruhi struktur dan posisi mandibula. Disproporsional atau kelainan dentofasial dapat terjadi apabila pertumbuhan maksila tidak sejalan dengan pertumbuhan mandibula sehingga untuk mencapai keberhasilan perawatan perlu memperhatikan keadaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak terutama pada kasus yang diindikasikan perawatan orthodonti disertai bedah orthognatik, dimana waktu dilakukan bedah pada saat pertumbuhan telah selesai. Dalam mengidentifikasi tahap pertumbuhan dapat digunakan beberapa indikator seperti usia kronologis, tinggi dan berat badan, perkembangan gigi geligi dan karakteristik maturasi seksual yaitu menstruasi pada wanita dan perubahan suara pada pria. Indikator lainnya adalah perkembangan skeletal yang umumnya dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan foto radiografik. Penentuan maturasi skeletal dengan mengevaluasi marurasi tulang karpal, sangat membantu untuk menetapkan diagnosis dan merencanakan perawatan yang tepat.Tujuan: Untuk menilai tahap maturasi tulang karpal penderita celah bibir dan/atau langitlangit usia 15 - 20 tahun.Bahan dan Cara : Dilakukan pengambilan rontgen foto karpal tangan kiri pada 25 sampel, hasil radiografi dilakukan analisa dengan maturasi skeletal indeks. Dari data yang didapat dilakukan uji statistik chi-squere.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tahap maturasi tulang karpal pada penderita celah bibir dan langit-langit pada kelompok umur 15-17 tahun, sangat bervariasi. Pada kelompok umur 18-20 tahun, baik lakilaki dan perempuan tahap maturasi skeletal telah selesai. Hasil uji statistik memperlihatkan perbedaan maturasi skeletal yang bermakna antara laki-laki dan perempuan.Kesimpulan :.Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara maturasi skeletal kelompok laki-laki dibandingkan kelompok perempuan pada penderita celah bibir dan/atau langit-langit.

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Background : Dentocraniofacial structure in children with cleft lip and palate treated with surgical procedures, will affect the growth of the maxilla, but does not affect the structure and position of the mandible. Disproportionate or dentofacial abnormalities can occur when the growth of the maxilla is not in line with the growth of the mandible so as to achieve treatment success should pay attention to the state of growth and development of children, especially in the case of the indicated treatment with surgical orthodontic orthognatic, where surgery is the time when growth has been completed. In the growth stage can be used to identify some indicators such as chronological age, height and weight, the development of teeth and characteristics of sexual maturation that menstruation in women and in men the sound changes. Another indicator is the skeletal development which is generally done through radiographic examination. Determination of skeletal maturation by evaluating marurasi carpal bones, is helpful to establish the diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Objectives : To assess patients with carpal bone maturation stage cleft lip and/or palate aged 15-20 years.

Material and Method : Hand wrist x-ray image of the left hand on 25 sample, result of radiograph performed analysis with Skeletal Maturation Index (SMI). The data was performed statistical analysis chi-squere test.

Results : The results showed carpal bone maturation stage in patients with cleft lip and palate in the age group 15-17 years, are very varied. In the age group 18-20 years, both male and female skeletal maturation stage has been completed. The test result showed statistically differences in skeletal maturation between male and female with cleft lip and palate on Skeletal Maturation Index (SMI).

Conclusion: From this study it can be conclude that there significant differences male skeletal maturation compared to female of children with cleft lip and palate."

