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"Delayed eruption is one of the forms of dental eruption deviation characterized by delay of dental eruption. Delayed eruption can be caused by local factor such as impacted tooth. Treatment of the delayed eruption due to impacted tooth, which needs to be surgically exposed, bonded with a bracket and ligature or chain, and then orthodontically brought into the dental arch. We reported a case of a 12 years old girl who has non-erupted upper right permanent central incisor without the retention of upper right primary central incisor. Physical development was normal. 12, 21, 22, already erupted. Panoramic examination shows impacted 11 in the alveolar bone with the completion of apex formation. After the cephalometric and model analysis, we placed the fixed orthodontic appliances followed by surgical exposure to open the impacted area then place an orthodontic bracket with an attached chain to apply orthodontic forces on the tooth to aid in its movement into the line of occlusion. "

"Tooth eruption is a complex process that involves osteoclasts to form the eruption pathway. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial component that plays multifunctional roles in inflammatory reactions, and one of these roles is powerful stimulation of bone resoption. Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein the expression of which is associated with migration, attachment and signaling of osteoclast. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on rat alveolaris bone osteopontin during the period of tooth eruption. Fifty five Wistar male albino rats, five days of age were divided into three groups. The first group was not subjected to any treatment. The second group was inducted with LPS at five days of age. The third group was inducted with LPS at nine days of age. Expression of OPN was analyzed by immunohistochemical (IHC) approach. The results showed significant differences in OPN expression (p<0.05) within the treated subjects. It was concluded that LPS induction during tooth eruption increases the level of alveolar bone osteopontin."

"Latar belakang: Penyebab stunting bersifat multifaktorial, salah satu faktor risikonya adalah malnutrisi kronis akibat kurangnya asupan protein. Kurangnya asupan protein dapat menyebabkan terjadi penurunan IGF-1, yaitu salah satu faktor pertumbuhan penting dalam pembangunan sel tubuh. IGF-1 juga memiliki peran dalam perkembangan kompleks dentoalveolar, terutama pada enamel, akar gigi, dentin, ligamen periodontal, dan jaringan pulpa gigi. Perlu dianalisis apakah gangguan perkembangan kompleks dentoalveolar akibat penuruan kadar IGF-1 pada anak stunting juga mempengaruhi waktu erupsi gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman alur Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu PubMed, EBSCO, dan Scopus. Penilaian kualitas literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan QUADAS-2. Hasil: Terdapat 5 studi yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar IGF-1 lebih rendah pada anak stunting dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak normal. Hal ini disebabkan karena kadar IGF-1 dalam darah dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, di antaranya yaitu nutrisi, status gizi, dan usia. IGF-1 yang rendah pada anak stunting berpotensi menyebabkan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi karena mengganggu mekanisme persinyalan molekul selama erupsi gigi, seperti BMP-2, Runx-2, dan TGF-. Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi positif antara kadar IGF-1 yang rendah dengan erupsi gigi pada anak stunting. Ekspresi IGF-1 yang rendah dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan waktu erupsi gigi karena mengganggu proses maturasi gigi.

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Background: The causes of stunting are multifactorial, one of the risk factors causing stunting is chronic malnutrition due to lack of protein intake. Lack of protein intake can cause the decrease of IGF-1 level, which is one of the important growth factor supporting the growth and development of somatic cells. Furthermore, IGF-1 also has a role in the development of the dentoalveolar complex, especially enamel, tooth roots, dentin, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp tissues. It should be clarified whether the disturbances of dentoalveolar complex development due to decreased IGF-1 level in the stunted children would also affect the eruption time of the dentition. Objective: To analyze the relationship between IGF-1 level and the timing of tooth eruption in stunted children. Methods: Literature researches were done by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines through three electronic databases, which were PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus. Quality assessment of bias was examined using QUADAS-2 tool. Results: There were 5 selected studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that IGF-1 levels were lower in stunted children compared to normal children. The influencing factors of the level of IGF-1 in the blood, are nutritional status and age. Low level of IGF-1 in stunted children has the potential to cause delays in the timing of tooth eruption, by interrupting the activity of BMP-2, Runx-2, and TGF-β. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between low IGF-1 level and the timing of tooth eruption in stunted children. Low IGF-1 expression can cause disturbances in the timing of tooth eruption because it interferes with the dental maturity process."

