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"ABSTRAKTujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara respons elektrofisiologis makula menggunakan multifocal electroretinogram (MfERG), ketebalan makula sentral (KMS) menggunakan Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) dan tajam penglihatan pasca-injeksi anti-VEGF intravitreal pada pasien edema makula diabetik (EMD). Desain penelitian studi prospektif, intervensi tanpa randomisasi. Total 33 mata dari 16 pasien non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy dan 17 pasien non-high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi mendapatkan injeksi bevacizumab 1,25mg intravitreal, setelah melalui pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi (TPDK) menggunakan ETDRS chart, pemindaian SD-OCT dan pemeriksaan 61-heksagon MfERG pada baseline, 1 minggu dan 1 bulan pasca-injeksi. Parameter MfERG yang dinilai adalah first-order MfERG (N1,N2 dan P1) pada daerah dua-derajat sentral makula. Hasil Terdapat perbaikan tajam penglihatan sebesar 2LogMar disertai 19% penurunan KMS pada satu bulan pasca-injeksi (p<0.05). Terjadi penurunan amplitudo P1 satu minggu pasca-injeksi (p<0.01) diikuti perbaikan amplitudo P1 satu bulan pasca injeksi (p>0.05). Tampak pemendekan waktu implisit P1 namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara peningkatan TPDK, penurunan KMS, perbaikan amplitudo serta pemendekan waktu implisit gelombang P1 MfERG. Tidak ditemukan efek samping okular maupun sistemik yang berbahaya pasca-injeksi.. Simpulan Dalam jangka pendek, injeksi bevacizumab intravitreal dapat meningkatkan tajam penglihatan, mengurangi ketebalan makula sentral/KMS dan memperbaiki respons MfERG pasien DME namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Perbaikan TPDK tidak memiliki korelasi dengan penurunan KMS dan respons MfERG secara statistik namun kombinasi penggunaan SD-OCT dan MfERG dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi fungsi makula pasien EMD yang mengalami perburukan tajam penglihatan.

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ABSTRACTPurpose To evaluate and investigate any possible correlation between changes of visual acuity (VA), central macular thickness/CMT using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and electrophysiological responses using multifocal electroretinography (MfERG) in diabetic macular edema (DME) following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab Methods Prospective, non-randomized, interventional case study. Thirty-three eyes of 33 DME patients, consists of 16 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients and 17 non-high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, receives intravitreal bevacizumab 1,25mg. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including ETDRS VA testing, Sixty-one scaled hexagon MfERG and SD-OCT scan at baseline, 1-week, and 1-month post-injection. Components of the first order kernel (N1, N2 and P1) in central 2o were measured. Results MfERG showed reduced P1 amplitude (P<0.05) at 1-week after injection followed by increased P1 amplitude (P>0.05) at 1-month after treatment as compared to the baseline in all subjects. Improvement were seen in the implicit time P1 but without statistical significance. There was 19% improvement in CMT and 0.2Logmar VA improvement 1-month post-injection compared to the baseline (P<005). This study showed no serious ocular adverse effects. Conclusion In this study intravitreal injection bevacizumab resulting in improved visual acuity, reduction in CMT and mild improvement in the MfERG amplitude and implicit time. Although VA changes did not correlate with reduced CMT nor with improved responses of MfERG, the combined use of SD-OCT and MfERG may be used to evaluate macular function in DME patient with worsened visual acuity post anti-VEGF injection."

"ABSTRAK Edema makula diabetik EMD adalah salah satu penyebab kebutaan utama pada pasien diabetes. Pemberian terapi injeksi anti VEGF selain dapat mencegah perburukan EMD juga mampu memperbaiki tajam penglihatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati perubahan ketebalan makula sentral CMT , elektroretinogram ERG makula, dan tajam penglihatan setelah pemberian injeksi Aflibercept intravitreal. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian uji klinis dengan intervensi single arm. Subjek dengan EMD diberikan satu kali injeksi Aflibercept intravitreal. Nilai CMT, ERG makula, dan tajam penglihatan diukur sebelum, satu minggu, dan satu bulan setelah injeksi. Sebanyak 36 dan 35 subjek diamati pada 1 minggu dan 1 bulan pasca injeksi. Rerata usia, lama menderita diabetes, dan kadar HbA1C subjek adalah 56,33 6,39 tahun, 96 12-240 bulan, dan 7,33 1,41 . Perbandingan nilai sebelum, 1 minggu setelah injeksi, dan 1 bulan setelah injeksi dari CMT adalah [408 264 ndash;1025 vs 329,5 208 ndash;629 vs 303 213 ndash;567 , ABSTRACT Diabetic macular edema DME is a major cause of blindness in diabetic patients. Anti VEGF injections had been shown not only able to slow the worsening of DME, but can also improve visual acuity VA . The aim of this study is to observe changes in central macular thickness CMT , macular electroretinogram ERG and VA after single intravitreal Aflibercept injection IAI . This is a single arm, pre post intervention clinical study. Subjects with DME were given single, unilateral IAI. Changes in CMT , multifocal ERG, and VA were observed one week and one month after IAI was given. We included 36 and 35 eyes in this study for one week and one month follow up. Subjects 39; mean age, duration of diabetes, HbA1C level were 56.33 6.39 years, 96 12-240 months, and 7.33 1.41 respectively. Comparing across follow up periods [pre, one week, one month post IAI] there were statistically significant differences of CMT [408 264 ndash;1025 vs 329.5 208 ndash;629 vs 303 213 ndash;567 , p="

