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"An investigation of bacteria as holothurians?s feed carried out from May until June 2006 in Medane Bay and Kombal Bay, Lombok, Indonesia. The aims of this study are to know whether holothurians eat bacteria, to observe that bacteria are the key for holothurians? habitat preference, and to understand the functions of bacteria in holothurians intestine. The results showed there are many kind of bacteria in the substrates and inside intestine of sea cucumber. There are no specificity in performance, species and number of bacteria which found in anterior or posterior of intestine, as well in their substrates. Therefore, the holothurians do not choose specific bacteria for their feed. Bacteria are the consequence of substrates ingested. Some of them can be microflora in holothurians intestine. Bacteria inside holothurians produce some enzymes such as protease, amylase and agarase. This function was proven by the increasing of Total Organic Matters (TOM) in their feces. This evidence supporting Wiedmeyer (1992) statement that sea cucumber adds organic matters in the sediment. So this also firm holothurians? function in their habitat, as supplier for organic matters. The conclusion is that bacteria are eaten by holothurians by absorption, bacteria is not the key for microhabitat preference for holothurians, and inside the intestine of holothurians, digestion and degradation are the function of bacteria by producing their enzymes."

"Many microorganisms capable of degrading petroleum components have been isolated and few of the seem to be important for petroleum biodegradation in natural environments...."

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Latar Belakang : Infeksi intraabdomen (IIA) merupakan respons inflamasi peritoneum oleh mikroorganisme penyebab sepsis dan kematian kedua terbanyak di ruang intensive care unit (ICU).^1,2Complicated intra-abdominal infection worldwide observational study (CIAOW) menunjukkan angka kematian infeksi intraabdomen komplikata sebesar 10,5%. Terapi antimikroba atau antibiotik merupakan hal penting dalam penanganan IIA. Dalam mendukung keberhasilan penanganan kasus IIA dibutuhkan informasi akurat mengenai karakteristik dan pola kepekaan terhadap antibiotik yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan penggunaan antibiotik pada kasus IIA. Tujuan: Mendapatkan karateristik mikrobiologis dan klinis pada kasus IIA dan mengetahui hubungan antara faktor klinis dan mikrobiologi dengan luaran klinis pasien.

Metode: Data diambil secara prospektif  dengan desain pontong lintang. Sampel penelitian berupa jaringan intraabdomen dan darah yang diambil saat pembedahan. Uji identifikasi dan uji kepekaan dilakukan untuk deteksi bakteri aerob dan bakteri anaerob. Hasil:. Infeksi intraabominal komplikata lebih banyak dibandingkan IIA non-komplikata (63,63%), kasus sepsis (63,63%) dan peritonitis (45,45%). Infeksi intraabominal terkait rumah sakit lebih banyak dibanding IIA komunitas yaitu 56,36%). Patogen yang paling sering ditemukan adalah Eschericia coli (34,78%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,86%) dan Enterococcus faecalis ((8,69%). Pola kepekaan terhadap amikasin, meropenem, ertapenem dan tigesiklin adalah 100% pada isolat E. coli, sementara piperasilin/tazobaktam lebih rendah (90,62%), seftazidim dan sefepim (68,75%). Ditemukan E. coli resisten multiobat  (62,5%), K. pneumoniae resisten multiobat (50%) dan E. faecalis resisten multi obat (50%). Terdapat hubungan antara faktor klinis sepsis dengan luaran klinis. Pemberian terapi antimikroba sebaiknya mengacu kepada rekomendasi yang dibuat berdasarkan pola kuman dan pola kepekaan setempat.

Kesimpulan: Bakteri Gram negatif masih merupakan bakteri yang paling sering ditemukan pada kasus IIA. Dengan tingginya temuan bakteri resisten multiobat makan pemberian antimikroba harus mempertimbangkan cakupan antimikroba terhadap patogen penyebab.

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Background: Intraabdominal infection (IAI) is the peritoneum inflammatory process due to microorganisms, the leading cause of sepsis, and the second cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Complicated intra-abdominal infection worldwide observational study (CIAOW) showed the mortality rate of complicated IAI of 10.5%. Antimicrobial therapy or antibiotics is important in managements of IAI. Accurate information is needed to improve IAI management; regarding the characteristics and patterns of sensitivity of antibiotics as a reference for antibiotics use in IAI.

Aim: This study aims to obtain microbiological and clinical pictures in IAI and the correlation between clinical and microbiological factors with the patient’s clinical outcomes.

Method: Data were collected prospectively using a cross-sectional design. The sampel in this study is intraabdomen tissue and blood that was taken during surgery. Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out to detect aerob and anaerob bacteria.

Result: Complicated cases is larger in number more than non-complicated IAI (63.63%), sepsis (63.63%) and peritonitis (45.45%). Hospital-related IAI much more than community IAI (56.36%). The most common pathogens are Eschericia coli 34.78%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.86%) and Enterococcus faecalis (8.69%). The sensitivity of amikacin, meropenem, ertapenem and tigesycline was 100% in E. coli, while piperacillin/ tazobactam was lower (90.62%), ceftazidime and cefepime (68.75%). It was found that multi-drug E. coli was (62.5%), multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae (50%) and multi-drug resistant E. faecalis (50%). There is correlation between sepsis clinical factors with patient’s outcome. The administration of antimicrobial therapy should refer to recommendations made based on local microba and sensitivity patterns. 

Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria are still the most common bacteria found in patient intraabdominal infections. With the high findings of multi-drug resistant bacteria, antimicrobial administration must consider the antimicrobial coverage of the causative pathogen.

 

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"Indonesia is a country with the bigest holothurian's potency, and as the bigest holothurian producer in the world. Holothurians known as one of the bigest fishiers, that live in monospecific temperate region to multispecific in tropical areas...."

"DEnaturing gradient get electrophoresis was used to identify the bacterial community at the Gedongsongo (WGS-2) hot spring....."

"Among twenty one isolates, obtained from "aren" (Aretga Rinnata) vinegar, 10 isolates were identified as acetic acid bacteria, belong to genus Acetobacter. Isolates no. 12 was used as inoculum for vinegar fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y-17) was provided by University of Indonesia Culture Collection.Two hundred fifty grams of pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel was boiled for 1.5 hours and then filtered to obtain the extract. Aquadest was added into substrate to obtain 1 litre of extract and then added with 15% or 20% castor sugar. Substrate was sterilised at 121°C for 10 minutes.Fermentation was carried out in syrup bottle containing 540 ml substrate. Approximately 60 ml of starter containing mix-culture with diffrent ratio of 1 day old S. cer visiae (106 cfu/ml) and 5 days old Acetobacter sp. no.12 {10 cfu/ml) was inoculated into the substrate. The ratio of yeast cells to bacteria were follow: (1:1); (2:1); (3:1} or (4:1). Fermentation was set up in room temperature (3O -- 32°C for 1 month. The concentration of acetic acid was titrated with standarised NaOH.Result of this study showed that substrate with 15% sugar yielded (1.1 - 1.4)% acetic acid. The average acetic acid concentration from substrate with 20% sugar were (0.44 - 0.89%). It was concluded that substrate with 15% sugar gave higher concentration and the best ratio of starter was (1 : 1)."