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"Body piercing has been practiced universally as far as can be traced, and now has been admitted by teens and undergraduate students. Oral complications of oral jewelry, especially tongue piercing, have been well documened, e.g. Ludwig's angina and bifid tongue. This study was done to explore the impact of oral piercing among students. For this purpose, 32 students with oral piercing in Jakarta were asked to fill in a questionnaire form after having had intraoral piercing for less than one year. It was concluded that the subjects did not sufficiently understand the dangers of piercing. Medical and dental professionals should warn patients with piercing about potential dangers posed by this current fashion."

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Prevalensi karies gigi remaja di Indonesia masih tinggi. Salah satunya karena perilaku kesehatan gigi yang masih buruk. Perilaku remaja yang tidak stabil secara emosional dapat mempengaruhi perawatan kesehatan giginya. Keadaan kesehatan gigi yang buruk akan berdampak pada kepercayaan diri dalam hubungan sosialnya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan evaluasi penilaian determinan kesehatan gigi remaja. Alat ukur yang sesuai dengan karakteristik remaja, sampai saat ini belum tersedia. Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat alat ukur untuk mengukur perilaku kesehatan gigi remaja dan menguji model perilaku kesehatan gigi remaja berdasarkan theory of planned behavior serta menentukan determinannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi deskriptif eksploratif dengan desain cross sectional. Sejumlah 723 siswa SMP berusia 13-15 tahun adalah siswa SMP di Kota Bandung menjadi subjek penelitian. Sampel dipilih dengan metoda probability proportional to size (PPS) menggunakan random group methods. Penelitian terdiri dari: (1) membuat alat ukur dan memvalidasinya; (2) menilai perilaku kesehatan gigi remaja dan plak skor (3) menguji model determinan perilaku kesehatan gigi remaja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, alat ukur perilaku kesehatan gigi remaja (oral hygiene, dietary habits, dental attendance) berdasarkan theory of planned behavior serta perilaku aktual (oral hygiene, dietary habits, dental attendance), dan dengan dua faktor terkait yaitu harapan hasil sosial dan pengetahuan dinyatakan valid dan reliabel. Hasil untuk model struktural ketiga perilaku kebersihan gigi, kebiasaan diet, kunjungan ke Dokter Gigi, berdasarkan theory of planned behaviour, harapan hasil sosial dan pengetahuan hasilnya data fit (sesuai dengan model). Hasil analisis hubungan (1) model struktural perilaku kebersihan gigi: kontrol perilaku, harapan hasil sosial dan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi mempengaruhi skor plak melalui intensi dan perilaku aktual kebersihan gigi, (2) model struktural perilaku kebiasaan diet: kontrol perilaku dan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi mempengaruhi skor plak melalui intensi dan perilaku aktual kebiasaan diet, (3) model struktural perilaku kunjungan ke Dokter Gigi: kontrol perilaku dan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi mempengaruhi skor plak melalui intensi dan perilaku aktual kunjungan ke Dokter Gigi (4) model struktural perilaku kesehatan gigi: ketiga kontrol perilaku (kebersihan gigi, kebiasaan diet dan kunjungan ke Dokter Gigi) berkonstribusi kuat terhadap masing-masing intensi (kebersihan gigi, kebiasaan diet dan kunjungan ke Dokter Gigi), dan yang terbesar konstribusinya adalah kontrol perilaku kebiasaan diet. Kesimpulan, kontrol perilaku yang kuat pada komponen intensi akan menentukan ketiga perilaku kesehatan gigi pada remaja, namun yang secara empiris menentukan adanya hubungan dengan skor plak hanya perilaku kebersihan gigi dan kebiasaan diet.

