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"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menguji teratogenik ekstrak etanol Tumpangan Air (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth.) terhadap morfologi mencit galur DDY. Dua puluh lima ekor mencit betina bunting dalam 5 kelompok, terdiri atas kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberi dosis ekstrak etanol Peperomia pellucida 0,5, 5, 50, dan 500 mg/kg bb. Bahan uji diberikan secara oral sejak hari ke-6 hingga ke-15 kebuntingan. Induk mencit dibedah secara cesar pada hari ke-18 kebuntingan. Hasil uji Anava (P>0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh yang nyata pemberian ekstrak etanol Peperomia pellucida terhadap rerata berat fetus pada keseluruhan kelompok. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis (P>0,05) pada panjang fetus, jumlah fetus yang dihasilkan, fetus hidup, fetus mati, resorpsi, jenis kelamin fetus, dan cacat eksternal menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pemberian ekstrak etanol Tumpangan Air (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth.).

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The research has been done in order to observe the teratogenic potential of Tumpangan Air (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth.) plants ethanolic extract on morphology of mice. Twenty-five pregnant mice were divided into 5 groups, consisting of normal group and treatment groups fed by Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract at dosage 0,5, 5, 50, and 500 mg/bw. The extract administrated orally from 6 to 15 days of gestations. The mice were sacrificed and cesarian sectioned at 18 day of gestation. Anova test result (P>0,05) showed no significant effect of treatment on fetal weight. Kruskal-Wallis (P>0,05) test on fetal height and number of litter, life fetal, dead fetal, fetal sex, resorption, and external malformation showed no significant effect of the treatment Peperomia pellucida in all groups."

"Muna L, Astirin OP, Sugiyarto. 2010. Teratogenic test of Pandanus conoideus var. yellow fruit extract to development of rat embryo (Rattus norvegicus). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 126-134. This experiment was performed to examine the effect of Pandanusconoideus Lam. var. yellow fruit extract on the percentage of the living foetus, the death intrauterus, heavy and long of foetus, foetusmorphology, and skeleton structur of foetus. The experiment was used by 25 pregnant mice that randomly were divided into 5 groups, they contained 5 mice. Each group was given with the different dose. The P1 group (control) was given 1 mL sesame oil, the group P2,P3, P4 and P5 were respectively given the yellow fruit extract 0,02 mL, 0,04 mL, 0,08 mL and 0,16 mL. The P. conoideus var. yellow fruit extract was given orally on day 5 to 17 of gestation (organogenesis periode). Observation was carried out on day 18 of gestation by caesarean section to take the foetus from the uterus. Foetus morphology was observed after taking foetus from uterus, whereas observation of skeleton structure was made wholemount preparat with dual colourization, they are Alcian blue and Allizarin Red-S. The result was analyzed with one way anova. Results showed that giving yellow fruit extract didn?t influence to the percentage of the living foetus, the death intrauterus, heavy and long of foetus. The effect of giving yellow fruit extract to the maternal were abnormality skeleton (lordosis) of foetus in the dose 0.16 mL and obstacled to the ossification of foetus. "

"Telah dilakukan uji teratogenik ekstrak etanol daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum Wight.) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak tersebut terhadap morfologi fetus mencit (Mus musculus L.) galur DDY. Tiga puluh ekor mencit betina bunting dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol dan kelompok dosis 0,5; 5; 50 dan 500 mg/kg bb. Bahan uji diberikan secara oral sejak hari ke-6 hingga ke-15 kebuntingan. Pembedahan dilakukan pada hari ke-18 kebuntingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun S. polyanthum pada dosis 0,5 mg/kg bb tidak menimbulkan resorpsi dan malformasi eksternal. Pada dosis 5 mg/kg bb ditemukan resorpsi (6,15%) dan fetus kelopak mata terbuka (1,63%). Pada dosis 50 dan 500 mg/kg bb ditemukan resorpsi (7,69%; 9,34%) dan fetus hemoragi (1,63%; 1,47%). Meski demikian, secara statistik (P > 0,05) pemberian ekstrak etanol daun S. polyanthum pada dosis 0,5; 5; 50 dan 500 mg/kg bb selama periode organogenesis tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan morfologi fetus mencit.

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This research was conducted to observe the teratogenic potential of S. polyanthum ethanol extract on morphology of fetal mice strain DDY. Thirty pregnant female mice were divided into 5 groups, consisting of normal group and treatment groups with dose 0.5; 5; 50 and 500 mg/bw. The extract was given orally from 6th to 15th day of gestation.

