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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 215-220The purpose of this study was to disclose one of the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) at molecular level by analyzing the expression of protein anomaly in oral mucosa. This was a cross-sectional explorative and analytic observational study. Samples, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, were taken from total population. Samples of protein swab were obtained from oral mucosa, serum weretaken from 15 patients with major RAS, 20 patients with minor RAS and 15 were control. The characterization of protein anomaly expressed on the surface of oral mucosa epithelium was carried out using SDS-PAGE 12% and Westemblot methods. The result of oral mucosa protein anomaly expression analysis in patients with major RAS using SDS-PAGE 12% revealed five protein bands with molecular weights of 87,65, 30, 25, and 20 kDa. In minor RAS cases with protein anomaly expression there were four proteins with molecular weights of 87, 65, 25, and 20 kDa, and the protein in remission RAS had four proteins bands with molecular weight of 87, 65, 25 and 20 kDa. The band disappearances by using Westemblot test, of 30 kDa of major cases, 87 and 20 kDa of minor cases and 20 and 25 kDa of remission cases, indicated that those patients were not reacted with polyclonal antibodies of rabbit serum; therefore they had no role in the induction of RAS. ln conclusion, the antigenic protein expressed in oral mucosa of major, minor, and remission RAS was predominantly 65 kDa molecular weight."

"Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by painful recurring ulceration of oral mucosa and is the most common oral ulcerative disease. The specific etiology of the disease remains unknown. This situation makes the therapy of RAS difficult and uncertain. This article will discuss the effectiveness and the safety of amlexanox 5% in relieving the symptoms and accelerate healing in RAS lesions. Amlexanox 5% is a new drug used topically in treatment of RAS. The mechanism of action by which amlexanox accelerates healing of RAS is unknown. Clinical study of efficacy amlexanox 5% has been demonstrated significantly accelerate healing and reduce pain of RAS, compared to amlexanox 1%, vehicle and no treatment. 5% amlexanox oral paste has an advantageous pharmacological activity to accelerate healing and reduce the pain of RAS, thus it can be used as one of the modality in this therapy."

"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is an inflammatory condition of oral mucosa and is very common that occur in 20% of population, in which 80% of all cases are minor type. Etiology remains unknown but there are factors that can precipitate the attack, known as predisposing factors, which are haematinic deficiency, food hypersensitivity, bacterial or viral infection, hormonal changes, psychological stress, drugs and local trauma. Management of minor RAS are symptomatic and also discovering all predisposing factors which may play role in order to give the appropriate treatments to all predisposing factors. The appropriatetreatment for all predisposing factors is to prevent recurrency or reduce the severity of RAS.This paper presents 2 cases of minor RAS which have bacterial infection from poor oral hygiene; local trauma from radices, irritating tooth cusp and rough surface of calculus; haematinic deficiency; physical / psychological stress and food hypersensitivity, as predisposing factors. The management of those cases are scaling, grinding irritating cusp, giving advice of proper and healthy diet including vitamin supplementation, finding any stress factor and also overcome it. We concluded that finding and eliminating predisposing factors can reduce recurrency and severity of RAS."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan genetik pada p53 menyebabkan imortalisasi dan kecenderungan sel bertransformasi menjadi neoplasma. Imortalisasi ini berhubungan dengan pemeliharaan panjang telomer oleh telomerase. hTERT adalah komponen kunci telomerase yang aktivitasnya ditekan oleh p53.Tujuan: Menganalisis profil protein hTERT pada sel galur KSSRM HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa mulut normal. Metode: Profil protein hTERT dianalisis menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE dan Gel Doc, Quantity One.Hasil: Protein hTERT diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM mulut tipe HSC 3 dan HSC 4 serta 2 dari 17 sampel protein jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Simpulan: Protein hTERT yang diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM berhubungan dengan kondisi mutan p53. Adanya ekspresi protein hTERT pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal diperkirakan karena adanya sel keratinosit dan infiltrasi sel hematopoietik.

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Backround: Genetic alteration on p53 allows cellular immortalization and predisposes cells to neoplastic transformation. This immortalization is related to telomere length maintenance by telomerase. hTERT is a key component of telomerase, which activity is suppressed by p53.Objectives: To analyze the hTERT protein profile in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa tissue. Methods: SDS-PAGE and Gel Doc, Quantity One were used for analyzing hTERT protein profile.Results: hTERT protein expressed in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and 2/17 protein samples of normal human oral mucosal tissues.Conclusion: hTERT protein that was expressed by OSCC cell lines is related to their status of mutant p53. The existing of hTERT protein on normal human oral mucosas tissue may be caused by keratinocyte cells and infiltrated hemapoietic cells."

"Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration (RAU) is a type of local inflammation of the oral mucosa with symptomatic soft tissue damage. The prevalence of RAU is about 17-67 %. Dominant factors causing this disease are understood, but there are predicted internal and external factors that cause related immune disorders. RAU is initiated by mucous proteins which continuously stimulate a physiological response required for a pathophysiological reaction. The aim of this study was to characterize specific anomaly proteins in oral mucosa as causing the initiation of RAU. Samples of mucosal proteins from 30 RAU patients were analyzed with sodium dodexylsulphate polyacrylamid gelelectrophorese (SDS-PAGE) and visualized with silver stain (AgNO3) showing proteins with a range of molecular weight 27 - 180 kDa. Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody specific to RAU showed that the specific proteins of RAU have molecular weights of 23, 27, 65, 70 and 87 kDa. The finding of so many proteins appears to be a new phenomenon, suggesting that the initiation of RAU is possibly due to a continuous induction of internal and external reactions by several mucosal proteins, that become anomaly proteins of high reactivity and antigenicity. This situation can cause overreaction on the oral mucosa with specific symptoms that are known as a RAU."

"Stomatitis Aphtous Rekuren (SAR) merupakan kondisi inflamasi kronis yang terjadi pada mukosa mulut yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya ulser. Patch mukoadhesif dapat ditujukan untuk melindungi ulser dari lingkungan mulut dan meningkatkan efektivitas terapi RAS dengan memperpanjang durasi perlekatan. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi sedangkan brazilin memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang keduanya dapat digunakan untuk terapi RAS. Oleh sebab itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengevaluasi patch mukoadhesif dari ekstrak kayu secang dan kurkumin untuk terapi RAS. Patch mukoadhesif dibuat dengan teknik solvent casting dengan menggunakan polikarbofil dan etil selulosa sebagai polimer. Bahan padat dilarutkan dengan etanol lalu ditambahkan plasticizer kemudian dituang ke dalam cawan petri. Patch dibuat dengan 3 formulasi kurkumin-ekstrak kayu secang yang berbeda, yaitu 1:1 (F1), 3:1 (F2), dan 1:3 (F3). Patch yang terbentuk dievaluasi sifat fisiko-mekanik serta profil pelepasannya. Patch memiliki bobot yang seragam dengan ketebalan kurang dari 0,1 mm. Nilai kekuatan tarik sekitar 10,0 N/cm2, kekuatan mukoadhesif berkisar 6,7 sampai 7,5 N/cm2 dan mampu melekat hingga 2 jam. Dalam waktu 2 jam, brazilin telah terdisolusi sebanyak 100,58 % (F1) hingga 104,75% (F3) sedangkan kurkumin terdisolusi sebanyak 97,15% (F3) hingga 101,64% (F1). Secara keseluruhan, patch dapat dibuat dan memiliki karakteristik fisiko-mekanik dan profil pelepasan obat yang baik.

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Recurrent Aphtous Stomatitis (RAS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa characterized by the formation of ulcers. Mucoadhesive patch is designed to protect the ulcers from the oral environment and increase the effectiveness of RAS therapy by prolonging the duration of attachment. Curcumin is compound that have antiinflammatory activity while brazilin have antimicrobial activity, both of which can be used for RAS therapy. For those reasons, this study aimed to produce and evaluate mukoadhesive patch containing sappanwood extract and curcumin for RAS therapy. Mucoadhesive patch were prepared by solving casting method using polycarbophil and ethyl cellulose as polymers. The patch were made in 3 formulations with different concentration of curcumin and sappanwodd extract, namely 1:1 (F1), 3:1 (F2), and 1:3 (F3). Mucoadhesive patch were evaluated of physicomechanical properties and dissolution profile. The patch of all formulations have a uniform weight with a thickness of less than 0,1 mm. The tensile strength of the patch were around 10,0 N/cm2 and mucoadhesive strength were in range of 6,7 to 7,5 N/cm2 and was able to adhere for up to 2 hours. Within 2 hours, the release of brazilin reached 100,58 % (F1) to 104,75% (F3) while the release of curcumin was 97,15% (F3) to 101,64% (F1). In conclusion, the patch has been produced with good physicomechanical properties and drug release profile."