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The prevalence of adolescent caries in Indonesia is still high. Poor oral health behaviour is one of the causes. Unstable emotional behaviour in adolescent can affect their oral health care. Poor oral health condition can affect their self-confident in social environment. Therefore evaluation for adolescent oral health determinant and assessment is needed. Measuring instruments that suitable for adolescent characteristics are not yet available. The purpose for this research is to make an effective measuring instrument to assess adolescent oral health behaviour and to test adolescent the model of oral health behaviour based on theory of planned behavior alongside by determining the determinants. This research uses explorative description with cross sectional design. A total of 723 junior high school students aged 13-15 years in the city of Bandung became the subject of study.The sample was chosen with probability proportional to size (PPS) method using random group methods. The research consist of (1) make an effective measuring instrument and validate it; (2) assessing adolescent oral health behavior and score plaque (3) assessing the determinant model of adolescent oral health behaviour. Research result shown that measuring instrument of adolescent oral health behaviour based on theory of planned behaviour, the expectation of social outcome, oral health knowledge, and actual behaviour confirmed as valid and reliable. The result of third structural oral hygiene behaviour model, dietary habits, dental based on the theory of planned behaviour, expected social outcome and knowledge which resulted of data fit with model. The result of result of relationship analysis consist of (1) structural models of oral hygiene behaviors: perceived behavior control, expectations social outcomes and oral health knowledge influence plaque scores through the intention and actual behavior of oral hygiene, (2) structural models of dietary habits: perceived behavior control and oral health knowledge influence plaque scores through the intention and actual behavior of dietary habits, (3) structural models of dental attandance: perceived behavior control and oral health knowledge influence plaque scores through the intention and actual behavior of dental attendance (4) structural models of oral health behavior: perceived behaviora control (oral hygiene, dietary habits and dental attandance) have a strong contribution to each intention (oral hygiene, dietary habits and dental attandance), and the biggest contribution is perceived behaver control of dietary habits. Conclusion, strong perceived behavioral control on the intention component will determine the three oral health behaviors in adolescents, but which empirically determines the association with plaque scores only oral hygiene behavior and dietary habits.

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"Latar belakang: Indonesia memiliki jumlah lansia yang banyak dan akan terus bertambah setiap tahunnya. Karies gigi dan karies akar merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang sering dialami oleh lansia. Perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab karies yang dapat dimodifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada status karies gigi dan akar lansia di tahun 2018. Metode: Desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data Riskesdas 2018. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 4678 subjek usia 60 tahun ke atas. Hasil: Prevalensi karies gigi dan karies akar lansia Indonesia secara berturutturut adalah 95,7% dan 95,5%. Lansia Indonesia memiliki skor rerata decay, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) sebesar 15,6 (SE 0,1) dan skor median root caries index (RCI) sebesar 38,9% (IQR 10%,77,8%). Sembilan dari sepuluh lansia Indonesia tidak mengunjungi tenaga medis gigi dalam setahun terakhir. Uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa perilaku menyikat gigi, konsumsi makanan manis, konsumsi minuman manis, dan berkunjung ke tenaga medis gigi memiliki korelasi (p < 0,05) pada skor rerata DMFT lansia Indonesia. Hal yang mirip juga terlihat pada skor median RCI lansia Indonesia, kecuali pada korelasinya dengan makanan manis. Selain itu, perbedaan skor rerata DMFT terlihat antara kategori sosiodemografi usia, tingkat pendidikan, status ekonomi, pekerjaan dan daerah domisili. Perbedaan status karies akar juga terlihat antara kategori sosiodemografi usia, tingkat pendidikan, status ekonomi, daerah domisili, dan jaminan kesehatan. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan status karies lansia di Indonesia. Program preventif karies, peningkatan kunjungan dokter gigi, dan adanya kebijakan pemerintah untuk menurunkan konsumsi gula pada lansia disarankan.

