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"Maxillary central diastema in a child with deciduous or mixed dentition is common and normal, owing to the growth and development of the anterior segment of the upper jaw. However, if the central diastema persists after the permanent cuspids have erupted, the dentist should clarify its aetiology and establish a conforming treatment. This report discusses a case in a 13 years old girl, in the beginning of permanent teeth period, with a central diastema due to a high attachment of the maxillary labial frenum. Cross bite anterior and midline shifting were also found in this patient. The treatment was frenectomy followed by orthodontic treatment. The closure of the diastema took place after one month of treatment. The orthodontic treatment has been continued to archieve the correct occlusion."

"Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth which is commonly found in the midline of the maxilla between the two central incisors. Supernumerary teeth are more often found in permanent than in primary teeth. Mesiodens may cause clinical disorders, such as delayed eruption or malposition of adjacent permanent teeth. Both conditions frequently result in an irregularity of developing occlusion. This paper will report mesiodens in a 9 years old girl who complained of space in the maxilla anterior teeth with anterior crossbite. The treatment included extraction of mesiodens with closing diastema and correction of the anterior crossbite with a simple orthodontic appliance. It was concluded that treatment is important to prepare space for eruption of maxillary lateral incisors, correcting diastema in the region of anterior maxilla and repairing anterior crossbite."

"Anterior traumatic injury could be caused by many functional disturbances, such as mastication, speech, and esthetic. This condition can be repaired by paying attention to the aspects. Reposition can be done with any appliance but if the reposition must focus on the esthetic aspect, it will require special attention. In this case, it shows that fixed and removable appliance with prosthetic function can be used as alternative treatment for children who suffer traumatic injury."

"Diastemas are spaces or gaps between two or more consecutive teeth. They can occur anywhere in the upper or lower dental arches. Diastemas can occur in mixed dentition and closes spontaneously when the canines erupt, but in certain circumstances, diastema will persist until period of permanent teeth. This etiologic factor has to identify because it will influenc effectivenees of closing the multiple diastemas. The multiple diastemas that happened at the anterior upper and lower which caused by deficient tooth structure and missing of some teeth (agenesis), accompanied of central diastema which influenced by anterior labialis frenulum, should treated comprehensively. Treatment of this case entangle ortodontic, periodontic, conservative dentistry, and prostodontic. Reposition of abnormal frenulum attachment (frenectomy), arrangement of occlusion and teeth interdigitation, getting continuity of dental arch through achieving good approximal teeth contact by crown reshaping and replaced of missing tooth element with prothesis, and then making of retainer to maintain stability of treatment result are serial of treatments for the case. By cooperation of multidicipline proffesionals, the final result is to obtain the optimal esthetics, functional, and stability result of treatment, will achived."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 189-192Dental trauma in childhood and adorescence is a common accidents, with the most accident-prone time is between 9 and 10 years old. Boys affected are almost twice than girls and the maxillary central incisors are the most affected. This report describes an Ellis class II fracture in maxillary central incisors caused by trauma on a 9 years old boys. The case was treated by pulp capping and restored by composite material."

"The anterior teeth have the essential esthetics function , so when the trauma occur, the immediately treatment must be done to avoid its dysfunction. Andreas Jo reported in 1984 that 18 percent to 20 percent of traumatic injury in young permanent teeth caused the crown fractures with exposed pulps. This traumatic injury must be managed correctly to keep the pulp normal. Accurate examination and anamnesis must be done before treatment. The prompt treatment to relieve pain, to cover pulps from irritating material and maintain pulp vitality is neededOne alternative treatment for crown fracture with exposed pulp in young permanent is by using pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide. The function of calcium hydroxide is to maintain pulp vitality and stimulate reparative dentin and close the apex. Then, glass ionomer cement is used to support the pulp cap and then resin composite as temporary restoration to recover the function of mastication and esthetics, until the permanent restoration is made. In this case, ,the radiographic showed reparative dentin after four weeks of pulpotomy calcium hydroxide applied. So there was the fact that it took six month to make the apex is close from the beginning of treatment."

"The increase of pain symptoms in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) challenges the scientists to find a more effective therapy. The popular treatment of the temporomandibular disorder (TMD) are eg occlusal splints, orthodontic treatment, electromyographic biofeedback, medication, etc. Among these splint therapy is more successful than the others especially in dealing with pain in the TMJ. Orthodontics as a treatment for the TMD quite often creates new complains on TMJ during and/or after treatment. The extrusion of the posterior teeth in reducing anterior deep overbite have been proposed as possible cause of TMD. This paper reported that a relaxation splint was an effective solution to relieve the pain in the TMJ for the orthodontic patients where occlusal factors were related. One mounth after the splint therapy, the pain in the TMJ was slowly dissapeared, and the orthodontic treatment can be continued with the splint as an occlusal height guidance."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 316-320The use of Nipedipine as cardiovascular therapy is proven to be the cause of gingival hyperplasia. The objectve of this present case is to report the gingival hyperplasia induced by nifedipine, and the best management suggested. In both cases, the subtitution of Nifedipine by another drug and intensive oral hygiene procedure could eliminate the gingival hyperplasia."

"The purpose of this work is to report a clinical care of diastema closure in case of multiple diastema using composite nanofiller material, as an alternative from orthodontic treatment and also porcelain crown restoration. This method proved to be conservative, practical, and provide high estethic value."

"Kerusakan gigi molar satu rahang atas frekuensinya cukup tinggi dan sering disertai kelainan pulpa. Perawatan saluran akar pada gigi ini memerlukan keterampilan yang ditunjang oleh pengetahuan anatomi dan morfologi a.1. panjang gigi, bentuk penampang saluran akar, jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan letak orifis. Dalam perawatannya sering dijumpai kesulitan menentukan letak apeks, karena pedoman ukuran yang ada berdasarkan ukuran gigi orang Amerika atau Eropa. Belum ada pedoman yang berdasarkan ukuran-gigi orang Indonesia. Dari sampel 50 gigi molar satu atas yang dicabut dari klinik gigi di Jakarta, diukur panjang gigi dari masing-masing apeks akar Palatal, Mesio Bukal, Disto Bukal ke bidang oklusal dengan mikrometer. Dihitung jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan dicatat bentuk penampang saluran akar 5 mm dari apeks, dan konfigurasi letak oriifis. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh panjang gigi rata-rata dari apeks akar palatal 19,47 mm, dari apeks akar mesio bukal 19,14 mm dari apeks akar disto bukal 18,41 mm. Dari hasil pengamatan, semua gigi mempunyai tiga akar, dan diperoleh lebih banyak gigi dengan tiga saluran akar (98 %). Dari gambaran konfigurasi letak orifis diperoleh bentuk (60 %), lebih banyak dibanding bentuk "Y" (16 %) dan bentuk "T" (18 %). Dari pengamatan bentuk penampang saluran akar, terbanyak diperoleh bentuk bulat pada akar disto bukal (82 %), dan bentuk elips pada akar palatal (36 7). Selain itu diperoleh pula bentuk ginjal padaakar disto bukal (4%), dan bentuk pipih pada akar mesio bukal (14 %)."