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"Generally we do not know about the presence of the barrier that cause the children, students, or patients to have dyslexia, i.c. difficulties in learning abilities on writing, spelling, speaking and counting. Physicians and dentists also face some difficulties in treating them, and sufferers are often improperly treated. At home they may be treated as if they had a physical defect, and in the school as if they were dull-witted students. Dyslexia has the characteristic of continually adhering to the patient until adult and then old age. There is no prevention for this condition, but the patient can be helped by excavating their existing potential. However, for this purpose it is necessary that the parentsm educators, physicians, dentists, helpers, and people in general are aware about dyslexia."

"Latar Belakang: Pengisian dengan kon gutaperca berlapis resin (GBR) dan siler resin metakrilat menciptakansuatu sistem monoblok tersier. Tujuan: menganalisis perbandingan kerapatan antara pengisian GBR dan gutaperca konvensional (GK) dengan siler resin metakrilat di daerah sepertiga apeks.Metode:Tiga puluh dua gigi insisif bawah, dibagi dua kelompok sama besar, yaitu kelompok GBR dan GK dengan masing-masing kelompok menggunakan siler resin metakrilat. Setelah pengisian saluran akar dengan tekniksingle-cone, sampel diinkubasi (370C, 24 jam), kemudian dibelah dua secara vertikal. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kerapatan sepertiga apeks berdasarkan celah mikro yang ada pada daerah 5mm dari apeks menggunakan SEM dan diberi skor. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Skor 0 terbanyak pada GBR 43.8%,skor 1 terbanyak pada GK 81,3%% (165), skor 2 0% dan skor 3 terbanyak pada GBR 12.5%.Kesimpulan: Kerapatan hasil pengisian dengan kon gutaperca berlapis dibanding gutaperca konvensional dengan masing-masing kelompok menggunakan siler resin metakrilat pada sepertiga apeks tidak ada perbedaan bermakna walaupun secara subtansi jumlah celah mikro pada kelompok gutaperca berlapis lebih sedikit didaerah sepertiga apeks

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Background:Resin-coatedguttapercha as aroot canal obturation material is the system of tertiary monoblock. Purpose: to compare sealability of obturation using methacrylate resin-based root canal sealer between GBR dan GK group. Methods: Thirty two human lower insisive was used as specimen.All specimen was prepared using REVO-S and divided randomly into two groups. First group, GBK was obturated with resin-coated guttapercha andmethacrylate resin-based root canal sealer; while GK group was obturated with conventional guttapercha with the same sealer.Afterobturation, the specimens were incubated (370C, 24 h), then the speciments was cut verticaly. The gap existance was measured using SEM and given score 0-3. Theresults were statistically analyzed with Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Results:Thelargest proportion distribution in GBR group was score 0 (43.8%), whilst the largestproportion distribution in GK group was score 1 (81.3%), both these groups has no score 2, and the largest proportion distribution in GBR was score 3(12.5%) Conclusion: Resin-coated guttapercha as an obturation material hadinsignificancy diffrence statisticaly than conventional guttapercha of sealing ability, despite resin-coated guttapercha showed better sealing ability substantially.