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Background: Indonesia has a large number of elderly and will continue to grow every year. Dental caries and root caries are dental and oral health problems that are often experienced by the elderly. Dental and oral health behavior is one of the modifiable causes of caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dental and oral health behavior on the dental caries status and roots of the elderly in 2018. Methods: Cross-sectional study design using Riskesdas 2018 data. The number of samples was 4678 subjects aged 60 years and over. Results: The prevalence of dental caries and root caries in the Indonesian elderly were 95.7% and 95.5%, respectively. Indonesian elderly have a mean decay, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) score of 15.6 (SE 0.1) and a median root caries index (RCI) score of 38.9% (IQR 10%, 77.8%). Nine out of ten Indonesian seniors did not visit dental personnel in the past year. Spearman correlation test showed that the behavior of brushing teeth, consumption of sweet foods, consumption of sugary drinks, and visits to dental medical personnel had a correlation (p < 0.05) on the average DMFT score of the Indonesian elderly. The same thing is also seen in the median RCI score of the Indonesian elderly, except for the correlation with sweet foods. In addition, differences in DMFT mean scores were seen between sociodemographic categories of age, education level, economic status, occupation and area of ​​domicile. Differences in root caries status were also seen between sociodemographic categories of age, education level, economic status, area of ​​domicile, and health insurance. Conclusion: There is a relationship between dental and oral health behavior and the caries status of the elderly in Indonesia. A caries prevention program, an increase in dentist visits, and a government policy to reduce sugar consumption in the elderly are recommended."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries merupakan penyakit rampan gigi yang paling umum terjadi pada anak-anak dan merupakan penyakit multifaktoral, yang terdiri dari inang, agen, dan lingkungan. Mikroorganisme kariogenik yang paling utama dan berhubungan dengan ECC adalah Streptococci, khususnya S. mutans dan S. sobrinus. Selain itu terdapat C. albicans yang juga berperan aktif dalam patogenesis dari karies gigi. Komposisi protein saliva bisa menjadi indikator yang cukup sensitif bagi kesehatan gigi dan mulut, salah satunya adalah protein saliva. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran protein saliva ECC terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm S. sobrinus dan kombinasi S. sobrinus dan C. albicans di rongga mulut. Metode: Menggunakan uji Bradford untuk melihat total konsentrasi protein, uji SDS-PAGE untuk melihat profil protein yang terdapat dalam saliva, uji Crystal Violet untuk melihat pembentukan massa biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count untuk melihat viabilitas biofilm. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara biofilm mono-spesies dan dual spesies dalam pembentukan massa biofilm maupun viabilitas biofilm berdasarkan konsentrasi protein. Tidak terdapat perbedaan pembentukan massa biofilm mono-spesies berdasarkan waktu inkubasi biofilm. Terdapat perbedaan pembentukan massa biofilm dual-spesies berdasarkan waktu inkubasi biofilm. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara biofilm mono- spesies dan dual-spesies dalam viabilitas biofilm berdasarkan waktu inkubasi biofilm. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi protein saliva dan waktu inkubasi biofilm tidak dapat menjadi indikator dalam pembentukan massa biofilm dan melihat viabilitas biofilm mono-spesies maupun dual-spesies.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries is the most common dental disease in children and a multifactoral disease, consisting of host, agent, environment, and diet. Microorganisms associated with ECC are Streptococci, especially S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Besides that, C. albicans also plays an active role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. The composition of salivary protein can be a sensitive indicator for oral health, one of them is salivary protein. Objective: To determine the role of the ECC salivary protein on the growth of S. sobrinus biofilms and the combination of Streptococcus sobrinus and C. albicans in the oral cavity. Methods: Bradford Assay was performed to determine the total protein, SDSPAGE test to determine the profile protein in saliva, the Crystal Violet Assay to determine the mass of the biofilm formation, and the Total Plate Count test to see the viability of the biofilm. Results: There is no significant difference between the mono spesies biofilms and dual-species in the mass of the biofilm formation and biofilm viability based on protein concentration. There is no significant difference in the mass of the biofilm formation of mono-species biofilm based on the biofilm incubation time. There is a significant difference in the mass of biofilm formation of a dual-species biofilms based on the biofilm incubation time. There is no significant difference between mono-spesies biofilms and the dual-species in biofilm viability based on biofilm incubation time. Conclusion: Salivary protein concentration and biofilm incubation time can’t be an indicator of biofilm mass formation and to see the viability of biofilm mono-species and dual-species."

