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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 284-287Radiographic examination has a very important role in dental implant treatment, including preoperative planning and intra operative and postoperative assessment. ln preoperative planning, radiographic examination has an ability to visualize critical mandibular anatomic organ such as mandibular foramen, mandibular canals, and mental foramina, which will guide the choice of implant length, diameter, and position. Besides, it also can reveal variation of quality and quantity of the jaw bone. Radiographic examination for postoperative assessment of dental implant is usually addressed for evaluation of implant position. Development and application modem imaging modalities in dento-maxillofacial radiology have very important role for better accuracy and more comprehensive dental implant treatment. One of modern radiographic imaging technique for this purpose is conventional linier tomography. This modality yields visualization of bone quality and quantity in high detail and accuracy, including bone condition in buccallingual dimension. Thus the choice of implan type, shape and size can be obtained precisely and furthermore reducing iatrogenic damage of critical anatomic organ. Radiation dose of conventional linier tomography is relatively lower comparing with other modern imaging modalities such as CT scan, besides that it also has lower cost so it has beneficial economical point. However, for a certain case and condition, there will be some need for combining conventional linier tomography with other technique, such as the panoramic and periapical technique."

"Latar belakang: Gigi tiruan dukungan implan, salah satu perawatan kehilangan gigi terbaik, diterima luas di seluruh dunia. Namun, penggunaannya di Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Studi terkait kesadaran (awareness), pengetahuan (knowledge), dan sikap (attitude) terhadap implan gigi telah banyak dilakukan di negara lain, tetapi belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengembangkan kuesioner kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap pasien terhadap implan gigi yang valid dan reliabel. Metode: Penelitian kualitatif melalui studi literatur pada 9 studi, wawancara semi-struktur 8 pakar implan dan 10 subjek kehilangan gigi, focus group discussion, dan uji-coba kuesioner. Penelitian kuantitatif pada 227 subjek untuk pengujian validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner. Hasil: Kuesioner final 28 item (domain kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap) berhasil dikembangkan dengan validitas isi (content validity) dan validitas muka (face validity) terpenuhi. Analisis faktor dapat dilakukan pada ketiga domain berdasarkan hasil Uji Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) dan Uji Bartlett (0,680;P<0,05| 0,922;P<0,05| 0,849;P<0,05). Uji validitas konvergen dan uji konsistensi internal Cronbach’s alpha menghasilkan nilai baik pada domain kesadaran (r=0,736; P<0,05; α=0,848), domain pengetahuan (r=0,616; P<0,05; α=0,922), dan domain sikap (r=0,658; P<0,05; α=0,794). Kesimpulan: Kuesioner kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap pasien terhadap perawatan dengan implan gigi teruji valid dan reliabel untuk mengevaluasi kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap pasien terhadap perawatan dengan implan gigi di Indonesia.

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Background: Implant-supported prosthesis, one of the best treatment for tooth loss, are widely accepted worldwide. However, its utilization is still relatively low in Indonesia. Studies related to awareness, knowledge, and attitude towards dental implants have been conducted in many other countries, but there has been no study in Indonesia. Objective: To develop a valid and reliable questionnaire on patient awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards dental implants. Methods: Qualitative study was done through literature review on 9 studies, semi-structured interviews with 8 implant experts and 10 tooth loss subjects, focus group discussion, and pre-testing. Quantitative study on 227 subjects for validity and reliability test. Results: The final questionnaire of 28 items (awareness, knowledge, and attitude domains) was successfully developed with achieved content validity and face validity. Factor analysis can be performed on all three domains based on the results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test (KMO) and Bartlett Test (0.680;P<0.05| 0.922;P<0.05| 0.849;P<0.05). The convergent validity and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency were high in awareness domain (r=0.736; P<0.05; α=0.848), knowledge domain (r=0.616; P<0.05; α=0.922), and attitude domain (r=0.658; P<0.05; α=0.794). Conclusion: The questionnaire developed was valid and reliable to evaluate patient awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards dental implant treatment in Indonesia."