The results showed that the effect of S. polyanthum ethanol extract at a dose of 0.5 mg/bw did not cause resorption and external malformation. At a dose of 5 mg/bw extract given, there were resorption (6.15%) and fetal eyelids open (1.63%). Resorption (7.69%; 9.34%) and fetal hemorrhage (1.63%; 1.47%) were found in mice given doses of 50 and 500 mg/bw.

However, statistic test (P> 0.05) showed that the treatment of S. polyanthum ethanol extract at doses of 0.5; 5; 50 and 500 mg/bw during the period of organogenesis did not have a significant influence on morphology of fetal mice strain DDY."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian uji teratogenik ekstrak etanol rumput israel (Asystasia gangetica) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak tersebut terhadap morfologi fetus mencit (Mus musculus L.) galur DDY. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit betina bunting diberikan ekstrak etanol A. gangetica dengan dosis 0,5; 5; 50; dan 500 mg/kg bb selama periode organogenesis, yaitu hari ke-6 hingga ke-15 kebuntingan. Pada hari ke-18 kebuntingan, mencit bunting dikorbankan dengan cara anestesi dan kemudian dibedah. Hasil uji Anava (P > 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh signifikan dari pemberian ekstrak etanol A. gangetica yang diberikan selama periode organogenesis terhadap jumlah corpus luteum, fetus hidup, berat badan, dan panjang crown-rump dari fetus mencit. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis (P > 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh signifikan dari pemberian ekstrak tersebut terhadap resorpsi, hemoragi, dan perbandingan jenis kelamin dari fetus mencit di seluruh kelompok. Senyawa ekstrak etanol A. gangetica yang diberikan selama periode organogenesis tidak berpotensi teratogenik terhadap morfologi fetus mencit.

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ABSTRACTTeratogenic test of ethanol extract of rumput israel (Asystasia gangetica), which aim of this study was to determine the effects of the extract on morphology of fetal mice has been done. A total of 30 female mice (Mus musculus L.) given ethanol extract of A. gangetica with a doses of 0.5; 5; 50; and 500 mg/kg bw during the organogenesis period which is from day 6 to 15 of gestation. On the 18th day of gestation, the pregnant mice were sacrificed under deep anesthesia and a caesarean section was performed. The Anova test (P > 0.05) indicates no significant effect of treatment administered during the period of organogenesis on the number of corpus luteum, fetal life, body weight, and crown-rump length of fetal mice. The Kruskal-Wallis test (P > 0.05) indicates no significant effect of treatment on resorption, hemorrhage, and sex ratio of fetal mice in all groups. The ethanol extract of A. gangetica that given during organogenesis period has no teratogenic effects on morphology of fetal mice."

"Uji aktivitas antivirus ekstrak etanol daun angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) menyatakan bahwa daun angsana berpotensi sebagai media pengobatan demam berdarah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun angsana dengan tingkatan dosis 0,5 , 5, 50, dan 500 mg/kg bb terhadap morfologi fetus mencit galur DDY. Bahan uji diberikan secara oral sejak hari ke-6 hingga hari ke-15 kebuntingan. Induk mencit dikorbankan dan dibedah caesar pada hari ke-18 kebuntingan. Pengamatan meliputi jumlah corpus luteum, jumlah kematian dan resorpsi, jenis kelamin fetus, penimbangan berat badan fetus, pengukuran panjang fetus, serta pengamatan visual terhadap kelengkapan morfologi fetus. Hasil uji anava (P>0,05) menyatakan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol daun angsana tidak memengaruhi jumlah implantasi, berat dan panjang badan fetus, serta jenis kelamin fetus. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis (P>0,05) menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah fetus hidup, mati, resorpsi dan kelainan morfologi, sedangkan hasil uji Mann-Whitney (P>0,05) terhadap berat plasenta menunjukkan ada pengaruh nyata akibat pemberian ekstrak etanol daun angsana.

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Antiviral activity of ethanol extract of angsana leaves (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) showed that angsana potentially as dengue fever treatment. This study was performed to examine the influence of ethanol extract of angsana leaves at dose level 0,5 , 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg bw to mice fetus DDY strain. Substance test given by oral at 6th until 15th gestation period. At the 18th gestation, mice were euthanased by caesarian sectioned. Observation include the number of corpus luteum, number of death and resorption, weight body and crown-rump of fetus, and observation to completeness of morphological visually.

