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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 51-56An important phase in endodontic treatment is the irrigation of the root canal system. Desirable function of irrigation are antimicrobial activity, dissolution of necrotic tissue and nontoxicity to the periradicular tissue. Toxicity of NaOCl solution on vital tissue is still controversial. Severe compilations may occur if this solution is inadvertently exposed to the oral mucosa, and it is very hazardous. The purpose of this paper is to caution dentists on the hazards of using NaOCl irrigation in endodontic treatment. A case is presented in which 2.5% NaOCL solution was accidentally streaming into patient's throat because the irrigating needle was not securely attached to the syringe, with the result that the patient had difficulty in breathing. The patient was promptly taken to a pulmonologist, internist, and ENT. The patient was given dexamethasone 10 mg iv injection, delladryl 1cc iv, and nebulizer with 1 ampoule of steroid, 1 ampoule of ventolin and 5cc NaCl 3x within 24 hours, and after 24 hours the condition was increased. From this case it is concluded that the 2.5% NaOCl solution is very alkaline and irritating resulting in edema of the larynx and plugging up of the respiratory system. Clinicians need to be cautious in using NaOCl solution to avoid_endangering the patient's life."

"Sodium hipoklorit (NaOCl) 0,5% merupakan larutan yang digunakan sebagai desinfektan pada resin akrilik polimerisasi panas. Untuk mengetahui keefektivitasan larutan yang mengandung NaOCl 0,5% dalam mengurangi noda teh pada resin akrilik polimerisasi panas, dilakukan perendaman dalam larutan yang mengandung NaOCl 0,5% dan akuades (kontrol) selama 5 dan 10 menit. Total pengurangan noda teh pada resin akrilik dalam perendaman larutan yang mengandung NaOCl 0,5% selama 5 menit yaitu 98,5%, sedangkan selama 10 menit yaitu 106,9%. Disimpulkan bahwa perendaman dalam larutan yang mengandung NaOCl 0,5% efektif menghilangkan noda teh pada resin akrilik polimerisasi panas dalam waktu 5 menit.

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Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 0,5% is a solution that can be used as disinfectant on heat – cured acrylic resin. To know the effectiveness of solution containing NaOCl 0,5% in removing tea stain on heat - cured acrylic resin, specimens were immersed in solution containing NaOCl 0,5% and aquadest (control) for 5 and 10 minutes. The percentage of stain removal on acrylic resin which immersed in a solution containing NaOCl 0,5% for 5 was 98,5% while for the 10 minute immersion was 106,9%. It has concluded that solution containing NaOCl 0,5% was effective in removing tea stain on heat – cured acrylic resin for 5 minutes of immersion."

"Penggunaan kemasan makanan yang semakin meningkat membuat sampah plastik menjadi isu lingkungan terbesar. Semenjak penggunaan plastik konvensional berasal dari polimer fossil, sehingga sulit diuraikan oleh bakteri. Solusi yang tepat adalah menggantikanya dengan bioplastik. Penelitian ini menggunakan Chlorella vulgaris sebagai produsen Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) karena PHB memiliki karakteristik seperti biodegradabilitas, termoplastisitas, hidrofobik dan biokompatibilitas dengan sel dan jaringan, serta sifat fisik serupa dengan polypropylene yang berpotensi dalam aplikasinya di bidang pengemasan makanan, farmasi dan medis. PHB didapatkan dengan cara mengisolasi biomassa dari Chlorella vulgaris. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari metode isolasi PHB menggunakan metode disrupsi sel secara kimia dan mekanis yaitu dengan NaClO dan sonikasi dengan variasi konsentrasi massa dan konsentrasi pelarut. Metode isolasi dari C. vulgaris yang paling sederhana dan ekonomis adalah dengan tahapan umum berupa disrupsi sel, presipitasi PHB, dan pemurnian PHB. Metode kuantifikasi PHB yaitu dengan menghitung yield PHB, lalu identifikasi PHB dengan FTIR, dan menguji kualitas senyawa PHB terbaik dengan GCMS. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yield, hasil fisik PHB, dan hasil uji PHB. Pada kondisi konsentrasi sampel 0,6% w/v dan konsentrasi pelarut 1,37 % w/v menggunakan ultrasonikasi didapatkan hasil akhir PHB isolasi terbaik yaitu dengan yield 37,2%. Hasil GCMS sampel menunjukkan adanya senyawa n-hexadecanoic acid (asam palmitat), 9- Octadecanoic acid (asam oleat), 2-Palmitoylglycerol, serta Octadecanoic acid (asam stearat) sebagai senyawa utama yang dapat berpotensi sebagai bahan bioplastik.