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah kesamaan pemeriksaan CDR oleh dokter dibandingkan dengan menggunakan optical coherence tomography OCT . Studi ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada pasien yang melakukan pengobatan di RSCM Kirana pada Januari-Juni 2016. Data yang digunakan adalah data dari rekam medis pasien. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, didapatkan jumlah bola mata yang diolah sebanyak 89 bola mata yang dilakukan pemeriksaan oleh dokter PPDS mata dan OCT. Setelah data diolah, didapatkan bola mata dengan selisih v-CDR le; 0.1 sebanyak 55 bola mata, selisih v-CDR > 0.1 sebanyak 34 bola mata. Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara selisih v-CDR dengan jenis kelamin pasien, usia pasien, bola mata, dan jenis glaukoma, tekanan intraocular, kelainan refraksi sferis, kelainan refraksi silinder, jenis kelamin dokter, dan tahapan dokter PPDS mata. Didapatkan jumlah selisih v-CDR > 0.1 yang cukup besar sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian yang berfokus pada dokter PPDS mata yaitu pada pengalaman dalam melakukan pemeriksaan cup-disc ratio dan kemampuan dokter PPDS saat menjalani program studi dokter umum, serta mengurangi bias pemeriksa dengan melakukan blinding. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan masih terdapat perbedaan hasil pemeriksaan yaitu sebanyak 34 bola mata.

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This research is aimed to evaluate the differences in cup disc ratio examination by doctor compared to optical coherence tomography OCT . Cross sectional study was conducted on patient that went to RSCM Kirana on January June 2016. Data obtained from patient rsquo s medical record. After processing the data collected, there was 89 eyeballs that was processed and evaluated by doctor and OCT. After processing the data about the evaluation on the eyeballs, there are differences in v CDR le 0.1 on 55 eyeballs, differences in v CDR 0.1 on 34 eyeballs. There are no significant correlation between differences in v CDR with patient rsquo s gender, patient rsquo s age, eyeball, and type of glaucoma, intraocular pressure, spherical refractive error, cylindrical refractive error, doctor rsquo s gender, and residency rsquo s stage. There are differences in evaluating v CDR 0.1 which is considered many therefore there should be research focusing in assessing ophthalmology resident performance such as experience in evaluating cup disc ratio and skills when studying for general medical doctors, and reducing doctors confounding factor by using blinding technique. The result for this research is there are differences in cup disc ratio examination in 34 eye balls used in this research."

"Latar belakang: Uveitis merupakan sekelompok penyakit yang ditandai dengan adanya inflamasi intraokular. Derajat inflamasi bilik mata depan yang dinilai secara semi-kuantitatif berdasarkan penghitungan sel dan flare, digunakan untuk menentukan keparahan penyakit, efektivitas terapi serta pemantauan jangka panjang pada uveitis anterior dan panuveitis.Tujuan: Menilai validitas dan reliabilitas optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmen anterior dalam mengukur inflamasi bilik mata depan secara kuantitatif sebagai metode alternatif dari standar baku pengukuran semi-kuantitatif, Kriteria SUN.Metode: Studi ini adalah studi potong lintang, prospektif. Penghitungan jumlah sel menggunakan optical coherence tomography dengan bantuan ImageJ dilakukan oleh dua penilai yang berbeda. Hasil: Sebanyak 30 mata yang berasal dari 24 pasien diikutkan dalam penelitian. Sebanyak 80% pasien menderita panuveitis dengan tuberkulosis sebagai etiologi tersering (50%). Uji kesesuaian Cohen’s kappa pada protokol multiple line scans didapatkan nilai 0,352 (p=0,000) sedangkan protokol single line scan didapatkan nilai -0,218 (p=0,032). Uji korelasi Gamma protokol multiple line scans didapatkan nilai rho=0,595 (p=0,002) sedangkan protokol single line scan didapatkan nilai rho=-0,210 (p=0,313). Nilai inter-rater protokol multiple line scans menunjukkan hasil sangat baik sedangkan protokol single line scan baik (0,986 dan 0,892, p<0,001).Kesimpulan: OCT segmen anterior menghasilkan data kuantitatif sel inflamasi pada bilik mata depan. Jumlah sel bilik mata depan yang dihitung menggunakan OCT segmen anterior protokol multiple line scans menunjukkan korelasi sedang dan kesesuaian minimal dengan Kriteria SUN.