Anava test (P>0,05) showed that ethanol extract of angsana leaves did not influence the implantation number, fetus weight and crown-rump, and fetus sex. Kruskal-Wallis test (P>0,05) showed that there is no significant difference on alive, dead, and resorption fetus; and morphological abnormality, whereas Mann-Whitney test (P>0,05) on placenta weight showed there is significant difference due to administration of ethanol extract of angsana leaves."

"Penghambat Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ACE merupakan salah satu golongan obat antihipertensi utama dalam menurunkan tekanan darah. Metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid telah banyak diteliti dan terbukti memiliki aktivitas penghambat ACE. Herba suruhan Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth. merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai penghambat ACE. Belum diketahui karakterisasi senyawa yang terdapat dalam herba suruhan dengan aktivitas penghambat ACE.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakterisasi senyawa golongan flavonoid dengan aktivitas penghambat ACE yang terdapat dalam ekstrak metanol herba suruhan serta keamanan penggunaan ekstrak metanol herba suruhan. Penentuan karakterisasi senyawa dilakukan dengan metode Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry LC-MS dan uji aktivitas penghambat ACE secara in vitro menggunakan metode Lam, sedangkan uji keamanan ekstrak metanol dengan uji toksisitas akut.Melalui penelitian ini dihasilkan bahwa nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol herba suruhan adalah 19,356 g/mL dengan karakterisasi senyawa flavonoid dengan aktivitas penghambat ACE yang terdapat dalam ekstrak metanol herba suruhan memiliki nilai [M] m/z 329; 433; 477; 537; 591; 593; 609; dan 623. Uji toksisitas akut ekstrak metanol herba suruhan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat kematian dengan LD50>4000 mg/kg BB, serta tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan nilai AST dan ALT.Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak metanol herba suruhan mengandung senyawa flavonoid dengan aktivitas penghambat ACE yang tidak menimbulkan kematian dan perubahan pada organ hati hewan coba.

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Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ACE is one of therapeutic treatment of hypertension in decreasing blood pressure. Many evident and research done for flavonoid as one of secondary metabolite that has ACE inhibitor activity. Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth. herb is one of the Indonesian potential plant as an ACE Inhibitor. It is not known characterization of the active substances with ACE inhibitor activity. Many flavonoids substances have ACE inhibitor activity.The present study was aimed at investigating the characterization of flavonoid substances with ACE inhibitor activity in Peperomia pellucida methanolic extracts. Substances characterization conducted using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry LC MS while in vitro ACE inhibitor test performed using Lam method and acute toxicity test for safety assessment. Peperomia pellucida methanolic extracts showed ACE inhibitor activity with IC50 value 19,356 g mL. Substances characterization analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid with M m z 329 433 477 537 591 593 609 623.Acute toxicity test analysis showed that there was no death with LD50 value more than 4000 mg kg BW. Blood analysis for aspartate aminotransferase AST and alanine aminotransferase ALT showed no significant differences between normal group and dose group in male and female mice.From this study, it is suggested that Peperomia pellucida methanolic extracts have many flavonoid substances with ACE inhibitor activity that did not cause mortality and liver function changes."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak dimer isoeugenol secara oral terhadap kualitas spermatozoa mencit jantan galur DDY. Kelompok kontrol diberi minyak zaitun. Kelompok perlakuan diberi ekstrak dimer isoeugenol dengan dosis 2,4 mg/kg bb; 4,8 mg/kg bb; 9,6 mg/kg bb; dan 19,2 mg/kg bb. Masing-masing kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas 5 ekor mencit. Bahan uji diberikan setiap hari selama 36 hari berturut-turut.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan motilitas spermatozoa dan viabilitas spermatozoa pada dosis 4,8 mg/kg bb; 9,6 mg/kg bb; da 19,2 mg/kg bb, juga konsentrasi spermatozoa pada dosis 9,6 mg/kg bb dan 19,2 mg/kg bb. Kenaikan abnormalitas ditemukan pada dosis 4,8 mg/kg bb; 9,6 mg/kg bb; dan 19,2 mg/kg bb. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak dimer isoeugenol dapat menurunkan kualitas spermatozoa mencit jantan mulai dosis 4,8 mg/kg bb dan memiliki batas aman penggunaan sampai 2,4 mg/kg bb.