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"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dialami setengah populasi penduduk dunia (3,58 milyar jiwa) dan penyakit gigi dengan prevalensi terbesar di Indonesia. Insidensi karies mencapai pulpa juga selalu meningkat setiap tahunnya. Perawatan saluran akar merupakan tindakan kuratif yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi hal tersebut. Menurut studi di berbagai negara, tingkat kegagalan PSA dapat mencapai 30% dengan melibatkan banyak faktor. Saat terjadi kegagalan, tindakan yang paling diutamakan untuk dilakukan adalah perawatan saluran akar ulang untuk mempertahankan gigi asli dari pasien. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai prevalensi PSA ulang di RSKGM FKG UI dengan mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi penyebab kegagalan PSA dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi hal tersebut untuk mencegah hal tersebut terjadi lagi di masa yang akan datang. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi perawatan saluran akar ulang di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia periode 2019-2021. Metode: Penelitian merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan analitik komparatif yang bersifat retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder rekam medis pasien konservasi di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Dari 3503 pasien PSA di RSKGM FKG UI periode Januari 2019-Juli 2021, 181 pasien dengan kegagalan PSA memilih untuk PSA ulang dan 20 pasien lainnya dilakukan ekstraksi. Melalui analisis komparatif, terdapat perbedaan secara statistik antara etiologi kegagalan PSA dengan status penyakit periapeks pada pasien, tidak ditemukan perbedaan antara sosiodemografi, elemen gigi dan diagnosis periapeks pasien pada perawatan PSA ulang dan ekstraksi, dan terdapat perbedaan secara statistik antara etiologi kegagalan PSA dengan perawatan yang dipilih (PSA ulang dan ekstraksi). Kesimpulan: Prevalensi PSA ulang di RSKGM FKG UI adalah 5,1%. Penyebab kegagalan PSA yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah pengisian saluran akar yang kurang. Diagnosis penyakit periapeks pasca PSA, paling banyak ditemukan adalah abses periapikal. Berdasarkan sosiodemografis, pasien paling banyak didominasi oleh jenis kelamin perempuan dan kelompok usia yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah kelompok usia 50-59 tahun. PSA ulang paling banyak terjadi pada gigi molar mandibula. PSA yang inadekuat memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penyakit periapeks, proporsi tertinggi etiologi kegagalan PSA pada tindakan PSA ulang adalah PSA inadekuat dan proporsi tertinggi etiologi kegagalan PSA pada tindakan ekstraksi adalah restorasi inadekuat

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Background: Dental caries is a serious health problem experienced by half of the world’s population (3.58 billion people) and an oral disease with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. The incidence of pulpitis is also increasing every year. Root canal treatment is taken to cure the disease. According to studies in various countries, endodontic treatment failure rate can reach to 30% involving many factors. When endodontic treatment failure occurs, the most applied action to be taken is endodontic retreatment to preserve patient’s teeth. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research on the prevalence of endodontic retreatment at RSKGM FKG UI by discovering the causes of the failure and other factors that contributed to the failure to prevent it from happening in the future. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of endodontic retreatment at RSKGM FKG UI for the period of 2019-2021. Methods: Retrospective descriptive and comparative analytical study is done using secondary data found in patient’s medical record. Results: There were 3503 endodontic patients at RSKGM FKG UI for the period of January 2019-July 2021, 181 patients with endodontic failure chose to be treated with endodontic retreatment and another 20 patients underwent extraction. Through comparative analysis, there were statistical differences between the etiology of endodontic failure and periapical disease. No differences found between the sociodemographic and the tooth, periapical diagnoses of patients with the choices of treatment between endodontic retreatment and extraction, and there were statistical differences between the etiology of endodontic failure and the choice of treatment. Conclusion: The prevalence of endodontic retreatment at RSKGM FKG UI is 5.1%. The most common etiology of endodontic failure is underobturation. Periapical abscess is the most found diagnosis of post endodontic treatment. Based on sociodemographics, most patients are female and the age group that commonly found was 50-59 years old age group. Endodontic retreatment mostly treated on mandibular molars. the biggest proportion of etiology of failure on endodontic retreatment treatment choice is an inadequate endodontic treatment while the highest proportion of etiology of failure on extraction is inadequate restoration"

"The longevity of a tooth is based not on the pulp, but on the health of the attachment apparatus. Mikroorganism and their toxic products can passed out into the periapical tissue and generates lesions of endodontic origin. The rationale of root canal treatment now is based on biologic principles. Healing will occurr if biomecanical preparation, cleaning and shaping were properly excecuted and the root canal system is hermetically sealed in three dimension."

"Endodontic instruments such as file or reamer has potential risk to breakage during cleaning and shaping procedure especially in curved canals. In this case the instrument was fractured because it was forced into the dentin walls to gain deeper penetration, and its removal result in breakage. In this case report removal of the instrument fragment in root canal with conventional technique was failed. So it was decided to continue the treatment, with the consideration that there is no complain within one month observation."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 46-50The necrosis tooth wilh incomplete formed roots and wide root canal should be treated by apexification. Gutta-percha combined with root canal sealer is widely used as an obturation material. The aim of this case report is to figure out that the use of customized gutta-percha in wide root canal to produce compact and hermetic filling."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar gigi menghasilkan smear layer saat bersentuhan dengan dinding saluran akar yang berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan. Bentuk penampang file mempengaruhi pembentukan smear layer. Penelitian ini membandingkan kuantitas smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal yang dipreparasi menggunakan file berpenampang melintang segitiga dan segi empat. Metode: 32 sampel gigi premolar rahang bawah dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga (One Curve®, n = 16) dan segi empat (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16). Setelah preparasi, saluran akar diirigasi menggunakan kombinasi larutan NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17%. Smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan dikuantifikasi menurut sistem skoring Foschi. Hasil: Uji Mann- Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan kedua instrumen dengan skor smear layer. Kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menghasilkan skor smear layer lebih rendah dibanding kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segi empat. Kesimpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan file berpenampang segitiga dan segi empat dengan irigasi kombinasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17% tetap menghasilkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apikal, namun preparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menunjukkan kuantitas smear layer yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan file berpenampang segi empat.