"Latar belakang: Perubahan dimensi dari gigi sulung ke gigi tetap dapat menyebabkan maloklusi pada usia anak. Pada keadaan tersebut dapat dilakukan upaya interseptif untuk mencegah bertambah parahnya maloklusi. Usia 9-11 tahun merupakan usia yang tepat untuk dilakukan interseptif. Pemeriksaan dini pada populasi anak usia gigi bercampur diperlukan untuk mengetahui keadaan maloklusi. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran maloklusi dan kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti pada anak usia 9-11 tahun di SD At-Taufiq, Cempaka Putih, Jakarta. Metode: Digital examination dan analisis profil wajah, untuk menentukan klasifikasi maloklusi dan pengisisan kuesioner Indikator Kebutuhan Perawatan Ortodonti (IKPO), untuk mengetahui kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti anak. Hasil: 98 subjek penelitian diperoleh maloklusi kelas I sebanyak 65,3%, maloklusi kelas II sebanyak 31,6% dan maloklusi kelas III sebanyak 3,1%. Keseluruhan populasi yang diteliti terdapat 76,5% membutuhkan perawatan ortodonti dan 23,5% tidak membutuhkan perawatan ortodonti. Kesimpulan: Subjek dengan maloklusi kelas I paling banyak ditemukan dan sebagian besar subjek membutuhkan perawatan ortodonti.

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Background: Dimensional changes from primary teeth to permanent teeth cause malocclusion in children. Interceptive can use for that situation to prevent increased severity of malocclusion. Ages for screening the child population for interceptive orthodontics is 9 to 11 years old. Early examination in mixed dentition age population needed to determine the state of malocclusion.

Purpose: Describe malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in child 9 to 11 years old in SD At-Taufiq, Cempaka Putih, Jakarta.

Method: Digital examination and analyze of facial profile to know malocclusion and filling of questionnaires orthodontic treatment needs indicator (IKPO) to determine about children orthodontic treatment need.

Result: 98 subject there are 65,3% with class I malocclusion, 31,6% with class II malocclusion, 3,1% with class III malocclusion. From child population about 76,5% need for orthodontic treatment and 23,5% no need for orthodontic treatment.

Conclusions: Subject most found with class I malocclusions and most of subject need orthodontic treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Penentuan usia dental dan skeletal sangat penting dalam perawatan ortodonti. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan adalah metode Demirjian dan Baccetti. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa kalsifikasi gigi dapat menjadi salah satu evaluasi usia skeletal. Tujuan: Mengetahui korelasi antara usia dental berdasarkan maturasi gigi dengan usia skeletal berdasarkan maturasi tulang servikal. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan 96 sampel berupa radiograf panoramik dan sefalometri lateral dari satu pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Metode Demirjian dan metode Baccetti digunakan untuk mengevaluasi usia dental dan skeletal. Uji korelasi Spearman dilakukan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara usia dental dan skeletal. Hasil: Terdapat korelasi sangat kuat antara skor maturasi gigi dengan maturasi tulang servikal pada laki-laki (r = 0,858, p = 0,000) dan perempuan (r = 0,807, p = 0,000). Korelasi paling kuat pada laki-laki terlihat pada kalsifikasi gigi molar 2 (r = 0,850, p = 0,000), sementara pada perempuan terlihat pada kalsifikasi gigi kaninus (r = 0,805, p = 0,000). Kesimpulan: Korelasi sangat kuat antara usia dental berdasarkan maturasi gigi dan usia skeletal berdasarkan maturasi tulang servikal menunjukkan potensi penggunaan usia dental untuk memperkirakan usia skeletal. Namun, terdapat variasi kekuatan korelasi antar kalsifikasi gigi dengan usia skeletal.

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Background: Determining dental and skeletal age is critical in orthodontic treatment. The Demirjian and Baccetti method is one of various approaches to evaluate dental and skeletal age. Related research indicates that tooth calcification can serve as a primary diagnostic tool to determine skeletal age. Objective: To assess the correlation between dental age based on tooth maturation and skeletal age based on cervical vertebrae maturation. Methods: This study involved 96 panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs from patients who met inclusion criteria. The Demirjian method was used to assess dental age, while the Baccetti method was used for skeletal age, spearman correlation tests were conducted to evaluate the correlation. Results: A strong correlation was found between tooth maturation scores and cervical vertebrae maturation in males (r = 0,858, p = 0,000) and females (r = 0,807, p = 0,000). In males, the strongest correlation occurred in the second molar (r = 0,850, p = 0,000), while in females it occurred in the canine (r = 0,805, p = 0,000). Conclusion: Dental age based on tooth maturation strongly correlates with skeletal age based on cervical vertebral maturation, suggesting its potential use to estimate skeletal age, but variability exists among tooth types."