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The increasing use of food packaging makes plastic waste the biggest environmental issue. Since the use of conventional plastic comes from fossil polymers, so it is difficult to be decomposed by bacteria. The right solution is to replace it with bioplastics. This study uses Chlorella vulgaris as a producer of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) because PHB has characteristics such as biodegradability, thermoplasticity, hydrophobicity and biocompatibility with cells and tissues, and physical properties similar to polypropylene which has the potential in its application in food, pharmaceutical and medical packaging. PHB is obtained by isolating biomass from Chlorella vulgaris. This research will study the method of PHB isolation using chemical and mechanical cell disruption methods, namely NaClO and sonication with variations in mass concentration and solvent concentration. The simplest and most economical method of isolation of C. vulgaris is the general stages of cell disruption, PHB precipitation, and PHB purification. The method of quantifying PHB is by calculating the yield of PHB, then identification of PHB by FTIR, and testing the quality of the best PHB compounds by GCMS. The parameters used in this study are yield, PHB physical results, and PHB test results. In the condition of 0.6% w/v sample concentration and 1.37% w/v solvent concentration using ultrasonication, the best PHB isolation yield was 37.2%. GCMS sample results showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), 9-Octadecanoic acid (oleic acid), 2- Palmitoylglycerol, and Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) as the main compounds that could potentially be bioplastic materials."

"Latar Belakang: Irigasi endodontik konsentrasi tinggi Natrium Hipoklorit (NaOCl) 5% telah banyak dilaporkan menurunkan viabilitas sel punca pulpa (hDPSCs) namun merupakan bahan irigasi pilihan untuk perawatan endodontik. Sehingga dibutuhkan larutan lain untuk menetralkan efek NaOCl seperti Sodium thiosulfate (STS) yang bersifat antioksidan agar potensi anti mikroba NaOCl tetap baik namun tidak mempengaruhi viabilitas sel punca pulpa. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek penggunaan STS 5% setelah paparan NaOCl 1,5% dan NaOCl 5%-PBS-EDTA 17%-PBS dengan variasi paparan waktu terhadap viabilitas hDPSCs. Metode: Sel primer hDPSCs yang telah 80% confluent dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam, diberikan perlakuan berupa NaOCl-PBS-STS 5%-EDTA 17%-PBS, DMEM sebagai kontrol negatif dan NaOCl 1,5% serta 5% sebagai kontrol positif. Pengamatan viabilitas sel punca pulpa dengan uji flowcitometry MTT-assay. Hasil: Perbandingan antara kelompok NaOCl 5% terhadap kelompok NaOCl 5% - STS 5% 60’ berbeda tidak bermakna (p>0,5) namun nilai viabilitas kelompok NaOCl 5% - STS 5% 60’ lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok NaOCl 5%. Kesimpulan: Sodium thiosulfate sebagai agen antioksidan dan penetralisir NaOCl cukup efektif dalam mempertahankan viabilitas sel punca pulpa pada konsentrasi NaOCl 5% dengan paparan waktu 60’.

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Background: Endodontic irrigation with high concentrations of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been reported to decrease pulp stem cell viability (hDPSCs) however NaOCl is the irrigant of choice for endodontic treatment. Another solution is needed to neutralize the effects of NaOCl, such as Sodium thiosulfate (STS) an antioxidant that has good antimicrobial but minimally effect on the viability hDPSCS. Objective: To determine the effect of 5% STS after exposure to 1.5% NaOCl and 5% NaOCl-PBS-EDTA 17%-PBS with variations in exposure time on the viability of hDPSCs. Method: hDPSCs that has been 80% confluent and reach P3-P4 done starvation for 24 hour,was given treatment of NaOCl-PBS-STS 5%-EDTA 17%-PBS, DMEM as a negative control and NaOCl 1.5% and 5% as a positive control. Observation of viability by MTT-flow cytometry assay. Results: The comparison between the 5% NaOCl group and the 5% NaOCl - 5% STS 60' group was not significantly different (p>0.5) but the viability value of the 5% NaOCl - 5% 60' NaOCl group is higher than 5% NaOCl group. Conclusion: Sodium thiosulfate as an antioxidant agent and NaOCl neutralizer is quite effective in maintaining the viability of pulp stem cells at 5% NaOCl concentration with an exposure time of 60'."