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The research aims to determined the effect of isoeugenol dimer extract administrated orally on the quality of spermatozoa of male mice DDY strain. The control group was given olive oil. The treatment group were given isoeugenol dimer with doses of 2.4 mg/kg bw; 4.8 mg/kg bw; 9.6 mg/kg bw; and 19.2 mg/kg bw. Each control group and treatment group consisted of 5 mices. Test material administrated daily for 14 consecutive days.The results showed that a decreased in sperm motility and viability of spermatozoa at doses 4.8 mg/kg bw; 9.6 mg/kg bw; and 19.2 mg/kg bw, as well as the concetration of spermatozoa at doses 9.6 mg/kg bw and 19.2 mg/kg bw. The increased in spermatozoa abnormality were found at doses 4.8 mg/kg bw; 9.6 mg/kg bw; and 19.2 mg/kg bw. The result indicated that administration of extract dimer isoeugenol can reduce the quality of spermatozoa from male mice stated from doses 4.8 mg/kg bw and had usage threshold up to 2.4 mg/kg bw."

"ABSTRAKKadar kolesterol yang tinggi dalam darah adalah salah satu penyebab penyakit kardiovaskular mematikan yang dipicu oleh timbunan kolesterol yang menempel di pembuluh darah menuju jantung. Penggunaan obat sintetis untuk menurunkan kolesterol memiliki beberapa efek samping yang merugikan. Namun, terdapat cara lain untuk menangani masalah kelebihan kolesterol, antara lain dengan memanfaatkan tanaman tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) yang melimpah di Indonesia dan dipercaya oleh masyarakat Indonesia dapat memperkuat dan membersihkan kotoran (plak) pada dinding pembuluh darah. Hal tersebut disebabkan tanaman tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) memiliki senyawa aktif berupa katekin yang dipercaya memiliki aktivitas antikolesterol.Pada penelitian ini, aktivitas antikolesterol dari ekstrak daun tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) dalam air akan diuji secara in vivo di dalam tubuh mencit (Mus musculus L.) galur DDY. Pengujian aktivitas antikolesterol dilakukan terhadap 6 kelompok hewan uji mencit (Mus musculus L.) galur DDY yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol normal (tanpa perlakuan), kontrol positif (atorvastatin 2,6 mg/kg BB), kontrol negatif (diinduksi kolesterol dan diberi pakan standar) dan tiga ekstrak dengan dosis 0,05 mL (rendah); 0,1 mL (sedang); dan 0,2 mL (tinggi).Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun tanjung memiliki efek yang signifikan terhadap penurunan total kolesterol pada mencit, dimana semakin tinggi dosis ekstrak yang diberikan, akan memberikan penurunan kolesterol yang tinggi pula. Dengan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) dapat digunakan sebagai obat penurun kolesterol.

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ABSTRACT

High cholesterol level in blood is one of deathly cardiovascular disease?s causes which is triggered by accumulation of cholesterol patching in blood vessels through heart. Using synthetic medicine to decrease cholesterol has several side effect. However, there is another way to resolve problem of excess cholesterol, that is by using tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) which abundant in Indonesia and Indonesian people believe that it can strengthen and clean plaque in blood vessels wall. It is caused tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) has active compound such as catechin which is believed has anticholesterol activity.

In this study, anticholesterol activity of tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) leaf extract in the water will be tested by in vivo method in the body of mice (Mus musculus L.) DDY-strain. Anticholesterol activity tested did to 6 group of mice (Mus musculus L.) DDY-strain consisting of normal control (wiithout treatment), positive control (atorvastatin 2.6 mg/kg BB), negative control (only induced by cholesterol and standard feed), and three groups of dose, that is 0.05 mL (low dose), 0.1 mL (mid dose), and 0.2 mL (high dose).

The result showed that tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) leaf extract has significant effect to decrease total cholesterol level of mice, more extract given to mice, it will give higher cholesterol decreasing. In this study, can conclude that tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) leaf extract can be used as choleterol decreasing medicine."

"Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi hepatoprotektif madu PS (Pollen Substitute) terhadap gambaran histologis hati mencit (Mus musculus) jantan galur DDY. Dua puluh empat ekor mencit jantan dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal (KK1) yang diberikan akuades dan minyak kelapa; kelompok kontrol perlakuan (KK2) yang diberikan akuades dan CCl4; serta 2 kelompok perlakuan (KP1 dan KP2) yang diberikan madu PS dosis 0,04 ml/20 g bb dan 0,08 ml/20 g bb selama 14 hari berturut-turut, kemudian diinjeksikan CCl4 2 jam setelah pemberian madu PS terakhir. Organ hati diisolasi 24 jam setelah injeksi CCl4. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh pemberian madu PS terhadap berat basah organ hati (KK1 [1,57±0,34] gram, KK2 [1,92±0,21] gram, KP1[1,73±0,34] gram, KP2 [1,75±0,30] gram) dan diameter vena sentralis (KK1 [37,91±2,44] μm, KK2 [73,39±3,06] μm, KP1 [70,03±9,65] μm, KP2 [67,61±6,33] μm), serta terdapat pengaruh pemberian madu PS terhadap warna organ hati, persentase derajat kerusakan lobulus hati (derajat 0, 1, 2, dan 3 KK1 [55,70%; 40,00%; 4,33%; dan 0,00%], KK2 [4,56%; 29,00%; 18,67%; dan 47,78%], KP1 [14,22%; 43,11%; 15,22%; dan 27,44%], KP2 [6,34%; 41,33%; 24,67%; dan 27,67%]), dan gambaran histologis hati. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan pemberian madu PS dosis 0,04 ml/20 g bb memberikan efek hepatoprotektif yang lebih baik dibandingkan madu PS dosis 0,08 ml/20 g bb terhadap gambaran histologis hati.

