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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 353-357Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents more than 90% of all oral cancers. Ten percent of the cases are found on the buccal mucosa and the gingiva. The World Health Organization defines a premalignant or precancerous lesion as a morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely occur and includes oral leukoplakia, oral erythroplakia, and possibly oral lichen planus (OLP). The purpose of this study was to discuss the possibility of malignant transformation of OLP. The potency of OLP as a premalignant lesion is still an ongoing controversial discussion in the literature. The report a case of oral squamous cell carcinoma located on the left buccal mucosa accompanied by oral lichenoid lesions on the right buccal mucosa, lower labial mucosa, and left buccal mucosa. These findings led to a possibility of malignant transformation of the oral lichenoid lesions. Unfortunately, biopsy on the lichenoid lesions was not performed. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis of OLP could be established and the possibility of the lesions being dysplastic remained unclear. This study concluded that biopsy is mandatory to establish a definitive diagnosis of OLP and to investigate the possibility of dysplasia. It is necessary to perform examination of genetic alterations in dysplastic OLP in order to assess loss of heterozygosity (LOH), which may help to consider the risk of malignant transformation."

"Latar Belakang: p73, homolog p53, diketahui memiliki kemampuan serupa dalam menekan pertumbuhan tumor. Protein p73 diekspresikan dalam berbagai level pada sel kanker dan jaringan normal yang berbeda. Belum diketahui bagaimana pola ekspresi protein p73 pada KSSRM dan pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Tujuan: Mengetahui profil protein p73 pada KSSRM tipe mutant p53 dan jaringan mukosa mulut normal berdasarkan berat molekul protein.Metode: Ekstrak protein dari HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa normal dianalisa dengan teknik SDS PAGE untuk mendeteksi protein p73 berdasarkanberat molekulnya.Hasil:. pita protein p73 pada HSC-3 lebih tebal daripada HSC- 4. Terdapat variasi profil protein p73 pada mukosa mulut normal dengan pita protein tebal (8/17) dan sedang (5/17).Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan profil protein p73 antara HSC-3 dan HSC-4 berkaitan dengan tingkat protein p53 dan SNP pada kodon 72. Kebanyakan sampel jaringan mukosa memperlihatkan ketebalan pita protein p73 yang cukup tinggi.

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Backround: p73, the homolog of p53, has a similar ability in tumor suppression. p73 protein expressed at a different level in various cancer cells and normal tissues. Profile of p73 protein in mutant p53 OSCC cell line and normal human oral mucosa have not been known.

Objectives: To observe p73 protein profile in mutant p53 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa.

Methods: The extracted protein of HSC-3 and HSC-4 cell lines and normal mucosal tissues were analyzed with SDS PAGE to detect p73 protein based on the molecular weight.

Results:. The band of p73 protein in HSC-3 shows a higher density compared to its density of HSC-4. A thick p73 protein band was shown on 8/17 of normal mucosal tissues while medium level of p73 protein band was shown on 5/17.

Conclusion: The protein profile between HSC-3 and HSC-4 were different related with p53 protein and SNP on codon 72 of each samples. Most of mucosal tissues shows a quite high density of p73 protein bands."

"Protein sel merupakan makromolekul yang terdiri dari satu atau beberapa polipeptida yang tersusun dari rangkaian asam amino yang saling berikatan. Terdapat perbedaan profil protein antara sel normal dengan sel kanker.Tujuan : Melihat ekspresi protein pada KSSRM dan mukosa mulut normal.Metode : Sel galur HSC-3 dan HSC-4 dikultur hingga confluent. Sel skuamosa mukosa normal diambil dari jaringan gingiva pasien odontektomi. Semua sampel dilakukan prosedur ekstraksi protein, Bradford protein assay, dan SDS PAGE.Hasil : KSSRM mengekspresikan protein dengan level cukup tinggi pada berat molekul 31-78 kDa. Namun, pada mukosa normal, kebanyakan mengekspresikan protein pada berat molekul antara 39 - 172 kDa.Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi protein pada sel galur KSSRM dibandingkan dengan mukosa mulut normal.