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Background: Root canal preparation produces smear layer when in contact with its wall, which potentially causing treatment failures. Cross-section shape of file influences smear layer production. This experiment compares smear layer quantity at apical third of root canal walls prepared using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section.

Methods: Thirty-two premolar samples taken from mandibles were divided into two groups whose root canals were prepared using file with triangular (One Curve®, n = 16) and rectangular (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16) cross-section. After preparation, root canals were irrigated with combination of NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% solutions. Smear layer in apical third of root canal walls were then observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan quantified according to Foschi scoring system.

Results: Mann- Whitney test shows significant difference between root canal preparation using both instruments and produced smear layer score. Group prepared with triangular file produced lower smear layer score compared to those which prepared with rectangular file.

Conclusions: Root canal preparation using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section, followed by combined NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% irrigation still produces smear layer in apical third area. However, preparation with triangular file shows less smear layer quantity compared to rectangular file."

"Dalam Tugas Akhir ini dibuat Penganalisis Kanal Tunggal yaitu suatu alat untuk menganalisis tinggi pulsa yang sering digunakan pada pengukuran energi radiasi bahan radio aktif. Alat ini terdiri atas rangkaian: Diskriminator, anti-coincidence dan pembentuk pulsa yang dibuat dengan menggunakan rangkaian terpadu atau IC (Integrated Circuit) dan komponen tertentu yang presisi sehingga didapatkan kehandalan yang tinggi. Keuntungan lain menggunakan IC adalah rangkaian menjadi sederhana dan mudah untuk memperbaikinya.Untuk menganalisis tinggi pulsa alat ini menggunakan dua buah diskriminator, untuk mendapatkan ketelitian yang tinggi pada pembacaan "'level" diskriminator maka dipakai potensiometer 10 putaran pada masing-masing rangkaian level diskriminator. Keluaran Penganalisis Kanal Tunggal berbentuk pulsa segi empat dengan tinggi ±3,5 volt dan lebar ± 0,5 ps , pulsa ini merupakan pulsa Standard sebagai masukan rangkaian pencacah .Alat ini telah dibuat dan diuji di Instalasi Spektrometri Neutron - Pusat Penelitian Sains Materi - BATAN."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256) Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques. Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256) Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Preparasi saluran akar menghasilkan ekstrusi debri, memicu respons inflamasi di periapeks. Tujuan: Mengamati perbedaan jumlah ekstrusi debri ke periapeks pada saluran akar yang dipreparasi menggunakan gerakan rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar secara acak dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 dipreparasi menggunakan gerakan rotasi kontiyu. Kelompok 2 menggunakan gerakan resiprokal. Penimbangan tabung penampung debri dilakukan dua kali, yaitu sebelum dan setelah preparasi. Perbedaan berat tabung tersebut dianggap sebagai berat debri terekstrusi. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,844) Kesimpulan: Perbedaan gerakan preparasi saluran akar menggunakan rotasi kontinyu maupun resiprokal tidak memengaruhi jumlah ekstrusi debri ke periapeks.

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Root canal preparation produces debris extrusion, lead to inflammation in periapical tissue.

Objective: Assess the differences of periapically extruded debris amount after preparation using continous rotation and reciprocating motion.

Method: Thirty two premolars in a receptor tube were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was prepared using continuous rotation, Group 2 using reciprocating motion. Amount of the extruded debris was obtained by the receptor tube weight differences before and after preparation.

Results: The difference between groups were not statistically significant (p = 0,844).

Conclusion: Continuous rotation and reciprocating motion have no influence in the amount of periapically extruded debris."