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Background: Uveitis is a group of diseases characterised by intraocular inflammation. The evaluation of anterior chamber inflammation, conducted through a semi-quantitative assessment involving cell counts and flares, plays a pivotal role in determining disease severity, assessing therapeutic effectiveness, and facilitating long-term monitoring in anterior uveitis and panuveitis cases.

Purpose: To evaluate the validity and reliability of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) as a quantitative measurement tool for assessing anterior chamber inflammation. The objective is to explore its potential as an alternative method to the standard semi-quantitative measurement defined by the SUN Criteria.

Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted for this purpose. The anterior chamber cell numbers were quantified using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, assisted by ImageJ, and assessed independently by two raters.

Result: The study included a total of 30 eyes from 24 patients. Panuveitis was observed in 80% of the patients, with tuberculosis identified as the predominant etiology (50%). The Cohen’s kappa test, conducted on the multiple-line scan protocol, yielded a value of 0.352 (p=0.000), while the single-line scan protocol showed a value of -0.218 (p=0.032). The Gamma correlation test for the multiple-line scan protocol demonstrated a value of rho=0.595 (p=0.002), whereas the single-line scan protocol had a value of rho=-0.210 (p=0.313). Inter-rater values for the multiple-line scan protocol indicated excellent agreement (0,986, p<0.001), while the single-line scan protocol showed good agreement (0.892, p<0.001).

Conclusion: OCT yielded quantitative data on anterior chamber inflammatory cells. Quantifying anterior chamber cells through the multiple line scan protocols of anterior segment OCT showed a moderate correlation and minimal agreement with the SUN Criteria."

"Latar Belakang: Tata laksana edema makula terus dievaluasi, dengan terapi anti-VEGF sebagai lini pertama. Subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) diajukan sebagai alternatif adjuvan. Studi retrospektif terdahulu menunjukkan efektivitas SML 577-nm sebagai monoterapi pada edema makula dengan ketebalan di bawah 400 μm. Akan tetapi, data prospektif efektivitas SML sebagai adjuvan masih minim. Tujuan: Menilai pengaruh pemberian kombinasi bevacizumab dan laser SML 577-nm dibanding bevacizumab monoterapi terhadap ketebalan makula sentral dan tajam penglihatan pasien edema makula diabetik ringan-sedang.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental lengan ganda. Dilakukan randomisasi acak terhadap pasien edema makula diabetik dengan rentang ketebalan makula 300-600 μm, kelompok kontrol mendapatkan protokol standar. Kelompok studi mendapatkan adjuvan laser SML kuning satu minggu pascainjeksi. Pasien menjalani follow-up penilaian tajam penglihatan dan ketebalan makula sentral pada 28 dan 35 hari pascainjeksi.Hasil: Terdapat 26 subjek yang terbagi rata pada kelompok studi dan kontrol. Ditemukan signifikansi nilai CMT pada kontrol 28 hari dan 35 hari pascainjeksi baik pada kelompok studi (p=0,011 dan 0,014) maupun kontrol (p=0,006 dan p=0,001). Akan tetapi, tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikansi selisih nilai CMT antara kedua kelompok pada kontrol 28 hari (p=0,317) dan 35 hari (p=0,84). Tidak ditemukan perbedaan selisih TPDK ETDRS antara kelompok studi dan kontrol pada kelompok 28 hari (p=0,568) dan 35 hari (p=0,128) pascainjeksi.Kesimpulan: Kombinasi SML dengan bevacizumab intravitreal dapat mengurangi ketebalan makula sentral dan memperbaiki tajam penglihatan namun tidak ditemui perbedaan yang signifikan dengan monoterapi standar.