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Cells Proteins are macro molecules consist of one or several polypeptides which formed from amine acid chain that bound one another. There is a different of protein profile between normal and cancer cells.Objective : To observe the protein expression in OSCC and normal oral mucous.Method : Cell lines HSC-3 and HSC-4 were cultured until confluent. Normal squamous mucosa was taken from gingival tissues patient who had odontectomy procedure. Protein extraction, Bradford protein assay, and SDS PAGE procedure were performed for all samples.Results : Oral squamous cells carcinoma expressed rather high level of protein which have molecular weight of 31-78 kDa compared to normal gingival which express protein molecular weight ranging between 39 - 172 kDa.Conclusion : There are different protein expression between oral squamous cells carcinoma and normal oral mucous."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 22-24Lichen planus is relatively common inflamatory disorder which may have cutaneous and/or mucosal manifestation. The maglinant potential of oral lichen planus is still debatable. Some authors are sceptical about the premaglinant nature of the disease, while other investigators have reporterd that maglinant transformation occur in 1-10% of the cases. The aim of this study is to report a case of erosive oral lichen planus which shows maglinant transformation on histopatologic examination. A man of 39 years old visited the Dental Departement of Kariadi's Hospital with pain symptom of palatum, buccal and gingival mucosa both side for 6 months. On the physical examination shows the white lesions with striae configuration and pain, red erosive area inside on the palatum extends to the buccal mucosa and the gingival. The suspect dignose is erosive lichen planus, but the histopathologic examination shows epidermoid carcinoma. lt is concluded that erosive oral lichen planus has the potential to transform into epidermoid carcinoma."

"Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a rather common oral disease, mainly affecting adults, occurring more often in women than in men. The etiopathogenesis is still unclear. The diagnosis may be cumbersome, even in the presence of a biopsy. In addition, there are several lesions that may resemble lichen planus (lichenoid lesions) both clinicallyand histopathologically. Treatment of OLP can only be symptomatic and usually consists of topical application of corticosteroids. The disease is characterized by remissions and exacerbations and may persist in some patients lifelong. There is an ongoing debate in the literature as whether OLP is a potentially malignant disease. Because of this uncertainty, annual follow-up is advised."

"belakang: Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut (KSSRM) adalah salah satu kanker yang paling umum dijumpai dengan angka survival 52.0% yang tidak meningkat secara bermakna walaupun tatalaksana kanker ini terus berkembang. Cornulin merupakan protein spesifik untuk sel skuamosa yang penting dalam diferensiasi epitel. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa rendahnya ekspresi cornulin berhubungan dengan gambaran klinikopatologi dan survival yang lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan ekspresi tinggi. Oleh karena sifatnya yang spesifik dan belum ada penelitian mengenai ekspresi cornulin sebagai faktor prognosis di Indonesia, maka penulis tertarik untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ekspresi cornulin dan survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM.Tujuan: Mengetahui potensi cornulin sebagai penanda biologis survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan dari periode Juni 2021 sampai dengan Mei 2022. Populasi penelitian ini merupakan pasien dengan diagnosis KSSRM yang ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan histopatologis dan menjalani terapi di Divisi Bedah Onkologi Departemen Ilmu Bedah RSCM periode Januari 2015 – Mei 2020. Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui ekspresi cornulin dan skor imunihistokimia ditentukan menggunakan immunoreactive score (IRS). Skor IRS < 6 berarti ekspresi rendah dan ≥ 6 berarti ekspresi tinggi. Analisis statistik univariat, bivariat, dan survival dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS.Hasil: Cornulin tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM. T, N, dan stadium memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM dengan nilai p masing-masing adalah 0.001, 0.040, dan 0.001. T dan N memiliki hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik dengan ekspresi cornulin pada pasien dengan KSSRM, dengan nilai p masing-masing adalah 0.034 dan 0.030.Kesimpulan:Cornulin sebagai protein penanda biologis KSSM tidak dapat menjadi prediktor dari survival pasien dengan KSSM.

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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers with a 52.0% survival rate which does not increase significantly even though the management of this cancer continues to develop. Cornulin is a specific protein for squamous cells that is important in epithelial differentiation. Previous studies have shown that low cornulin expression is associated with worse clinicopathological features and survival compared to high cornulin expression. Due to its specific nature and no research on cornulin expression as a prognostic factor has been done in Indonesia, the author is interested in knowing the relationship between cornulin expression and survival in patients with OSCC.

Objective: To determine the potential of cornulin as a biological marker for survival in patients with OSCC.

Methods: This study used a retrospective cohort study design that was conducted from June 2021 to May 2022. The population of this study were patients with OSCC diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination and undergoing therapy at the Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, RSCM for the period January 2015-May 2020. Immunohistochemical examination was performed to determine the expression of cornulin and the immunohistochemical score was calculated using the immunoreactive score (IRS). IRS score < 6 means low cornulin expression and ≥ 6 means high cornulin expression. Univariate, bivariate, and survival statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software.