"Background: The general objective of this study is to describe dental health condition of Indonesian aged 12 years or over using Basic Health Research 2007 data. The specific objective is (1) to determine the prevalence of dental caries among the study population based on their socio-demographic characteristics (2) to determine determinants of their dental health, (3) to determine magnitude of each determinant in term of Odds ratio and (4) to determine their DMFT - index. Methods:This is a combination of descriptive (estimatian and prevalence) study and analytic (using Odds ratio to describe relation between independent and dependent variable). In the year 2007, the provinces of highest prevalence of dental caries in lndonesia are Jambi, Bangka Belitung, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, dan Sulawesi Utara. Results: Dental caries prevalence in urban (38%) is not far different from that in rural (35%). The same is true between men (37.4%) and women (35%). Rural community have caries risk 1,329 times more than urban community Woman have dental caries risk 2,186 times more than man. Non regular tooth brusher have caries risk 1,66 times more than the regular tooth brush er. Non filtered cigarette use increasing dental caries risk. Non filtered cigarette use increasing dental caries risk have caries risk 1,461 times more than non smoker. The last determinant that causing the level of caries after multivariate analysis test are the type of area, all the level of age, 26-44 years old, <::: 45 years old, education in senior high school and university, the habit use tobacco without filter, and man community"

"Prevalensi karies gigi yang ditunjukkan dengan decayed, missing dan filled teeth (DMF-T) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, termasuk di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran faktor individu, rumahtangga dan kabupaten/kota terhadap kejadian karies gigi guna menyusun model pengendalian karies gigi di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (provinsi dengan riwayat karies gigi tertinggi). Desain penelitian ini campuran (hybrid) antara ecological study dan cross-sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, pemeriksaan kesehatan gigi, pengambilan sampel air dan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data menggunakan regresi logistik multilevel (dengan mixed-effect model). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktorfaktor pada tingkat individu (frekuensi menggosok gigi, kebersihan gigi dan mulut dan kebiasaan makan makanan asam/bercuka), tingkat rumahtangga (jenis sumber dan keasaman air) dan tingkat kabupaten/kota (ketersediaan perawat gigi dan dokter gigi, angka gizi buruk dan besar anggaran kesehatan per kapita) berpengaruh terhadap prevalensi karies gigi berat pada penduduk dewasa, dimana secara keseluruhan dapat menjelaskan variasi risiko karies gigi sebesar 73,6%. Model pengendalian karies gigi yang sesuai dengan kondisi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung adalah menggabungkan pengendalian faktor pada tingkat individu, rumahtangga dan kabupaten/kota.

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Dental caries prevalence, indicated by decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF-T), remains a global public health problem, including Indonesia. The objective of this research was to address the role of individual factors, households, and regency/municipality in explaining dental caries incidence, in order to formulate a model to control dental caries in Kepulauan Bangka Belitung—the province with the highest dental caries prevalence in Indonesia. This research was designed as a combination (hybrid) of cross-sectional and ecological studies. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through interview, dental health examination by dentists, water sampling, and in-depth interviews. A multilevel logistic regression (mixed-effect) model was fitted to the data. The results show that the explanatory variables at individual (frequency of teeth brushing, dental and mouth hygiene, and acidic food consumption), household (main water source and acidity), and regency/municipality (availability of dentist and dental nurse, malnutrition, and per capita health budget) levels influenced the prevalence of severe dental caries among adults; they all explained 73.6% of the variation in risk of dental caries. The appropriate disease control model, given the local conditions of Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, is one that integrates control of risk factors at individual, household, and regency/municipality levels. "

"Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan global dan penyakit gigi yang paling tinggi prevalensinya. Peningkatan masalah penyakit karies gigi di Indonesia masih mengkhawatirkan berdasarkan tren prevalensi pada Riskesdas 2007 sampai 2018, sedangkan Pemerintah telah menetapkan target Indonesia Bebas Karies 2030 untuk kelompok usia 12 tahun. Tren peningkatan prevalensi dan keparahan penyakit karies gigi terjadi pada semua umur, karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah meneliti tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengalaman karies di Indonesia melalui data populasi Indonesia dengan pendekatan siklus kehidupan. Metode: Analisis data sekunder dari Riskesdas 2018 berdasarkan kelompok usia menurut WHO, yaitu kelompok usia 5, 12, 15, 35-44 dan 65-74 tahun. Hasil: Besar sampel untuk masing-masing kelompok usia adalah 668, 690, 649, 8123 dan 2602 subjek. Prevalensi penyakit karies gigi pada masing-masing kelompok usia adalah 93,4%, 68,8%, 68,1%, 92,1% dan 95,2%. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies pada kelompok anak dan remaja, adalah variabel persepsi tentang masalah kesehatan gigi, dengan nilai asosiasi Odds Ratio (OR) berkisar antara 3,066 sampai dengan 11,714. Faktor sosioekonomi dan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan gigi juga menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan pengalaman karies anak dan remaja. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies pada kelompok dewasa adalah jenis kelamin (OR=2,007;95%CI 1,703-2,366). Sedangkan untuk kelompok lansia, faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies adalah faktor kecukupan tenaga dokter gigi di puskesmas pada tingkat provinsi (OR=1,626;95%CI 1,069-2,475). Faktor merokok aktif menunjukkan asosiasi yang kuat (OR>1; p<0,05) di kelompok dewasa dan lansia.  Kesimpulan: Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies berbeda pada setiap kelompok usia. Hal ini berimplikasi pada program pencegahan penyakit karies gigi.

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Dental caries is a global health problem and the highest prevalence of dental disease. The increase in the problem of dental caries in Indonesia is still worrying based on the prevalence trend in Riskesdas 2007 to 2018, while the Government has set the 2030 Caries-Free Indonesia target for the 12 year age group. The trend of increasing prevalence and severity of dental caries occurs at all ages, therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the caries experience in Indonesia through Indonesian population data with a life cycle approach.

Methods: Analysis of secondary data from Riskesdas 2018 based on age groups according to WHO, namely age groups 5, 12, 15, 35-44 and 65-74 years.

Results: The sample sizes for each age group were 668, 690, 649, 8123 and 2602 subjects. The prevalence of dental caries in each age group was 93.4%, 68.8%, 68.1%, 92.1% and 95.2%, respectively. The most influential factor on the caries experience in the group of children and adolescents is the variable perception of dental health problems, with the association value of Odds Ratio (OR) ranging from 3.066 to 11.714. Socioeconomic factors and utilization of dental health services also showed a significant relationship with the caries experience of children and adolescents. The most influential factor on the caries experience in the adult group was gender (OR=2.007; 95%CI 1.703-2.366). As for the elderly group, the most influential factor on caries experience was the adequacy of dental personnel at Public Health Centre at the provincial level (OR=1,626; 95%CI 1.069-2.475). The active smoking factor showed a strong association (OR>1; p<0.05) in the adult and elderly groups.

Conclusion: The factors that influence the caries experience are different in each age group. This has implications for the dental caries prevention program."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi karies gigi anak di Indonesia yang tinggi disebabkan karena perilaku ibu yang buruk dalam menjaga kebersihan gigi anaknya. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran lembar balik dan lembar evaluasi KMGS dalam merubah perilaku ibu terhadap kesehatan gigi mulut balita. Metode: melakukan pelatihan kader menggunakan lembar balik, pemeriksaan kesehatan gigi mulut balita, kemudian dievaluasi setelah diintervensi menggunakan lembar evaluasi KMGS. Hasil: terdapat peningkatan (57,15%) bermakna (p<0,05) perilaku ibu pada kelompok intervensi, penurunan bermakna (p<0,05) indeks plak (60%) dan skor kematangan plak (25,71%) anak. Kesimpulan: media lembar balik efektif meningkatkan perilaku ibu.

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Background: The high prevalence of early childhood caries in Indonesia is caused bymother’s behaviour of maintaining children’s oral hygiene.

Purpose: to know aboutthe role of flipchart and KMGS in maintaining mother's behaviour toward children's dental health.

Methods: training for cadre by using flipchart, examination of children's dental and oral health and evaluating after the intervention by using KMGS.

Results: there’s a significant improvement (57.15%) of mother’s behaviour (p<0,050) in intervention group, a significant reduction (p<0.05) of child plaque index (60%) and plaque maturity score (25.71%).

Conclusion: flipchart is an effective media to improve mother’s behaviour."

