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"Fishes are an economical and healthy source of protein for the majority of the world community. However the concentration of mercury in fish due to anthropogenic emissions pose health risks to humans. The concentration of organic mercury (methylmercury) dominates 80-90 persen total mercury concentrations in fish flesh. The Accumulation of mercury increases with the rise of water temperature, organism age, time of exposure, and the concentration of protein- bound mercury. The decline in salinity or hardness, pH, organic matter content, and the presence of Zn, Cd, or Se in solution will also increases the accumulation of mercury. The rate of accumulation of methylmercury in fish affects the toxicity, in which a low rate of accumulation associates with a higher tolerance. "

"Napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus) is one of wrasses that has a high value in the worlds market. This paper present the existence of Napoleon fish of Maratua Island, East Borneo as one of its habitat in Indonesia and current records influencing the social-economic conditions there. The existence of Napoleon fish were detected by GPS (Global Positioning System) using Density Survey Method at six station of three different island i.e. Maratua, Kakaban, and Atol of Karang Muaras. During the observation, four Napoleon fish were found successfully in the northern coastal area of Kakaban Island. Unsustainable fishing activities such as using the potassium cyanide, fish bomb, and illegal fishing suggested as reasons of dramatic declining in the fishery production"

"The japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus is one of demersal fishes of the Family Nemipteridae which has high economy value and commonly caught by bottom trawl. The distribution is widespread throughout the Indian Ocean and West Pacific. This species is commonly found in coastal waters, on muddy or sandy bottoms from 5 to 80 meters depth. Special characteristics of N. japonicus are having 11-12 pale golden-yellow stripes along the body from behind of the head to the base of caudal fin, a prominent red-suffused yellow blotch origin of lateral line and a yellow fillament on caudal fin. This species is carnivorous and has external reproductive system. The diet consists mainly of small fishes, molluscas, crustaceans (mainly crab or shrimp), polychaetes and enchinoderms."

"ABSTRACTThe use of reference toxicant in aquatic toxicity testing is a part of efforts to obtain good quality data and it can be justified scientifically. It is used to determine the health and sensitivity of the test on organisms; to compare relative toxicities of substances by using control as an internal standard; to perform interlaboratory calibrations; and to evaluate the reproductive ability on tested data with time. Numbers of substances, such as some metals and salts, can be used as reference toxicants, but basically we must consider certain criterias in using a chemical as a reference toxicant. An ideal reference toxicant is that has a toxic at low concentrations, rapidly lethal, non selective, and detectable by known analytical techniques. The use of each reference toxicant in toxicity tests should be repeated using the same test organism to produce a data set of sensitivity. Endpoint values are then plotted on a control chart with tolerance range 2 SD. The value outside the tolerance range requires the evaluation of all test procedures and conditions of the test organisms."

"Coupling between atmosphere and oceans can affect the global climate change. In the Indian Ocean, there is natural climate variation phenomenon caused by coupling between atmosphere and oceans, called the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). There are two types of IOD phase based on differences condition of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in western and eastern Indian Ocean, i.e. positive and negative IOD. When positive IOD occurs, the SST in western Indian Ocean is warmer than usual while SST in Sumatera is colder than usual, and vice versa for negative IOD. IOD can be detected using Dipole Mode Index (DMI). The phenomenon of drought on one side of Indian Ocean and heavy rains on the other side is a direct impact of IOD phenomenon, IOD can also affects to the productivity of the oceans, fisheries, ecosystems and carbon budget."

"Particle bombardment is a physical method of cell transformation. This method can be used in high density cell number. It is a versatile and effective transformation method, not limited by cell type, species or genotype. There are no intrinsic vector requirements so transgenes of any size and arrangement can be introduced, and multiple gene cotransformation is straightforward. A major advantage of particle bombardment is that the delivered DNA can be manipulated to influence the quality and structure of the resultant transgene loci. Particle bombardment can be applied effectively for genetic transformation in seaweeds, such as: Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Kapaphycus alvarezii, Porphyra yezoensis, P. tenera, P. okamurae, P. onoi, P. variegate, P. pseudolinearis, Gracilaria gracilis, and G. changii. Gene expression in the transformation of seaweed using particle bombardment can be transient and stable. Based on their gene expression status, suggesting that genetic transformation using particle bombardment technique can be applied in seaweed. "

"MANFAAT KITIN DAN KITOSAN BAGI KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA. Udang dan kepiting merupakan salah satu komoditi ekspor non migas yang menghasilkan limbah berbentuk cangkang dan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan kitin dan kitosan. Kitin merupakan komponen utama dari eksoskeleton invertebrata, krustase dan insekta dimana komponen ini berfungsi sebagai komponen penyokong dan pelindung. Sedangkan kitosan merupakan polimer alamiah yang sangat melimpah keberadaannya di alam sehingga merupakan bahan perdagangan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan bagi kehidupan manusia. Kitin dan kitosan memiliki kegunaan yang sangat luas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari misalnya sebagai adsorben limbah logam berat dan zat warna, pengawet, anti jamur, kosmetik, farmasi, flokulan, anti kanker, dan anti bakteri.Tulisan ini mencoba memberikan gambaran dan informasi bahwa limbah kulit udang dapat dijadikan kitin dan kitosan yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kehidupan manusia. "

"Pollen grains and spores are an object which studied in palynology. Pollen is produced by seed plants which include gymnosperms and angiosperms. Pollen grains are male reproductive organ of seed plants. Meanwhile, spore is produced by cryptograms which include ferns and Mosses. Cryptogram spores being a resting and dispersal phase in gametophyte. In the study of pollen grains and spores, the complexity of their structure and patterning has necessitated a specific terminology. The main characters of pollen and spores are unit, shape, aperture, and sculpture. They are an important and valuable iriformation in palynology, so their applications relates to other knowledge such as geochronology, biostratigraphy, climate change, migration, flora evolution, stratigraphy, paleoecology, paleoclimatology and archeology"