"Mayoritas cangkang kapsul hingga tahun 2014 masih berbahan gelatin yang bersumber dari kulit dan tulang babi. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, riset cangkang kapsul nabati mulai berkembang dengan berbahan dasar ekstrak rumput laut seperti karagenan, alginat, HPMC, dan pektin. Cangkang kapsul nabati yang sudah ada perlu diberi penambahan polihidroksibutirat (PHB), sebuah biopolimer yang tahan suhu tinggi, tahan pH ekstrem, biodegradable, biocompatible, hingga cocok untuk slow release. Metode isolasi dari S. platensis yang paling simpel dan ekonomis dengan tahapan umum berupa disrupsi sel, presipitasi PHB, dan pemurnian PHB. Sodium hipoklorit adalah pelarut pendisrupsi sel yang banyak digunakan untuk isolasi PHB dari mikroalga sedangkan sodium hidroksida bisa digunakan untuk isolasi PHB dari E. coli. Parameter yang diuji dalam penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi sel sampel S. platensis serta rasio konsentrasi pelarut NaClO dan NaOH yang ditambahkan. Metode identifikasi PHB adalah FTIR, kuantifikasi PHB dengan menghitung massa dan yield PHB secara manual, lalu mengestimasi perbandingan nilai ekonomi proses isolasi pada tiap variabel. Pada kondisi pelarut NaClO 0,0265 M, hasil dengan yield terbaik ditunjukkan pada variasi 0,04 g/mL dengan massa PHB 2 x 10-3 g dan yield 0,16 %. Hasil dengan keuntungan tertinggi adalah variasi konsentrasi sampel 0,06 g/mL dengan yield 0,12%. Penggunaan NaOH sebagai tambahan rasio pelarut meningkatkan pH larutan dengan terlalu drastis sehingga mengurangi efektivitas isolasi PHB oleh NaClO.

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The majority of capsule shells until 2014 are still made from gelatin sourced from pork skin and bones. To overcome this problem, research on vegetable capsule shells began to develop based on seaweed extracts such as carrageenan, alginate, HPMC, and pectin. Existing vegetable capsule shells need to be added with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biopolymer that is high temperature resistant, extreme pH resistant, biodegradable, biocompatible, and suitable for slow release. The simplest and most economical method of isolation from S. platensis with general stages is cell disruption, PHB precipitation, and PHB purification. Sodium hypochlorite is a cell disrupting solvent that is widely used for extraction of PHB from microalgae while sodium hydroxide can be used for extraction of PHB from E. coli. The parameters tested in this study were the concentration of S. platensis sample cells and the ratio of NaClO and NaOH solvent concentrations added. The PHB identification method is FTIR, PHB quantification by calculating mass and PHB yield manually, then estimating the comparison of the economic value of the extraction process for each variable. In the conditions of NaClO 0.0265 M, the best yield results were shown in the variation of 0.04 g/mL with a mass of PHB 2 x 10-3 g and a yield of 0.16%. The results with the highest gain are variations in sample concentration of 0.06 g/mL with yields of 0.12%. The use of NaOH in addition to the solvent ratio increases the pH of the solution too drastically thereby reducing the effectiveness of PHB isolation by NaClO."

"ABSTRAKBasis gigi tiruan selalu berkontak dengan mikroorganisme rongga mulut dan salivasehingga menjadi tempat tumbuhnya plak dan perkembangan mikroorganisme,khususnya C.albicans. Diperlukan pembersihan yang dapat secara efektif menghambatpertumbuhan C. albicans. Larutan pembersih gigi tiruan yang sering digunakan adalahalkalin peroksida dan sodium hipoklorid. Masih terdapat kontradiksi mengenaikeefektifan alkalin peroksida dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans pada nilontermoplastik. Sodium hipoklorid dengan konsentrasi yang tinggi dan waktu perendamanyang lama akan menyebabkan kerusakan pada basis gigi tiruan. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah menganalisis efektifitas sodium hipoklorid dengan konsentrasi yang rendah,yaitu 0,125% dan pengaruh lama perendaman terhadap pertumbuhan C. albicans, jugasodium hipoklorid 0,5% dan alkalin peroksida sebagai pembanding. Penelitianeksperimental laboratorik menggunakan 24 spesimen, sebelumnya dilakukan ujikekasaran permukaan pada sisi permukaan halus dan kasar pada masing-masingspesimen. Kemudian dikontaminasi dengan C.albicans, direndam dalam 3 macamlarutan pembersih selama 5 menit dan 10 menit. Dibiakkan pada media Agar SabouraudDextrose, diinkubasi selama 48 jam, koloni yang tumbuh dihitung dan dianalisis. Darihasil analisis data didapatkan bahwa nilai rerata larutan sodium hipoklorid 0,125% samadengan sodium hipoklorid 0,5% pada perendaman selama 5 menit (p=1,000) dan 10menit (p=1,000). Nilai rerata sodium hipoklorid 0,125% lebih kecil dari pada nilai rerataalkalin peroksida pada perendaman 5 menit (p=0,014) dan 10 menit (p=0,014). Daripenelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa larutan sodium hipoklorid 0,125% sangat efektifdalam menghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans pada nilon termoplastik dengan lamaperendaman 5 menit.