"Penambahan dopan logam Cu dilakukan dalam modifikasi permukaan permukaan Ti6Al4V, untuk merancang fotokatalitik sistem dengan efisiensi tinggi di bawah cahaya tampak. Mendopankan logam Cu pada permukaan fotokatalis menggunakan metode photo-assisted deposition. Variasi konsentrasi logam Cu (0,05 M; 0,10 M; 0,15 M) dilakukan untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum fotokatalis yang aktif dibawah cahaya tampak. Hasil karakterisasi SEM-EDX dan XRD, menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang dianodisasi dengan elektrolit gliserol memiliki morfologi dan kristalinitas lebih baik dibandingkan sampel yang dianodisasi dengan elektrolit asam. Hasil uji pembentukan biofilm secara in vitro dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans menunjukkan sampel yang didopankan dengan dopan Cu berkonsentrasi 0,15 M memiliki kinerja fotokatalitik yang paling baik, dengan hasil sebesar 99% persentase disinfeksi bakteri dibandingkan dengan model kontrol pada jam ke-16 pengukuran. Hasil ini menunjukkan sampel yang didopankan dengan dopan Cu berkonsentrasi 0,15 M merupakan kondisi optimum untuk menghambat pembentukan biofilm dalam penelitian ini

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Optimization of morphology and crystallinity of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) fabricated on the surface of Ti6Al4V with anodizing method using a variation of the type of electrolyte. To design a system with high efficiency photocatalytic under visible light, the addition of a transition metal dopant antibacterial namely Cu (Copper). Cu-doped surface on the dental implat using photo-assisted deposition method. Variations in the concentration of Cu (0.05 M; 0.10 M; 0.15 M) were performed to obtain the optimum conditions photocatalysts active under visible light. Results of SEM-EDX and XRD characterization, indicate that the sample which is anodized with glycerol electrolyte, have better morphology and crystallinity than the sample which is anodized with acid electrolyte. The test results of in vitro biofilm formation test by Streptococcus mutans showed sample of which doped with Cu that have concentration of 0,15 M has the best photocatalytic performance, with percentage of disinfection of bacteria at 99% compared with the control model at 16th hour measurement. These results show the samples TNT/G/0,15 which doped with Cu dopant concentration of 0,15 M is an optimum condition to inhibit biofilm formation in the study"

"Untuk mengatasi kehilangan gigi diperlukan implan gigi yang tahan terhadap korosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui morfologi lapisan dan ketahanan korosi Hidroksiapatit (HAp)/Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) pada substrat Stainless Steel (SS) 316L sebagai implan gigi. Metode yang digunakan untuk melapisi SS 316L dengan HAp/MWCNT adalah metode Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD). Tegangan EPD dilakukan pada 20, 30, dan 40 V selama 20 menit dengan pelarut aseton. Morfologi lapisan HAp/MWCNT dianalisis dengan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hasil SEM menunjukkan tegangan 20 dan 30 V memiliki morfologi lapisan yang homogen sedangkan tegangan 40 V mengalami terjadinya aglomerasi. Uji korosi dengan metode Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) menunjukkan pelapisan HAp/MWCNT melindungi substrat SS 316L dari korosi dalam larutan Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). Sampel dengan kualitas terbaik diperoleh pada tegangan 30 V karena memiliki morfologi lapisan yang homogen sehingga menghasilkan laju korosi yang rendah (0,0745 mpy).

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To address tooth loss, corrosion-resistant dental implants are required. This research aims to investigate the morphology and corrosion resistance of Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/ Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) coatings on Stainless Steel (SS) 316L substrates for dental implants. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method was employed to coat SS 316L with HAp/MWCNT. EPD was carried out at 20, 30, and 40 V for 20 minutes using acetone as the solvent. The morphology of the HAp/MWCNT coatings was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM results revealed that coatings at 20 and 30 V exhibited a homogeneous morphology, while agglomeration occurred at 40 V. Corrosion tests, conducted using Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution, demonstrated that the HAp/MWCNT coatings protected the SS 316L substrate from corrosion. Samples coated at 30 V exhibited the highest quality due to their homogeneous morphology and low corrosion rate (0.0745 mpy)."