"Bencana geologi seperti erupsi gunung api yang masih belum bisa diprediksi menjadikan wilayah sekitar gunung api rawan akan ancaman tersebut. Gunung Marapi merupakan salah satu gunung api aktif di Indonesia, yang terletak di Kabupaten Tanah Datar sehingga wilayah tersebut rawan terhadap bencana erupsi Gunung Marapi. Kerentanan wilayah Tanah Datar dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode skoring berdasarkan Peraturan BNPB Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 dengan variabel kondisi sosial berupa kepadatan penduduk dan kelompok usia rentan, kondisi ekonomi berupa lahan produktif dan penduduk petani, dan kondisi fisik berupa wilayah terbangun, fasilitas umum dan fasilitas kritis.Penelitian ini menghasilkan risiko erupsi Marapi berdasarkan kawasan rawan bahaya, kerentanan wilayah dan kapasitas yang dilihat dari sumber daya dan kemampuan mobilisasi menggunakan metode pembobotan yang menghasilkan tiga wilayah risiko. Wilayah risiko tertinggi berada di Desa Guguk di Kecamatan Pariangan dan wilayah risiko terendah berada di Desa Tigo Niniak di Kecamatan Limo Kaum, dimana kapasitas sangat berpengaruh dalam mengurangi tingkat risiko erupsi.

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Geological disasters such as volcanic eruptions that still cannot be predicted to make the area around the volcano vulnerable to the threat. Mount Marapi is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. Mount Marapi is located in Tanah Datar so that region is vulnerable to the eruption of Mount Marapi. Tanah Datar vulnerability can be determined using a scoring method based BNPB Regulation No. 2 of 2012 with variable social conditions such as overcrowding and vulnerable age groups and economic conditions in the form of productive land and the farming population, the physical conditions in the form of region awakened, public facilities and critical facilities.

This research resulted in the risk of eruption of Marapi based on Marapi eruption hazard, the vulnerability of the area and capacity as seen from the resources and the ability to mobilize using weighting method produces three regions of risk. The highest risk region is in the village Guguk in the district Pariangan and the lowest risk region is in th village Tigo Niniak in the district Limo Kaum where capacity is very influential in reducing the level of risk of eruption."

"Saat terjadi erupsi Gunung Merapi, Pemerintah Kabupaten Magelang harus mengungsikan penduduk yang berada pada jarak 5 km dari puncak Merapi, hal ini membutuhkan penanganan yang khusus karena pada setiap fase erupsi Gunung Merapi, warga diungsikan selama 7 sampai dengan 11 bulan. Pengungsian tersebut terjadi secara berkala setiap 4-5 tahun sekali. Adapun selama masa pengungsian tersebut Pemerintah Kabupaten telah menyediakan huntara, namun huntara yang disediakan belum optimal dalam memberikan kenyamanan sehingga pada tahun 2020 saat terjadi pengungsian erupsi Gunung Merapi, terdapat pengungsi yang memutuskan untuk meninggalkan huntara menuju ke rumahnya dan ada pula yang tetap tinggal di huntara namun membentuk pola perilaku dan adaptasi sebagai upaya mereka dalam mengatasi ketidaknyamanan tersebut. Ketidaknyamanan bangunan baik secara fisik maupun termal mengakibatkan perubahan perilaku dan pembentukan pola adaptasi pengungsi. Ada beberapa hal yang perlu dirubah pada ruang huntara agar dalam pengungsian erupsi Gunung Merapi selanjutnya para pengungsi dapat menjalani pengungsian dengan lebih nyaman."