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ABSTRACTDue to constant contact between denture surface and oral environment, denture surfacesusually act as a reservoir for microorganism, especially C. albicans. Proper cleaningtechnique is needed to inhibit the growth of C. albicans. Soaking denture in a chemicalsolution is known as the simplest and the most effective way to maintain a cleandenture. The widely used substances to soak the dentures are alkaline peroxide andsodium hypochlorite. There have been numerous researches done on the effectivenessof soaking solution against C. albicans, but there is some contradiction on theeffectiveness of alkaline peroxide as a denture cleanser especially for thermoplasticnylon material. Soaking denture in high concentration of sodium hypochlorite during along period of time can deteriorate the texture and color of denture surface. Thepurpose of this study is to analyzed the effectiveness of low concentration sodiumhypochlorite 0.125% in inhibiting the growth of C.albicans on thermoplastic nylon withvariables in soaking duration and different soaking solution such as 0.5% sodiumhypochlorite and alkaline peroxide. This is an experimental laboratory study. The studyis conducted using 24 thermoplastic nylon plate specimens with surface roughness testconducted before the immersion procedure. The specimens were exposed to C. albicansand soaked in 3 different cleaning solutions (0.125% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% sodiumhypochlorite, and alkaline peroxide) for 5 minutes and 10 minutes. Afterwards, thespecimens were cultured in SDA medium and kept inside incubator for 48 hours, andthe colonies of C. albicans formed in the SDA medium were counted. Statisticalanalysis showed there was no significancy mean differences between 0.125% sodiumhypochlorite with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 and 10 minutes soaking duration(p=1.000). But there was a mean difference between 0.125% sodium hypochlorite andalkaline peroxide, with smaller mean value in 0.125% sodium hypochlorite in both 5and 10 minutes soaking duration (p=0.014). The result showed that 0.125% sodiumhypochlorite was the most effective solution in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans onnylon thermoplastic in 5 minutes soaking duration."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 79-83Endodontics or root canal treatment is to maintain the tooth as long as possible in the arch's width in a good fuctional status. In order to reach that goal, all irritation to the pulp should be eliminated so that the tooth has a healthy periodontal tissue support. A female patient, aged 37 years, came for her upper front tooth which had been restored with a pin crown a year ago. One month ago she had a swelling accompanied with throbbing pain. There was no history of general diseases and her oral hygiene was good. Clinically it was restored with a pin crown and the radiographic picture showed a narrow pulp chamber, normal roots with normal canals, thickened periodontium, broken lamina dura, and diffuse periapical rarefaction. The tooth was diagnosed with pulpal necrosis. A conventional root canal treatment was performed followed by the insertion of a post core crown. The result showed a satisfactory restoration supported by healthy periodontal tissues. Besides a correct diagnosis and indication, an exact treatment plan, and a good restoration, successful treatment in this case was due to the role of the dentist to create healthy soft and hard tissues in the oral cavity before restoration, and also due to patient cooperation."

"ABSTRAK LatarBelakang: Menentukan prediktor yang paling akurat dalam menilaisulitvisualisasi laring(DVL) dengan menggunakan skor mallampati (MMT) ,Jarak sternomental(SMD) dan jarak buka mulut(IIG), baik secara tunggal maupundalam kombinasi.Metode: Sebanyak 283 pasien ikut serta dalam penelitian dan dievaluasikemungkinan mereka mengalami sulit visualisasi laring. Kesulitan visualisasilaring dinilai dengan laringoskopi langsung berdasarkan klasifikasi CormackLehane (CL). Skor CL derajat III dan IV ditentukan sebagai sulit visualisasilaring. Kondisi ini juga diperkirakan dengan menggunakan prediktor jalan napas,yaitu MMT, SMD dan IIG. Titik potong untuk masing-masing prediktor adalahskor Mallampati III dan IV, ≤ 12,5 cm, dan ≤ 3 cm. Selanjutnya, ditentukan nilaisensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediksi positif dan negatif serta nilai area di bawahkurva (AUC) dari setiap prediktor tersebut, baik secara tunggal maupun dalamkombinasi. Prediktor independen DVL ditentukan dengan melakukan analisisregresi logistik.Hasil: Sulit visualisasi laring ditemukan pada 29 (10,2%) subyek penelitian. Nilaisensitivitas, spesifisitas, prediksi positif dan luas AUC prediktor jalan napasadalah: MMT (20,8%; 99,7%; 71,4%; 68%), SMD (72,4%; 97,2%; 75%; 88%),dan IIG (41,4%; 99,4%; 85,7%; 73%). Penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwakombinasi prediktor terbaik adalah gabungan prediktor SMD + IIG. Kombinasitiga prediktor MMT + SMD + IIG ternyata menunjukkan nilai AUC yang samadengan kombinasi dua prediktor SMD + IIG.Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menganjurkan gabungan prediktor IIG + SMDsebagai model diagnostik yang optimal untuk memperkirakan sulit visualisasilaring pada populasi ras Melayu di Indonesia.