"Implan gigi merupakan perawatan medis bagi gigi tanggal yang diakibatkan oleh berbagai kelainan periodontitis, maupun karies, trauma, serta kelainan pada perkembangan dan genetik, dengan tingkat keberhasilan mencapai 95% ditandai oleh kemampuan implan gigi melakukan osseointegrasi. Osseointegrasi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal, termasuk kualitas dan kuantitas tulang, serta desain implan gigi. Kegagalan implan gigi dapat terjadi pada tulang dengan kualitas lebih rendah akibat kelelahan yang berlebihan, serta desain implan gigi yang tidak memadai. Pada beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa fitur self-tapping memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang sama dengan implan gigi tanpa fitur ­­self-tapping, namun dengan torsi insersi yang lebih sederhana, sehingga dapat mengurangi risiko kerusakan tulang dan meningkatkan stabilitas primer dengan meminimalisir jumlah drilling yang digunakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan simulasi finite element pada variasi desain cutting flute, berupa sudut kemiringan celah pemotong, panjang celah pemotong, dan jumlahnya, untuk menjalankan fungsi self-tapping. Simulasi ini dijalankan dengan memberikan pembebanan oklusal pada implan gigi yang dipasang pada tulang berdensitas rendah (tulang tipe III). Dari simulasi tersebut, dilakukan analisis distribusi tegangan dan strain yang terjadi pada implan gigi. Desain implan gigi dengan tiga buah celah pemotong dengan sudut kemiringan 5? di sepanjang badan implan yang berulir memiliki nilai tegangan Von Mises maksimum paling rendah, sebesar 92,127 MPa, bersesuaian dengan nilai strain maksimum paling rendah, yaitu 0,000555.

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Dental implant is a medical treatment for missing tooth caused by various conditions such as periodontitis, cavities, trauma, as well as abnormalities in growth and genetics, with a success rate of up to 95%, characterized by the ability of dental implants to achieve osseointegration. Osseointegration is affected by several factors, including the quality and quantity of bone, as well as the design of dental implants geometry. Dental implants failure can occur in lower quality bone due to excessive fatigue and inadequate implant design for acquired conditions. Research indicates that self-tapping features have the same success rate as dental implants without self-tapping features, but offer simpler insertion torque, reducing the risk of bone damage and improving primary stability by minimizing the drilling procedures. This study was conducted by performing finite element simulations on various cutting flute design, including the angle of the cutting flute, length of the cutting flute, and the number of cutting flute, to provide a self-tapping function. The simulation was conducted by applying occlusal loading to dental implants placed in low-density bone (bone type III). From the simulation, an analysis of stress distribution and strain in dental implants. Among the developed dental implant designs, the one featuring three cutting flutes at a 5? angle along the threaded implant body exhibits the lowest maximum Von Mises stress value of 92,127 MPa, as well as the lowest maximum strain value of 0,000555."