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The aim of this study was to know hepatoprotective potency of PS (Pollen Substitute) honey to liver histology of DDY strain male mice (Mus musculus). Twenty four male mice were divided into 4 groups, which were normal control group (KK1) which was given aquadest and palm oil, treatment control group (KK2) which was given aquadest and CCl4, as well as 2 treatment groups (KP1 and KP2) which were given PS honey dose 0,04 ml/20 g bb and 0,08 ml/20 g bb in 14 days. Then KP1 and KP2 were induced by CCl4 2 hours after the last administration of honey PS. The liver then was isolated 24 hours after CCl4 injection. The result of statistic test showed that there were no effects of PS honey administration to liver wet weight (KK1 [1,57±0,34] gram, KK2 [1,92±0,21]gram, KP1[1,73±0,34] gram; KP2 [1,75±0,30] gram) and central vein diameter (KK1 [37,91±2,44] μm, KK2 [73,39±3,06] μm, KP1 [70,03±9,65] μm, KP2 [67,61±6,33] μm), and there were effects of PS honey admisnistration to liver color, percentage of liver lobulus damage level (level 0, 1, 2, and 3 of KK1 [55,70%; 40,00%; 4,33%; and 0,00%], KK2 [4,56%; 29,00%; 18,67%; and 47,78%], KP1 [14,22%; 43,11%; 15,22%; and 27,44%], KP2 [6,34%; 41,33%; 24,67%; and 27,67%]), and liver histology. The result of the observation showed that the hepatoprotective effect of administration of PS honey dose 0,04 ml/20 g bw was better than dose 0,08 ml/20 g to liver histology.;"

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian infus serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle.) terhadap gambaran histologi ginjal mencit (Mus musculus L.) jantan galur DDY. Sebanyak 28 ekor mencit dibagi secara acak dalam 4 kelompok yang terdiri atas satu kelompok kontrol (KK) dan tiga kelompok perlakuan (KP1, KP2, dan KP3). Kelompok kontrol diberi akuades dan kelompok perlakuan diberi infus serai wangi dengan dosis 2%, 4%, dan 8% (b/v). Masing-masing kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas 7 ekor mencit. Pemberian bahan uji dilakukan selama 5 hari berturut-turut secara oral. Mencit dikorbankan 2 jam setelah pemberian infus terakhir. Organ ginjal diamati secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik. Sediaan histologi diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin (HE) dan diamati dengan menggunakan mikroskop. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa pemberian infus serai wangi pada dosis 2% dan 4% (b/v) tidak berpengaruh terhadap rata-rata diameter kapsula Bowman, glomerulus, jarak ruang Bowman, serta berat basah organ ginjal, sedangkan pada dosis 8% (b/v) terlihat pengaruh yang nyata terhadap diameter kapsula Bowman dan glomerulus, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap jarak ruang Bowman.

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This research was designed to study the effect of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle.) infusion on renal histology of DDY male mice (Mus musculus L.). The animals were randomly devided into four groups, consisted of one control group (KK) and three treatment groups (KP1, KP2, and KP3). Control group were given distilled water and the other groups were given doses of citronella grass infusion 2%, 4%, and 8% (w/v) . Each group consisted of 7 mice. The test materials were administered for 5 consecutive days orally. The mice were sacrified at two hours after the last infusion. Kidneys were observed in macroscopic and microscopic. Histology slides stained with Haematoxyline Eosin (HE) and observed with microscope. Statistic study showed that there was no effect of citronella grass infusion at dose of 2% and 4% (w/v) against the average diameter of Bowman?s capsula, glomeruli, diamater of Bowman?s space, and kidneys weight, but there was a significant effect on the average diameter of Bowman?s capsula and glomeruli at a dose of 8% (w/v)."