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ABSTRAK Background: To determine the most accurate predictor in evaluating difficultvisualization of larynx (DVL) using indicators of modified mallampati test(MMT), sternomental distance (SMD) and inter incisor gap (IIG), either inisolation or in combination.Methods: Two hundred eighty three patients were participated in the study andevaluated for their possibility of having DVL. The difficulty of larynx visualizationwas evaluated using direct laryngoscopy based on grading of the Cormack andLehane (CL) classification. The CL grades III and IV were considered as difficultvisualization of larynx. DVL was also predicted using the airway predictors ofMMT, SMD and IIG. The cut-off points for the airway predictors wereMallampati III and IV; ≤ 12,5 cm, and ≤ 3 cm, respectively. Moreover, sensitivity,specificity, positive and negative predictive value and area under the curve (AUC)of each predictor were determined, either in isolation or in combination.Independent predictors of DVL were determined using logistic regressionanalysis.Results: Difficulty to visualize the larynx was found in 29 (10.2%) subjects. Thesensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and AUC for the airwaypredictors were: MMT (20.8%; 99.7%; 71.4%; 68%), SMD (72.4%; 97.2%; 75%;88%), and IIG (41.4%; 99.4%; 85.7%; 73%). The best combination of predictorswas SMD + IIG with an AUC of 90.2%. Triple combination of MMT + SMD +IIG showed the same value of AUC with combination of two predictors, SMD +IIG.Conclusion: This study suggests the combination of IIG + SMD predictors as theoptimal diagnostic model to predict DVL in a Malay race population inIndonesia."

"Industri pegolahan bijih pertambangan merupakan salah satu industry yang paling tidak ramah lingkungan, hal tersebut dikarenakan penggunaan reagen-reagen berbahaya dalam prosesnya seperti sianida dan merkuri. Seiring dengan berjalanya waktu dilakukan berbagai penelitian untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, salah satunya adalah penggunaan larutan chloride-hypochlorite. Larutan tersebut dapat digunakan dalam proses pengolahan bijih karena mampu melarutkan emas sampai kondisi ekonomis, tetapi tetap ramah terhadap lingungan. Pada penelitian kali ini, dilakukan pengujian untuk mendapatkan titik ndash; titik optimum dari beberapa aspek yang mempengaruhi proses pelindiannya; antara volume NaOCl, dan waktu pelindian. Penelitian ini menggunakan bijih hasil pertambangan dari daerah Bolaang Mongondow, Indonesia yang sudah dikarakterisasi menggunakan OM, LIBS, XRF dan ICP dengan kadar emas sebesar 0.27 ppm sebagai sampel. Bijih emas diproses dengan metode pelindian emas menggunakan temperature dan agitasi dalam skala lab. Sehingga, didapatkan kadar emas yang ada pada larutan tersebut dari hasil karakterisasi menggunakan ICP. Kemudian diperolehlah persentase emas yang terlarut pada setiap variabelnya. Hasil yang didapat menunjukan bahwa volume NaOCl, dan waktu pelindian akan meningkatkan tren dari presentase emas terlarut.

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Gold ore processing industry is one of the least environmentally friendly industry, due to the use of hazardous reagents in the process, such as cyanide and mercury. As the time goes, various studies have been conducted to overcome the problem. One of the study being developed is the use of chloride hypochlorite for gold leaching. The solution can be used in ore processing because its capability of dissolving gold economically, but still environmentally friendly. In this research, experiments are performed to obtain optimum points from volume of NaOCl and leaching time. This research uses ores from mining site at Boolang Mongondow, Indonesia, which have been characterized using OM, XRF, LIBS and ICP with initial gold content equal to 0.27 ppm. Gold ore is processed by agitation leaching method with temperature on a lab scale. The gold content of the solution from leaching process is obtained using ICP. Thus, the percentage of gold leached in each variables are obtained. The result shows that the increase volume of NaOCl, and leaching time will increase the trend of dissolved gold percentage. "