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Latar Belakang: Implan gigi sebagai alternatif perawatan kehilangan gigi dapat mengalami kegagalan akibat distribusi stress yang berlebihan. Desain implan berupa implant thread depth menjadi bagian penting dari struktur implan yang dapat mempengaruhi distribusi stress. Adapun arah pembebanan dan tulang dengan densitas rendah merupakan faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi distribusi stress. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran distribusi stress pada single implant dengan variasi ukuran thread depth dan arah pembebanan di tulang densitas rendah. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional deskriptif. Model 3D regio posterior tulang maksila  dan tiga implan dengan komponen implan berupa panjang 10 mm, diameter 4,1 mm, thread pitch 0,8 mm, thread shape berupa V-thread dan kedalaman thread depth yang terbagi menjadi 0,25 mm; 0,35mm; dan 0,45mm dibuat dengan modeling software dan disusun menjadi solid model. Dilakukan simulasi pemberian beban preload 200 N arah axial pada screw dan dilanjutkan dengan pemberian beban mastikasi sebesar 100 N arah axial dan oblique pada molar pertama. Dilakukan analisis dengan metode finite element untuk mengetahui distribusi stress berupa von Mises stress pada komponen implan dan tulang. Hasil : Nilai von Mises stress maksimum tertinggi pada pembebanan axial (abutment = 222,63 MPa, implant body = 179,68 MPa, dan screw = 154,97 MPa), pada pembebanan oblique (abutment = 1086,9 MPa, implant body = 852,46 MPa, dan screw = 628,56 MPa). Pada tulang alveolar, nilai von Mises stress maksimum dengan pembebanan axial pada masing-masing thread depth (0,25 mm = 29,421 MPa; 0,35 mm = 30,201 MPa; 0,45 mm = 31,091 MPa), dan dengan pembebanan oblique pada masing-masing thread depth (0,25 mm = 74,103 MPa; 0,35 mm = 75,102 MPa; 0,45 mm = 76,557 MPa). Kesimpulan : Hasil metode finite element menunjukkan bahwa pada pembebanan axial, abutment mengalami peningkatan stress seiring peningkatan thread depth. Pada pembebanan oblique seluruh komponen implan mengalami peningkatan stress seiring peningkatan thread depth. Nilai von Mises stress terbesar pada tulang ditemukan pada thread depth 0,45 mm dengan pembebanan oblique.

 

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Background: Dental implants as an alternative treatment for tooth loss can fail due to excessive stress distribution. Implant design in the form of implant thread depth is an important part of the implant structure that can affect stress distribution. The direction of loading and low-density bone are other factors that can affect stress distribution. Objective: To determine the overview of stress distribution of a single implant with varying thread depth in low-density bone. Methods: This study was a descriptive observational study. A 3D model of the posterior region of the maxillary bone and three implants with implant components of 10 mm length, 4 mm diameter, 0.8 mm thread pitch, V-thread thread shape, and thread depth divided into 0.25 mm; 0.35mm; and 0.45mm were created with modeling software and compiled into a solid model.  Simulation of 200 N axial preload was applied to the screw and followed by 100 N axial and oblique mastication load on the first molar. Finite element method analysis was performed to determine the stress distribution in the form of von Mises stress on the implant and bone components. Results: The highest maximum von Mises stress values under axial loading (abutment = 222.63 MPa, implant body = 179.68 MPa, and screw = 154.97 MPa), under oblique loading (abutment = 1086.9 MPa, implant body = 852.46 MPa, and screw = 628.56 MPa). In alveolar bone, the maximum von Mises stress value with axial loading at each thread depth (0.25 mm = 29.421 MPa; 0.35 mm = 30.201 MPa; 0.45 mm = 31.091 MPa), and with oblique loading at each thread depth (0.25 mm = 74.103 MPa; 0.35 mm = 75.102 MPa; 0.45 mm = 76.557 MPa). Conclusion: The results of the finite element analysis showed that in axial loading, the abutment experienced increased stress as thread depth increased. In oblique loading, all implant components experienced increased stress as thread depth increased. The largest von Mises stress value in the bone was found at a thread depth of 0.45 mm with oblique loading.