"Di Indonesia laporan mengenai keparahan karies gigi berdasarkan indeks def-t/DMFT dan indeks pufa/PUFA masih langka. Tujuan penelitian ini diketahuinya tingkat keparahan karies gigi pada murid sekolah dasar di daerah tertinggal dan perkotaan. Penelitian ini adalah survey deskriptif.Hasil penelitian status keparahan karies gigi di daerah perkotaan menurut indeks def-t 3,38, indeks DMF-T 0,54, indeks pufa 0,83, indeks PUFA 0,07, rasio pufa 28,6%. Status keparahan karies gigi di daerah tertinggal menurut indeks pufa 1,63 dan indeks PUFA 0,4. Indeks def-t/DMF-T berkaitan dengan pencegahan karies gigi. Indeks pufa/PUFA berkaitan dengan pelayanan kesehatan.

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In Indonesia research about caries severity in accordance to dmft and pufa index is infrequent. The purpose is knowing level of caries severity between rural and urban area. This study is using descriptive survey studies as methode. Caries severity status in elementary school students in urban area according to deft index is 3.38, DMFT index 0,54, pufa index 0.83, PUFA index 0,07, Pufa Ratio 28,6%.

Caries severity status in elementary school students in rural area according to pufa index is 1,63 and PUFA index 0,4. def-t/DMF-T index is related to caries prevention strategy. Pufa/PUFA index is related to health service."

"Dental caries is one of the common diseases which are attributed by many factors. Many from the adult population areafflicted with dental caries. This study aimed to determine the predictors of developing dental caries among adults.Three hundred and thirty four adults participated in this study. Information gathered were their socio-demographicbackgrounds, oral health behaviour, physical activity level, body mass index, body fat percentages, visceral fat level,and dental missing filled extracted teeth (DMFX) index. All standard protocols were observed and DMFX wasexamined using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Prevalence of dental caries was 87.4%, inclusive of61.3% of female respondents with caries experience. Most of the study participants were overweight. Only consumptionof high sugar food (p=0.03) were found between dental caries and oral health behaviours. Regression analysis(p<0.001) showed that older age (p<0.001), regular visits to dental clinic per year (p=0.012), lower education level(p=0.025), and lower physical activity (p=0.008) were significant factors in developing dental caries among in thisstudy population. Older aged adults, frequent appointment with the dentist, lower education in oral health and lowerphysical activity were possible factors for dental caries presence.Sosiodemografi, Perilaku Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut, dan Aktivitas Fisik: Berbagai Faktor Penyebab Karies.Karies gigi adalah salah satu penyakit umum disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Banyak orang dewasa menderita kariesgigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prediktor karies gigi pada orang dewasa. Tiga ratus tiga puluh empatorang dewasa ikut berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Informasi yang dikumpulkan adalah latar belakang sosiodemografis,perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut, tingkat aktivitas fisik, indeks massa tubuh, persentase lemak tubuh,tingkat lemak visceral, dan indeks gigi yang hilang, ditambal, dan diekstraksi (DMFX). Semua protokol standar diamatidan DMFX diperiksa mengikuti kriteria Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO). Prevalensi karies gigi adalah 87,4%,termasuk 61,3% responden perempuan dengan pengalaman karies. Sebagian besar peserta penelitian kelebihan beratbadan. Hanya konsumsi makanan tinggi gula (p=0,03) yang dapat dikaitkan dengan karies gigi dan perilaku kesehatanmulut dan gigi. Analisis regresi (p<0,001) menunjukkan bahwa usia yang lebih tua (p<0,001), kunjungan rutin ke klinikgigi per tahun (p=0,012), tingkat pendidikan yang lebih rendah (p=0,025), dan aktivitas fisik yang lebih rendah(p=0,008) merupakan faktor signifikan yang menyebabkan karies gigi pada populasi penelitian ini. Orang dewasaberusia lanjut, rendahnya frekuensi kunjungan ke dokter gigi, kurangnya pendidikan mengenai kesehatan mulut dangigi, dan aktivitas fisik yang lebih rendah merupakan faktor yang memungkinkan kehadiran karies gigi."