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Background: The management of macular edema is constantly evaluated, with anti-VEGF therapy being the first line. Subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) has been proposed as an alternative adjuvant. A previous retrospective study demonstrated the effectiveness of 577-nm SML as monotherapy in macular edema with CMT below 400 μm. However, prospective data on the effectiveness of SML as an adjuvant are lacking.

Objective: To assess the effect of the combination of bevacizumab and 577-nm SML laser compared to bevacizumab monotherapy on central macular thickness and visual acuity in mild-moderate diabetic macular edema patients.

Methods: This research is a double arm experimental study. A randomized trial was performed on diabetic macular edema patients with macular thickness range of 300-600 μm. The control group received a standard protocol and the study group received a yellow SML laser adjuvant one week after injection. Patients underwent follow-up assessment of visual acuity and central macular thickness at 28 and 35 days postinjection.

Results: There were 26 subjects which were equally divided into study and control groups. Significant decrease in CMT were found in study group (p=0.011 and 0.014) and the control group (p=0.006 and p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in delta CMT values between the two groups in the 28-day (p=0.317) and 35-day controls (p=0.84). There was no difference in ∆TPDK ETDRS between the study and control groups at 28 days (p=0.568) and 35 days (p=0.128) after injection.

Conclusion: The combination of SML and intravitreal bevacizumab can reduce central macular thickness and improve visual acuity but there was no significant difference with standard monotherapy."

"Latar Belakang: Saat ini, injeksi intravitreal anti-VEGF merupakan tatalaksana medikamentosa lini pertama pada DME. Namun monoterapi bevacizumab dinilai kurang efektif dalam mengobati DME derajat sedang-berat, sehingga meningkatkan jumlah re-injeksi. Selain VEGF, mediator inflamasi juga berperan penting dalam pathogenesis DME. Sehingga diperlukan terapi adjuvant pada kasus dengan respon suboptimal.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan perubahan sensitivitas retina, ketebalan makula sentral (CMT) dan BCVA sesudah dilakukan injeksi intravitreal Bevacizumab dengan kombinasi Triamsinolon Asetonid (TA)  dibandingkan dengan monoterapi Bevacizumab pada pasien dengan edema makula diabetik derajat sedang-berat.Metodologi: Pada studi eksperimental lengan ganda dengan randomisasi blok ini didapatkan sejumlah 28 subjek dengan CMT > 400 mm dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Subjek pada kelompok intervensi diberikan injeksi kombinasi Bevacizumab 1,25 mg dan TA 2 mg intravitreal, sedangkan subjek kelompok kontrol hanya diberikan injeksi Bevacizumab 1,25 mg. Evaluasi BCVA dan CMT dilakukan pada 1 minggu dan 1 bulan pasca injeksi, evaluasi sensitivitas retina pada 1 bulan pasca injeks, serta peningkatan TIO dan efek samping.Hasil: Pasca 1 bulan injeksi didapatkan penurunan CMT yang lebih besar yang bermakna pada kelompok intervensi (-269,1 (170-413) mm vs -133,6 (50-218) mm, p< 0,001), begitu juga dengan peningkatan sensitivitas retina yang lebih baik pada kelompok intervensi (2,4 (0,02-7,1) dB vs 1,3 (0,16-3,5) dB, p = 0,035). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada luaran BCVA logMAR antar kedua kelompok (0.2 (0-0.5) vs 0.15 (0-0.5)).Kesimpulan: Terapi kombinasi bevacizumab dan TA ini terbukti efektif dan cost-effective sebagai dalam menurunkan edema makula segera dan memperbaiki sensitivitas retina pada pasien DME derajat sedang-berat dan DME persisten.

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Backgrounds: Intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) monotherapy is less effective in treating moderate-to-severe diabetic macular edema (DME), potentially increasing the number of injections and the risk of permanent vision loss. In addition to VEGF, inflammatory mediators also play an important role in the pathogenesis of DME. Therefore, there is a need for additional treatment options for DME cases with suboptimal response to anti-VEGF therapy.

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of the combination of IVB and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with IVB monotherapy in treating moderate to severe DME.

Methods: In this double-arm randomized controlled trial study, a total of 28 DME patients with central macular thickness (CMT) >400 mm were assigned into two groups according to the therapeutic method: 1,25 mg of  bevacizumab combined with 2 mg of  TA as the intervention group and 1,25 mg of IVB as the control group. BCVA and CMT were observed at 1 week and 1 month follow-up, retinal sensitivity was observed at 1 month follow-up, as well as increased IOP and other side effects.