"ABSTRAKWajah yang asimetri mempengaruhi daya tarik seseorang. Oleh karena itu, gambaran asimetri wajah berdasarkan komponen skeletal dan dental penting untuk diketahui terkait diagnosis dan rencana perawatan ortodonti. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran asimetri wajah berdasarkan komponen skeletal dan dental pada pasien di klinik ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan 46 hasil penapakan sefalometri postero-anterior pasien pria berumur > 14 tahun 4,2 bulan dan pasien wanita berumur > 11 tahun 6,24 bulan dengan menggunakan analisis Grummon. Diperoleh proporsi arah asimetri berdasarkan deviasi menton, garis tengah gigi rahang bawah dan atas yang terdiri dari 27 sampel 58,7 dengan arah asimetri lebih condong ke sisi kiri sedangkan 19 sampel 41,3 dengan asimetri lebih condong ke sisi kanan. Komponen skeletal yang ditemukan dalam arah vertikal memiliki nilai selisih rerata yang lebih besar dibandingkan dalam arah transversal. Garis tengah gigi rahang bawah memiliki nilai selisih rerata lebih besar dibandingkan atas. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan gambaran arah asimetri wajah pada pasien klinik ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI memiliki proporsi lebih besar ke kiri dibandingkan ke kanan dengan komponen skeletal dalam arah vertikal lebih besar dibandingkan arah tranversal. Sedangkan pada arah transversal diperoleh wajah sisi kiri lebih besar dibandingkan sisi kanan. Selain itu, asimetri dental lebih sering terjadi pada garis tengah gigi rahang bawah dibandingkan atas.Kata Kunci: Asimetri wajah, skeletal, dental, sefalometri postero-anterior, Analisis Grummon

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ABSTRACTFacial asymmetry affects people rsquo s attractiveness. Therefore, it is important to know facial asymmetry based on the skeletal and dental components regarding the diagnosis and treatment plan. This study is to describe facial asymmetry based on skeletal and dental components in patients at orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. It is descriptive using secondary data from the tracing of postero anterior cephalograms of patients aged 14 years 4.2 months for male and 11 years 6.24 months for female with Grummon rsquo s Analysis. This study showed the proportion of asymmetric direction based on menton, maxillary midline, and mandibular midline deviation consist of 27 samples 58.7 tend to the left side while 19 samples 41.3 tend to the right side. The skeletal component found in vertical direction has a larger mean value difference than in transverse direction. The mean value difference is greater in the midline of mandibular teeth than the maxillary teeth. In conclusion, the proportion of facial asymmetry direction in patient at orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI is greater to the left side than to the right side with skeletal component in greater vertical direction than transverse direction. While in transverse direction, it is obtained that left side of the face is greater than the right side. In addition, dental asymmetry is more common in the midline of mandibular teeth than maxillary teeth.Keywords facial asymmetry, skeletal, dental, postero anterior cephalometric, Grummon rsquo s Analysis"

"Pencabutan gigi untuk keperluan perawatan ortodonti telah menjadi perdebatan selama bertahun-tahun. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka telah dilakukan studi pendahuluan untuk melihat "Kecenderungan perawatan ortodonti dengan pencabutan gigi ditinjau dari faktor usia, jenis kelamin dan maloklusi " pada pasien ortodonti di Jakarta periode tahun 1993 - 1995. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perawatan ortodonti dengan pencabutan cenderung meningkat pada periode tersebut, meskipun prosentasenya masih dalam rentangan 25 % - 85 % . Pasien perempuan jumlahnya lebih banyak daripada laki-laki. Pada penelitian ini terlihat bahwa kelompok umur 13-17 tahun adalah yang terbanyak mendapat perawatan ortodonti dan maloklusi yang terbanyak dijumpai adalah maloklusi klas I. Angka prevalensi dan data-data yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa pencabutan cukup sering menjadi pilihan dalam melakukan perawatan ortodonti, meskipun pasien masih berusia muda dan maloklusi bersifat dental."