 

 

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"Latar Belakang: Partikel mirip logam telah terdeteksi pada apusan mukosa peri-implan dari sampel klinis yang menderita peri-implantitis maupun sample yang tidzak menderita peri-implantitis dengan menggunakan sitologi eksfoliatif sel epitel dan makrofag. Ion metal titanium yang sudah terlepas dari ikatannya akan menginduksi kejadian dan reaksi biologis yang menyebabkan hilangnya stabilitas biologis dan meningkatnya osteolisis lokal di sekitar implan gigi. Penelitian in vitro menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan ekspresi sitokin inflamasi dan aktivasi osteoklas terjadi ketika ion titanium hadir. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya, diketahui terdapat perbedaan signifikan dari hasil polimorfisme gen CXCR2 antara pasien dengan peri-implantitis dan pasien control. Namun, kemampuan ekspresi gen CXCR2 pasien sehat pengguna Implan Gigi masih belum ditentukan. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi gen pada pasien pengguna implan gigi dibandingkan dengan individu sehat yang tidak menggunakan implant gigi. Metode:Sampel RNA pasien pengguna implan (n=9), dan sample pasien control non-pengguna (n=9) diperoleh dan disimpan di Laboratorium Oral Biologi  Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Kemudian, dilakukan esktraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA dan pengecekan konsentrasi sampel hasil sintesis cDNA. Selanjutnya, ekspresi gen CXCR2 dan gen referensi GAPDH diuji dengan quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Hasil: Tidak   terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi gen CXCR2, antara pasien pengguna implant gigi dan pasien yang tidak menggunakan implant gigi (p≥0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara perbedaan ekspresi gen CXCR2 pada

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Background: Exfoliative cytology of epithelial cells and macrophages has been used to identify metal-like particles in peri-implant mucosal smears from clinical samples with and without peri-implantitis. Free titanium ions cause biological processes and reactions that result in localized osteolysis surrounding dental implants and a loss of biological stability. In vitro studies have shown that inflammatory cytokine expression and osteoclast activation increase when titanium ions are present. Based on previous studies, it is known that there are significant differences in the results of CXCR2 gene polymorphisms between patients with peri-implantitis and control patients. However, the expression ability of the CXCR2 gene in healthy patients using dental implant has not been determined.

Objective: To analyze gene expression in patients with dental implants compared to healthy individuals who do not use dental implants.

Methods: RNA samples from implant users (n=9), and non-user control patient samples (n=9) were obtained and stored at the Oral Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. Then, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis was carried out and checking the concentration of the cDNA synthesized samples. Next, the expression of the CXCR2 gene and the GAPDH reference gene were tested by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR).

Results: There was no significant difference in CXCR2 gene expression between patients with implants. Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference between differences in gene expression in dental implant users and non-users."

"The demand of implant restorations is increasing due to its superiority in function, safety and comfort. However, aesthetic disharmony commonly occurs, due to metal color, implants profile, position and engulations. To overcome this limitation, it is important to balance the aesthetic with the biomechanical requirements. This requires implant selection (material, shape and angulations), modifying superstructure (retainer, pontic, attachment) to improve improper implants position and angulations and preprosthetic bone augmentation to facilitate implant placement to fulfil aesthetic and biomechanical requirements."

"Latar belakang : Kasus kehilangan gigi seringkali menjadi masalah bagi kebanyakan orang. Salah satu perawatan yang dapat dilakukan pada kasus kehilangan gigi adalah dengan penggunaan implan gigi. Tingkat keberhasilan implan salah satunya yaitu dilihat dari osseointegrasi. Berbagai macam modifikasi permukaan implan yang ada merupakan strategi yang telah dilakukan dan dikembangkan untuk mempercepat osseointegrasi. Dengan demikian, peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui hubungan permukaan implan terhadap proses osseointegrasi. Tujuan: Mengetahui permukaan implan yang paling umum ditemukan pada pasien 40 – 65 tahun, serta hubungan permukaan implan terhadap osseointegrasi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif analitik untuk menganalisis korelasi dengan metode pendekatan retrospektif dimana sampel berasal dari data IPKGII sebanyak 3629 pasien pemasangan implan. Sesuai tujuan penelitian, permukaan yang diambil adalah permukaan yang paling umum ditemukan yaitu SLA (merk: Alpha Bio, Dentium, Dentium Superline, TRI, TRI TV), SA (merk: Osstem, Osstem GS, Osstem TS, dll), SLActive (merk: Straumann RN, Straumann WN, dll). Berdasarkan data yang tersedia, osseointegrasi diukur dari rentang waktu tanggal pemasangan implan hingga pemasangan protesa pada pasien. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat hubungan yang bermakna signifikan antara kelompok permukaan implan yang paling banyak ditemukan pada pasien usia 40 – 65 tahun, yaitu permukaan SLA, SA, dan SLA Active (p < 0,05). Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian sejalan dengan teori bahwa permukaan implan, dalam penelitian ini seperti jenis permukaan SLA, SA, dan SLActive memiliki hubungan dengan proses osseointegrasi melalui stabilitas implan.