Results: CMT reduction after 1 month were higher in the intervention group with statistically significant different (-269,1 mm vs -133,6 mm, p< 0,001) as well as retinal sensitivity improvement also better in the intervention group (2,4 dB vs 1,3 dB, p = 0,035). But there was no statistically different in BCVA changes after 1 month follow-up (0,2 vs 0,15, p= 0,874) between the groups, even though 35,7% of the intervention group has gained more than 10 BCVA letters. No significant increase in IOP were observed at the end of the follow-up.

Conclusions: It is effective and cost-effective to treat moderate-to-severe or persistent DME by utilizing TA as an adjunct to anti-VEGF."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan luaran tajam penglihatan dan ketebalan makula sentral paska terapi loading dose bevacizumab intravitreal pasien age-related macular degeneration AMD neovaskular antara yang memiliki karakter predominan subretinal dengan intraretinal fluid. Metode yang digunakan adalah Uji klinis pre-post intervensi bevacizumab intravitreal pada dua kelompok AMD yang berbeda. Sampling secara konsekutif membagi 38 subyek penelitian menjadi 2 kelompok AMD dengan hasil OCT predominan subretinal fluid SRF 20 mata dan intraretinal fluid IRF 18 mata . Evaluasi luaran tajam penglihatan, ketebalan makula sentral, dan perubahannya dilakukan sepanjang dan sesudah loading dose selesai. Rerata tajam penglihatan pada baseline berbeda signifikan antara kelompok SRF 56,41 huruf ETDRS dan IRF 43,72 huruf ETDRS . Paska loading dose tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari perubahan tajam penglihatan maupun ketebalan makula sentral antara kedua kelompok, tetapi luaran tajam penglihatan pada kelompok SRF tetap lebih tinggi dan didapati ketebalan makula sentral kelompok SRF lebih rendah secara signifikan. AMD neovaskular baik dengan gambaran SRF maupun IRF saat baseline, mendapat manfaat yang sebanding dari terapi bevacizumab intravitreal meskipun rerata tajam penglihatan dan penurunan ketebalan makula sentral lebih baik jika terdapat SRF.