"In the mutilated case in adults, generally malocclusion is often accompanied by less support of periodontal tissues, such as alveolar bone resorption and gingival resession. The treatment of orthodontic is to arrange the teeth into good position and good occlusion, but is widely known to increase the alveolar bone resorption. In handling such case, ortodontist needs to look at factors which do not increase exixting alveolar bone resorption and gingival resession. In this case report, it will be reported orthodontic treatment on mutilated case which are accompanied by alveolar bone resorption and gingival resesion on a patient of 45 years and 4 months of age."

"Smile is a non-verbal communication to express spontaneous feelings and emotions. Most patients that come to have orthodontic treatments want to have an attractive smile, but before the treatment smile has not yet been studied. There are eight components to make ideal frontal smile: lip line, smile arc, upper lip curve, buccal corridor, symmetry of smile, occlusal plane, dental and gingival components. This study was descriptive in design, in order to obtain frontal smile description beforeorthodontic treatment of RSGMP FKG UI patients that were grouped according to facial form, age, and gender. The results of the study show that patient smile before orthodontic treatment frequently exhibits medium lip line and the mean of incisor display at 75% of clinical crown. Most subjects show gingival display of 2 mm or less. On the smile arc, the most common features are straight smile and consonant smile. Equally common smile arc positions are those touching and not touching lower lip. The average buccal corridor is in medium smile, and thus most subjects have straight upper lip curves and symmetric smiles."

"Latar Belakang: Dental Aesthetic Index DAI merupakan indeks untuk melihat kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti dengan menilai komponen klinis dan estetik. Indeks ini memberikan penjelasan secara objektif mengenai kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti melalui 10 komponen penilaian. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti berdasarkan DAI pada pasien di Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI tahun 2010 ndash; 2014. Bahan dan Metode: Digunakan 52 pasang model studi awal pasien ortodonti. Dilakukan penilaian DAI dengan melibatkan 10 komponen. Hasil penilaian berupa skor dibagi menjadi 4 kategori. Kategori 1 yaitu tidak/sedikit dibutuhkan perawatan, kategori 2 yaitu dapat dilakukan perawatan sesuai pilihan pasien, kategori 3 yaitu sangat membutuhkan perawatan, dan kategori 4 yaitu harus dilakukan perawatan. Hasil: Diperoleh gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti yaitu kategori 3 36,5 , kategori 4 32,7 , kategori 2 25 , dan dan kategori 1 5,8 . Gambaran permasalahan yang banyak ditemukan yaitu ketidakteraturan gigi anterior RB 96,2 dan RA 94,2 , overjet tidak normal 81 , dan hubungan molar tidak normal 76,9. Kesimpulan: Gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti berdasarkan DAI pada pasien di Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI tahun 2010-2014 sebagian besar sangat membutuhkan perawatan 36,5 . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pasien yang datang sebagian besar adalah membutuhkan perawatan dan sesuai dengan hasil penilaian DAI pada penelitian ini.

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Background: Dental Aesthetic Index is an index to see the orthodontic treatment need by assessing clinical and aesthetic component. This index objectively explains the orthodontic treatment needs based on 10 components of assessment.

Purpose: To identify the description of orthodontic treatment need based on DAI on patients from orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI in 2010 2014.

Materials and Method: 52 pairs of pre treatment orthodontic study models were used. The assessment was based on DAI by involving 10 components. Assessment results in scores and categorized into 4 category. Category 1 is no slight treatment need, category 2 is elective treatment need, category 3 is highly desirable of treatment need, and category 4 is mandatory treatment need.

Result: The description of orthodontic treatment need are, category 3 36,5 , category 4 32,7 , category 2 25 , and category 1 5,8 . The description of problems that were found are mandibular anterior irregularity 96,2 , maxillary anterior irregularity 94,2 , abnormal anterior overjet 81 , and abnormal molar relationship 76,9.

Conclusion: The orthodontic treatment need based on DAI on patients from orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI are mostly patients who need treatment as highly desirable 36,5 . This result shows that the patients who came were mostly patients who need the treatment, and in accordance with the result of DAI assessment in this study."