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Background : Tooth loss often becomes an issue for most people. One of the treatments that can be done in case of tooth loss is the use of dental implants Implant success rate is measured by osseointegration. Various designs and modifications of existing implant surfaces are evidence of strategies that have been undertaken and developed to accelerate osseointegration. Thus, researcher is interested in discovering the effect of implant surface modification on the osseointegration process. Objective: Discovering the most common implant surfaces found in patients 40 – 65 years old, as well as the correlation between implant surface and osseointegration process. Metode: This study used a descriptive analytical research design to analyze correlation using a retrospective approach method in which sample was from IPKGII data of 3629 implants in patients According to the research objectives, the surfaces taken are the most commonly found surfaces, namely SLA (brands: Alpha Bio, Dentium, Dentium Superline, TRI, TRI TV), SA (brands: Osstem, Osstem GS, Osstem TS, etc.), SLActive (brands: Straumann RN, Straumann WN, etc.). Based on available data, osseointegration was measured from the date of implant placement to the patient's prosthesis installation. Result: In this study, there was a significant correlation between the most common group of implant surfaces used in patients aged 40 – 65 years the length of time until osseointegration occurs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The research results are parallel with the theory that the implant surface, such as SLA, SA, and SLAactive in this research, has a correlation with the osseointegration process through implant stability."

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Implan gigi merupakan solusi terdepan penggantian gigi hilang karena lebih mudah beradaptasi, kokoh, dan tahan lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui morfologi lapisan dan ketahanan korosi hydroxyapatite/multiwalled carbon nanotube (HAp/MWCNT) pada substrat stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) sebagai implan gigi. Metode electrophoretic deposition (EPD) adalah metode pelapisan yang prosesnya relatif sederhana dengan biaya yang rendah. Variasi tegangan dilakukan pada 20, 30, dan 40 V selama 20 menit pada suspensi metanol. Hasil morfologi lapisan hydroxyapatite/multiwalled carbon nanotube (HAp/MWCNT) akan dikarakterisasi dengan Scanning Electrode Microscope (SEM) dan uji korosi yang dilakukan menggunakan metode Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Variasi tegangan 30 V menunjukkan hasil lapisan yang homogen dan bebas retakan, serta memiliki ketahanan korosi terbaik yang dengan nilai resistansi tertinggi yaitu 114.99 kΩ, serta laju korosi terendah yaitu 3.89 ×10^-4 mmpy.

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Dental implants are the leading solution for replacing missing teeth because they are more adaptable, sturdy, and long-lasting. This study aims to determine the coating morphology and corrosion resistance of hydroxyapatite/multiwalled carbon nanotube (HAp/MWCNT) on stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) as a dental implant substrate. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method is a relatively simple coating method with a low cost. Voltage variations were carried out at 20, 30, and 40 V for 20 minutes in methanol suspension. The results of the morphology of the hydroxyapatite/multiwalled carbon nanotube (HAp/MWCNT) layer will be characterized by a Scanning Electrode Microscope (SEM) and corrosion tests carried out using the Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The voltage variation of 30 V showed that the coating was homogeneous and free of cracks and had the best corrosion resistance as indicated by the highest resistance value of 114.99 kΩ, and the lowest corrosion rate of 3.89 ×10^-4 mmpy.

 

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