Results: Cornulin did not have a statistically significant relationship with survival in patients with OSCC. T, N, and stage had a statistically significant relationship with survival in patients with SCC with p values ​​of 0.001, 0.040, and 0.001, respectively. T and N had a statistically significant relationship with cornulin expression in patients with OSCC, with p-values ​​of 0.034 and 0.030, respectively.

Conclusion: Cornulin as a biological marker protein of OSCC cannot be a predictor of the survival of patients with OSCC."

"Latar belakang: Peningkatan insidensi karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS) rongga mulut dan orofaring telah memicu berbagai studi mengenai peran Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) pada patogenesis KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring. Dewasa ini, pemeriksaan imunohistokimia p16, suatu protein penanda yang dibentuk oleh sel tubuh akibat terinfeksi HPV, semakin marak digunakan sebagai alternatif dari pemeriksaan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pemeriksaan ini membutuhkan biaya tinggi dengan ketersediaannya yang rendah. Status p16 juga menentukan stadium KSS orofaring berdasarkan panduan diagnosis oleh American Joint Commitee on Cancer (AJCC) edisi ke-8. Panduan diagnosis tersebut dibuat berdasarkan penelitian yang menyatakan bahwa respons radiasi dan prognosis KSS orofaring lebih baik pada pasien dengan status p16 positif. Tujuan penelitian: Membandingkan respons radiasi pada pasien dengan KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring berdasarkan status p16. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dan melibatkan 27 pasien KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data karakteristik pasien diambil dari rekam medis, anamnesis pasien, serta hasil pemeriksaan CT scan dan/atau MRI. Status p16 ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dengan pulasan antibodi p16INK4a. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) versi 20. Hasil: Status p16 positif ditemukan pada 11 dari 27 subjek (40,7%). Berdasarkan analisis bivariat, tidak terdapat asosiasi yang bermakna antara status p16 dengan respons terapi (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari status p16 terhadap respons radiasi pada KSS orofaring dan rongga mulut

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Background: The increasing incidence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has led to the initiation of various studies on human papillomavirus (HPV), which plays a role in the pathogenesis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC. Nowadays, immunohistochemistry examination of p16, a marker protein formed by HPV-infected cells, is increasingly used as an alternative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which requires high cost yet has low availability. According to 8th American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) guideline on oropharyngeal cancer, p16 status also determines the staging of oropharyngeal SCC, indicating that the radiation response and prognosis of oropharyngeal SCC are better in p16-positive patients. Aim: To compare the radiation response in patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC based on p16 status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 27 patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. Patients characteristics were obtained from medical records, history taking, and CT scan and/or MRI results. p16 status was determined by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry and nasal polyp paraffin block examination (eosinophil infiltration and biofilm). Data analysis was performed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Results: Positive p16 status was found in 11 of 27 subjects (40,7%). Based on bivariate analysis, no significant association was found between p16 status and radiation response (p>0.05)."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 362-367Information on reliable factors to predict patient outcome is important for deciding upon the best treatment to increase loco-regional control, overall survival and quality of life of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of clinico-pathological parameters as predictors of disease recurrence in patients with HNSCC. We studied fifty patients who were seeking treatment for primary HNSCC in Westmead Hospital between 2002-2004. Univariate analysis was used to identify any significant association between clinico-pathological parameters and disease recurrence. It was showed that age (p=0.008), cTNM stage (p=0.02), size of tumour (p=0.009) and positive tumour margin (p=0.002) predicted the risk of the development of disease recurrence. In agreement with other studies we found that some traditional factors influenced disease recurrence. A longer follow-up study should be performed to assess the significance of these factors on overall survival as well as separate studies on prognostic indicators for patients with histologically negative lymph node."

"Latar belakang Kanker rongga mulut dan mulut (termasuk karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut/KSSRM) secara kolektif tetap menjadi kanker paling umum ke-16 di dunia. Karena kecenderungan stadium lanjut selama diagnosis, kelangsungan hidup pasien KSSRM sangat buruk. Tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) yang diekspresikan diperkirakan mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup pasien KSSRM, termasuk CD8 + dan TIL lainnya. Tujuan Untuk menentukan ekspresi CD8+ dan TILs dalam sel KSSRM dan hubungannya dengan overall survival (OS) dan progression-free survival (PFS) pasien KSSRM. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan analisis kelangsungan hidup dengan menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif pada pasien KSSRM yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia, dari Januari 2017 hingga Desember 2021. Kriteria inklusi penelitian adalah pasien KSSRM dengan diagnosis histopatologi, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien dengan data yang tidak lengkap atau tidak tersedianya sampel. Ekspresi CD8+ dan TIL diukur melalui perhitungan manual pada program Image J® pada pewarnaan imunohistokimia. OS dan PFS dianalisis menggunakan grafik Kaplan-Meier dan analisis cox-regression. Hasil Sebanyak 42 subjek dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Rata-rata OS adalah 10,83+1,268 bulan, sedangkan rata-rata PFS adalah 9,74+1,229 bulan. OS 2 tahun adalah 21,4%, sedangkan PFS adalah 19%. Ekspresi CD8+ yang lebih tinggi terkait dengan OS dan PFS yang lebih baik, sedangkan ekspresi TIL yang lebih tinggi terkait dengan PFS yang lebih baik. Kesimpulan. Ekspresi CD8+ dan TIL yang lebih tinggi dalam sel kanker terkait dengan kesintasan yang lebih baik pada pasien KSSRM.