"Latar Belakang: Prakiraan usia merupakan pemeriksaan forensik untuk identifikasi individu. Tujuan: menganalisis resorpsi akar, kalsifikasi, dan erupsi gigi secara radiografis untuk membuat atlas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi populasi Indonesia usia 5 ? 23 tahun. Metode: Desain potong lintang pada 304 subjek radiograf panoramik. Modus tahap dari resorpsi akar, kalsifikasi, dan erupsi setiap kategori usia dijadikan dasar pembuatan atlas. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Atlas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi populasi Indonesia usia 5 - 23 tahun dikonstruksi sesuai dengan usia kronologis populasi Indonesia. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi antara laki-laki dan perempuan serta antara regio kanan dan kiri (p>0.05.

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Background: Age estimation is useful for forensic examination.

Aim: To analyze tooth root resorption, calcification, and eruption to develop an atlas of tooth growth and development for Indonesian population age 5-23 years.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 304 panoramic radiographs. Modus stage of tooth root resorption, calcification, and eruption was used to construct the atlas.

Results and Summary: Atlas of tooth growth and development for age 5-23 years was constructed to estimate chronological age in Indonesian population. There was no significant difference of tooth growth and development between female and male and between right and left region (p>0.05)."

"Injeksi PGE2 pada mukosa bukal bersamaan dengan tekanan ortodonti dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi. Namun metode ini mempunyai kekurangan yaitu resorpsi tulang alveolar dan akar gigi yang besar serta rasa sakit. Gel digunakan sebagai media penghantar, menggantikan bentuk injeksi. Stabilitas PGE2 dalam gel, efek aplikasi gel PGE2 pada pergerakan gigi, konsentrasi RANKL pada GCF dan serum serta resorpsi tulang alveolar dan resorpsi akar gigi belum pernah diketahui. Penelitian ini eksperimental laboratorium in vitro untuk uji stabilitas gel PGE2 lyophillized dan in vivo pada Macaca fascicularis. Mukosa bukal kaninus kanan dioleskan gel PGE2, sedangkan kaninus kiri dioleskan gel tanpa PGE2, keduanya disertai tekanan ortodonti, pada awal, jam kedua dan keempat, selama dua menit. Pengolesan gel, pengukuran pergerakan gigi, pengambilan darah dan GCF, dilakukan setiap minggu. Macaca dieuthanasia, dinekropsi lalu dibuat sediaan histologi dan dievaluasi dengan TRAP. Gel PGE2 lyophillized tidak stabil, sehingga dibuat resenter paratus. Gel PGE2 dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi 1,8 kali, RANKL dan resorpsi tulang alveolar lebih besar dari kontrol, serta resorpsi akar sama dengan kontrol. Gel PGE2 mempunyai prospek sebagai medikasi topikal untuk mempercepat pergerakan gigi ortodontik.

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The injection of PGE2 on buccal mucosa along with orthodontic force could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Nevertheless, this method also has adverse effects such as pain, over resorption of the alveolar bone and root structure. PGE2 gel to substitute the necessity of injection. Hence, the effect of PGE2 gel on the rate of tooth movement and RANKL concentration in GCF and blood serum also alveolar bone and root resorption is yet to be determined.

This study was an experimental laboratory in vitro to know the stability of PGE2 gel lyophillized and in vivo in Macaca fascicularis. PGE2 gel was applied on buccal mucosa of right canine along with orthodontic force and non- PGE2 gel on left canine on beginning, second, and fourth hour each for two minutes. Gel application, tooth movement measurement, blood sample, and GCF were done every week. Macaca euthanized, and made histology ​​ and evaluated by TRAP. PGE2 gel was made resenter paratus due to instability.

Results showed that PGE2 gel enhanced tooth movement 1.8 times, RANKL and alveolar bone resorption were greater than control and root resorption was similar to control. PGE2 gel had a good prospect as topical medication to enhance tooth movement in orthodontics."