"Latar belakang: Sariawan atau Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren (SAR) merupakan keluhan ulserasi pada rongga mulut yang paling sering terjadi. SAR dapat terjadi karena beberapa faktor (multifactorial factor).Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor determinan yang mempengarahui kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren (SAR) di Indonesia tahun 2014.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan data sekunder dari Data IFLS 5 tahun 2014 (n=28.410). Analisi deskriptif, chi-square, dan regresi logistik dilakukan untuk melihat proporsi dan hubungan antara kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren dengan variabel independen.Hasil: Hanya sebesar 18,39% reponden IFLS 5 mengalami kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren di tahun 2014. Hasil bivariat (chi-square) menunjukkan ada hubungan kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren dengan variabel independen terkait. Regresi logistik menunjukan kemungkinan kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren yang paling signifikan pada responden berusia 18-34 tahun, perempuan, belum menikah, bertingkat pendidikan SMA, bertempat tinggal di Kota, memiliki tingkat stress yang sering, memiliki kebiasaan makanan yang sering mengkonsumsi soda, makanan manis, sambal, gorengan dan mempunyai pernyakit komorbid hipertensi, asma, paru-paru, kanker, rematik, dan pencernaan. Kesimpulan: Terdapat banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren. Hasil penelitian ini dapat berguna untuk memberikan informasi dan edukasi mengenai hubungan faktor resiko kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren.

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Background: Recurrent Aphthous sSomatitis (RAS) is the most common complaint of ulceration in the oral cavity. RAS can occur due to several factors (multifactorial factors).

Objective: To determine the determinant factors that influence the incidence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) in Indonesia in 2014.

Methods: This study is a descriptive study with a cross sectional design using secondary data from IFLS 5 data in 2014 (n=28,410). Descriptive analysis, chi-square, and logistik regression were performed to see the proportion and relationship between the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the independent variables.

Results: Only 18.39% of IFLS 5 respondents experienced the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in 2014. The bivariate (chi-square) results showed that there was a relationship between the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the related independent variables. Logistic regression showed the most significant possibility of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in respondents aged 18-34 years, female, unmarried, high school education level, living in the city, having frequent stress levels, having food habits that often consume soda, sweet foods, chili sauce, fried food and has comorbid hypertension, asthma, lung, cancer, rheumatism, and digestion.

Conclusion: There are many factors that influence the incidence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. The results of this study can be useful to provide information and education regarding the relationship of risk factors for the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis."

"Oral mucous inflammation is common in our community. Therefore we need an anti-inflammatory medicine with affordable price, relative low adverse effects, and easily obtained in our environment. Sweet fennel is a plant that widely used in our community as a decorating plant, food flavouring and herbal medicine for various diseases. The affectivity for fennel has not been clinically examined. Therefore we are interested in finding our the affectivity of sweet fennel as an alternative anti-inflammatory. The aim of this research is to examine and compare reaction of both crushed and distilled fennel fruit on inflamed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used and divided into 4 groups, and controls (6 rats). They received hydrogen peroxide 10% applications on vestibulum mucosa for there days to make the inflammation. After that they received crushed and distilled fennel. There days later they were killed and the vestibulum mucosa was excised for microscopic slides. The results show that the crushed the redness of oral mucosa. The conclusion is fennel could reduce an inflammation and there is no difference of healing either by crushed or distilled fennel."

"One of the traditional plants that has been broadly known as the healthand healing plants is Aloe vera. It is often use to treat burns, wounds, abrasions, skin disease, alopecia, and irritation. It is further more used as a hair washed to promote hair growth and as general cosmetics to improve the complexion and to smoothen the skin. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the reaction of fresh Aloe vera and distillate Aloe vera on the inflammed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used in this research and divided into 4 groups; fresh Aloe vera group (4rats), distillate Aloe vera group (4 rats), control group I (3 rats), and control group II (3 rats). All rats in each group received 9x10 minutes application of hydrogen peroxide 10% on their vestibulum mucosa, for 3 days, except rats in control group I received application of aquadest. On the 4th day, all rats in each group received 9x5 minutes with their own group's material for 3 days. The histological examination was done by scoring the density of lymphocytes in the inflammation area. Statistical result shows that there are differences of oral mucosa reactions between distillate Aloe group and fresh Aloe group. Fresh Aloe group shows the decrease of lymphocytes cell higher than distillate Aloe group. Based on this research, it can be concluded that application with fresh Aloe vera can cure oral mucosa inflammation cause by hydrogen peroxide 10% than application with distillate Aloe vera."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 84-86The progressiveness of malignant tumors is influenced by various complex factors. One of the important factor is Tenascin-C (Tn-C) protein, which can interact with fibronectin as an anti adhesive of anti modulation protein. Tenascin-C is an extra cellular matrix glyco protein (EMG) which can be found in the oral tissue also as an up regulator. They can be associated with EMG, and strongly influenced promotion of the stromal cell as cell growth, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in cancer. Alternative splicing of fibronectin-like type III (FN lll) repeats of Tn-C generates a number of splice variants, and influences tumor progressiveness. The conclusion of Tn-C role in tumor progressiveness depends on the molecular weight and alternative splicing of FN lll. ;Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 84-86;Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 84-86"