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Background Oral cavity and mouth cancer (including oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) collectively remain the 16th most prevalent cancer in the world. Due to the tendency of advanced stage during diagnosis, the survival of OCSCC patients is abysmal. The connection of OCSCC and expressed tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) is thought to affect the survivability of the OCSCC patients, including CD8+ and other TILs. Aim To determine the expression of CD8+ and TILs in OCSCC cells and their relationship with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of OCSCC patients. Methods This study is a survival analysis using retrospective cohort design on OCSCC patients who came to Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Indonesia, from January 2017 to December 2021. The inclusion criterion of the study was OCSCC patients with histopathological diagnosis, while the exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete data or unavailability of the samples. The expression of CD8+ and TILs were measured by manual counting of cells using ImageJ® on immunohistochemistry staining. The OS and PFS were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier graph and cox-regression analysis. Result A total of 42 subjects were included in this study. The average OS was 10.83+1.268 months, while the average PFS was 9.74+1.229 months. The 2-years OS was 21.4%, while PFS was 19%. Higher CD8+ expression was related to better OS and PFS, while higher expressed TILs was related to better PFS. Conclusion Higher CD8+ and TILs expressions in cancer cells are related to better survivability in OCSCC patients. "

"ABSTRAKβ-catenin merupakan protein yang memiliki peran penting dalamadhesi antar sel dan transduksi sinyal. Pada keadaan tanpa stimulasi β-catenin hanyatampak pada membran sel, namun bila terdapat stimulasi maka β-catenin akantampak pada sitoplasma dan inti. Perubahan ekspresi β-catenin diketahuiberhubungan dengan progresivitas dan metastasis pada berbagai penyakit keganasanmanusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi ekspresi β-catenin di daerahperitumor pada karsinoma sel skuamosa oral (KSSO) derajat rendah dan tinggiberdasarkan sistem grading Bryne.Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 kasus KSSO derajat rendah dan20 kasus derajat tinggi. Pewarnaan imunohistokimia β-catenin digunakan untukmenilai perbedaan yang tampak pada membran, sitoplasma, dan inti sel tumor padaarea peritumor.Hasil: Ekspresi β-catenin pada membran, sitoplasma, maupun inti sel tumormemiliki perbedaan yang bermakna antara KSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi(p=0,000; p=0,005; dan p=0,035). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antaraekspresi β-catenin dengan variabel umur, jenis kelamin, maupun lokasi tumor.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi β-catenin di daerah peritumor antaraKSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi β-catenin yang salah menyebabkan perubahan morfologi sel-sel KSSO ke arah yanglebih ganas dan prognosis yang lebih buruk.

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ABSTRACTβ-catenin is an important protein in cellular adhesion and signaltransduction. In unstimulated condition, β-catenin only appears on the cellularmembrane. Altered expression of β-catenin has been associated with progressivenessand metastatic process of malignancy in human. The aim of this study was toevaluate the expression of β-catenin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) andalso to assess its different expression in low grade and high grade lesions based onBryne grading system.Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 2 groups of OSCC whichincluded 20 cases of low grade and 20 cases of high grade. Immunohistochemistrystaining of β-catenin was used to identify the difference of its expression in cellmembrane, cytoplasm, and nuclei on invasive tumor front.Results: The expression of β-catenin on cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleishowed significant difference between low and high grade OSCC (p=0.000;p=0.005; and p=0.035, respectively). There has not been any significant associationbetween β-catenin expression with age, sex, and tumor location.Conclusion: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, both low and high grade, showedsignificant differences in β-catenin expression in cell membrane, cytoplasm, andnuclei. Thus, it showed that the altered expression of β-catenin could change theOSCC to become more aggresive and have a poorer prognosis."