"Many factors have been found to be related to the timing of the eruption of permanent teeth in a population, e.g. racial composition, sex, climate and socio economic condition. The aim of the study is to compare the ages of eruption of permanent teeth in children with and without undernutrition problems. A number of 1216 school children aged 5-14 years selected from 5 underdeveloped villages in Kabupaten Serang and Pandeglang were taken as subjects. A tooth was considered to have erupted if any part of the crown had penetrated the gingiva. Undernutrition was assessed as such if the score of height-for-aged was less than 70% of median WHO-NCHS standard. The study found that 34,4% of the subjects had under nutrition problems and the average time of eruption of all upper and lower teeth of the boys and girls without undernutrition (normal) were significantly faster compare to that of boys and girls having undernutrition (p<0.001). Teeth eruption in boys with undernutrition problem were slower than that of the girls. Conclusion: Further study is recommended since undernutrition problems were important factors which may influence the time of tooth eruption in Indonesian children."

"ABSTRAKTujuan umum: Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum akrilik pada pemakai gigi tiruan lepas rahang atas pada kejelasan pengucapan.Tujuan khusus: (1) Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum terhadap nilai formant 1 (F 1) dan formant 2 (F 2) pada vokal /a/, /i/, /i/ bahasa Indonesia. (2) Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum konsonan linguopalatal /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ dan konsonan /s/ bahasa Indonesia. (3) Mencari nilai baku F 1, F 2, durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/, serta pengaruh jenis kelamin, suku, tingkat pendidikan. (4) Membandingkan perbedaan hasil penilaian subyektif dan obyektif dalam evaluasi pengembalian fungsi fonetik pasca pemakaian gigi tiruanMetode penelitian: Rancangan penelitian terdiri dari 2 tahap yaitu (1) penelitian exploratif observasional yang bersifat deskriptif, untuk mencari nilai baku dan karakteristik nilai F 1 F 2, vokal bahasa Indonesia, serta durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ bahasa Indonesia. (2) penelitian experimental analitik dengan pre and post control design yaitu penelitian uji klinik pads responder pemakai gigi tiruan lepas rahang atas, untuk mencari pengaruh plat yang menutupi palatum pada kejelasan pengucapan dan diamati sesaat setelah gigi tiruan dipasang, tiga hari, dan sepuluh hari setelah memakai gigi tiruan dibandingkan sebelum memakai gigi tiruan. Penelitian tahap pertama dilakukan pada 425 responden. Evaluasi kejelasan pengucapan dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu penilaian obyektif dan subyektif. Cara penilaian obyektif yaitu dengan menghitung F 1 F 2, vokal bahasa Indonesia dalam Hertz (jumlah gelombang per detik) dan menghitung durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dihitung dalam milidetik. Cara penilaian subyektif adalah dengan dilakukan berdasarkan jumlah responden yang tidak mengalami kesulitan mengucapkan kata-kata gabungan vokal dan konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ dan kejelasan pengucapan menurut operator.Hasil penelitian: (1) Jenis kelamin dan pendidikan berpengaruh terhadap nilai F 1, F2 vokal namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/. (2) Variabel kelompok suku umumnya tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai F 1, F 2 kecuali kelompok suku Betawi yang menunjukkan perbedaannya pata F1 /a/ dan F 2 /u/. Demikian juga kelompok suku tidak berpengaruh terhadap durasi konsonan, kecuali kelompok suku Indonesia Bagian Timur menunjukkan durasi paling panjang untuk konsonan /j/. (3) Hasil penelitian experimental menunjukkan nilai F 1, F 2 vokal /a/, /i/, /u/ bahasa Indonesia pads pemakai gigi tiruan dengan plat palatum mengalami penurunan frekuensi, sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Kaires (1959). Selanjutnya terlihat perbedaan bermakna untuk nilai F 1 vokal /a/, /u/ bahasa Indonesia pada pemakai gigi tiruan dengan plat palatum bila dibanding nilai baku, yaitu F 1 /a/ pada kata cacah, jajah, dada, ratap, sasa. F 1 /i/l pada kata-kata cicih, titip, dan F 1 /u/ pada kata cucu, juju, rutup, duduk, susu.

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ABSTRACT

Objective of the study:

General aims: To find out the influence of palatal plate of removable denture on the quality of pronunciation

Specific objectives:

(1) to seek for standard values of F 1 and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the duration for some linguopalatal consonants /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and the consonant Is/ in bahasa Indonesia and the correlatation between gender, education background and ethnic group.

(2) to find out the change in F 1 and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ after wearing an acrylic palatal plate

(3) to find out the duration of above mentioned linguopalatal consonants /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and the consonant /s/ after wearing an acrylic palatal plate.

(4) to compare objective fingdings to subjective findings generally used in to evaluation of phonetics in removable denture contraction.

Methods This research program will be divided into 2 stages:

(1) descriptive study for seeking standard values of F and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the duration of linguopalatal consonant /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and consonant /s/ in bahasa Indonesia and the correction to gender, education background and ethnic group.

(2) experimental study designed as pre- and post-test study. This is done clinically on patients wearing an upper removable acrylic denture a palatal covering base. It is meant to observe the influence of the palatal plate on the quality of pronunciations. Observation was done the time of insertion, 3 days, and 10 days after wearing the denture with palatal plate. The data was compared to the data before wearing the denture.

Evaluation was done objectively and subjectively. The objective evaluation was done by looking at the value F 1 and F 2 of vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ Ad in Hertz , and and duration of linguapalatal consonants /c/ /j/, /d/, /t/ and consonant /s/ in bahasa Indonesia. The subjective evaluation was done by counting the number of subjects without difficulties in their pronunciation, and the clearness of pronunciation as heard by the operator.

Results and discussion. (1) Significant differences were found in the value of F 1 and F 2 of vowels /a/, /i/, /u/between man and woman, which might be related to the difference in the anatomical structure of the larynx, which is longer in man. Significant differences were also showed among levels of education. However, no significant difference was found neither in the duration linguopalatal consonants /c/ /j/, /d/, /t/. (2) The ethnic group had no significant different on the values of F 1

and F 2 except for F 1 /a/ and F 2 /u/ (Betawi). No significant different was found in the duration of linguopalatal consonants except for the consonant which was longest for East Part ethnic group (IBT). These significant differences might he related to the influence of local language as a mother tongue, and Bahasa Indonesia as a second language. (3) A decreasing in frequency F 1 and F 2, was observed at the time of insertion the denture with palatal plate, which support Kaires's findings (1959). A significant differences was found in F 1 to the normal standard value, in F1 /a/ - cacah, dada, jajah, tatap, sasa. F 1 /i/ - jijik, didih. F 1 /u/ in tutu, juju, Cucu, duduk, susu."

"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan mendapatkan ukuran rata-rata rahang kelompok Deutero Melayu pada mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Cetakan rahang mahasiswa diambil dan dibuat model rahang. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran pada model tersebut dalam milimeter. Yang diukur adalah : panjang rahang dan lebar rahang, serta panjang lengkung gigi. Kemudian dicari ukuran rataratanya. Selain dari itu, dibedakan Pula bentuk rahang yang persegi dan yang oval. Dari gambaran bentuk lengkung rahang yang didapat,ternyata bentuk lengkung rahang yang oval, persegi, dan rata-rata ( gabungan oval dan persegi ), tidak menunjukkan banyak perbedaan, bila dikaitkan dengan ukuran sendok cetak yang sesuai. Hasil penelitian didapatkan ukuran rata-rata rahang,yang terdiri dari panjang rahang, lebar rahang, dan panjang lengkung rahang."