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This study aimed to compare visual acuity VA and central macular thickness CMT outcome of loading dose intravitreal bevacizumab treatment between neovascular age related macular degeneration AMD patients with character of predominant subretinal and intraretinal fluid. This study performed pre post interventional clinical study of two different AMD groups, treated with loading dose intravitreal bevacizumab. Consecutive sampling distributed 38 samples based on OCT into group with predominant subretinal fluid SRF group 20 eyes and intraretinal fluid IRF 18 eyes VA, CMT, and their changes were evaluated during and after loading dose was completed. Mean VA at baseline eventually was significantly different where SRF group 56,41 letters were better than IRF group 43,72 letters . No statistically significant difference of mean VA change or CMT change between group, however VA in SRF group remained higher and CMT in SRF group were lower than IRF group. Neovascular AMD, with both SRF and IRF at baseline, benefits from loading dose intravitreal bevacizumab treatment although mean visual acuity and mean central retinal thickness are better in those with SRF."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: terapi injeksi intravitreal bevacizumab monoterapi pasien edema makula diabetik dengan ketebalan makula sentral lebih dari 400 µm dinilai kurang efektif. Kortikosteroid dinilai dapat membantu mencegah progresifitas edema makula diabetik terkait proses inflamasi.Tujuan: Mengetahui hasil terapi injeksi intravitreal kombinasi bevacizumab dan deksametason dibandingkan dengan injeksi intravitreal bevacizumab monoterapi pada pasien dengan edema makula diabetik derajat sedang hingga beratMetodologi: penelitian eksperimental randomisasi acak terkontrol dua kelompok yaitu: kelompok dengan terapi intravitreal bevacizumab 1,25mg (kelompok A) dan terapi injeksi intravitreal bevacizumab 1,25mg dan deksametason 0,5mg (kelompok B). Luaran sensitifitas retina, ketebalan makula sentral serta tajam penglihatan dievaluasi pada minggu pertama dan keempat.Hasil: sebanyak masing-masing 22 orang diteliti di kelompok A dan kelompok B. Median usia pada kelompok A adalah 53,1 + 8,4 dan kelompok B adalah 55,1 + 8. Terdapat perbaikan sensitifitas retina sebanyak 2,1 dB di kelompok A dan 2,03 dB di kelompok B (p=0,673). Perbaikan ketebalan makula sentral didapatkan sebanyak 217µ m pada kelompok A dan 249 µm pada kelompok B (p=0,992). Perbaikan tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi pada kelompok A sebanyak 8,5 huruf dan 7,5 huruf pada kelompok B (p=0,61). Analisis intragroup menunjukkan perbaikan yang signifikan di masing-masing luaran penelitian pada kedua kelompok.Kesimpulan: Terapi kombinasi bevacizumab dan deksametason menjunjukkan perbaikan secara klinis pada luaran sensitivitas retina, ketebalan makula sentral serta tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi. Perbandingan antara kedua grup tidak signifikan secara statistik. Tren positif tampak kategori adanya kista pada Spectrum Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) dan pasien dengan Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Bevacizumab intravitreal injection therapy in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) especially with a central macular thickness more than 400 μm is considered ineffective. Corticosteroid addition to the standard therapy can help prevent the inflammation that happens in the progression of diabetic macular edemaObjective: to compare the result of combination of bevacizumab and dexamethasone intravitreal injection with bevacizumab monotherapy in patient with moderate to severe diabetic macular edema.Methods: randomized controlled trial in two parallel group. Group A received bevacizumab intravitreal 1.25mg in 0.05cc, group B received bevacizumab 1.25mg and dexamethasone 0.5mg. Retinal sensitivity, central macular thickness (CMT) and visual acuity (VA) are evaluated in first and fourth week after injection.Result: 22 patients from each group were evaluated. Median of age was 53,1+ 8,4 in group A and 55,1 + 8 in group B. Improvement of retinal sensitivity was 2.1dB and 2.03dB in group A and B respectively (p=0,673). There was reduction in CMT about 217µm in group A and 249 µm in group B (p=0,992). Visual acuity (VA) outcomes showed little difference between groups; +8.5 letter and +7.5 letter in group A and group B respectively. Intragroup analysis shows significant differentiation in each outcome in both groups. Conclusion: combination of intravitreal bevacizumab and dexamethasone clinically improved retinal sensitivity, CMT and VA in patient with DME. There was no statistical difference between in retinal sensitivity, CMT and VA after therapy in both groups. Positive trend was showed especially in patient with cyst appearance in Spectrum Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) patient. "

"This book presents the fundamental physics of optical interferometry as applied to biophysical, biological and medical research. Interference is at the core of many types of optical detection and is a powerful probe of cellular and tissue structure in interfererence microscopy and in optical coherence tomography. It is also the root cause of speckle and other imaging artefacts that limit range and resolution. For biosensor applications, the inherent sensitivity of interferometry enables ultrasensitive detection of molecules in biological samples for medical diagnostics. In this book, emphasis is placed on the physics of light scattering, beginning with the molecular origins of refraction as light propagates through matter, and then treating the stochastic nature of random fields that ultimately dominate optical imaging in cells and tissue. The physics of partial coherence plays a central role in the text, with a focus on coherence detection techniques that allow information to be selectively detected out of incoherent and heterogeneous backgrounds.Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine is divided into four sections. The first covers fundamental principles, and the next three move up successive scales, beginning with molecular interferometry (biosensors), moving to cellular interferometry (microscopy), and ending with tissue interferometry (biomedical). "

"ABSTRAKEdema makula diabetik (EMD) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kebutaan pada pasien diabetes. Saat ini terapi utama pada pasien edema makula diabetik adalah injeksi intravitreal anti VEGF. Pada beberapa keadaan, hal ini menjadi kendala karena 50% pasien yang menjalani rangkaian injeksi intravitreal anti VEGF memiliki edema makula yang refrakter. Vitrektomi pars plana dan internal limiting membran (ILM) peeling diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif terapi pada EMD refrakter. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai hasil terapi tindakan vitrektomi dan ILM peeling pada pasien non proliferative diabetic retiopathy (NPDR) dengan EMD refrakter. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji klinis dengan intervensi single arm. Subjek dengan NPDR dan EMD refrakter menjalani tindakan vitrektomi dan ILM peeling. Nilai ketebalan makula sentral (CMT) dan tajam penglihatan diukur sebelum, 1 bulan, 2 bulan, dan 3 bulan sesudah tindakan. Komplikasi pasca tindakan juga dinilai pada setiap kunjungan yang direncanakan. Rentang usia 62,5 (39-72) tahun, lama menderita diabetes 10 (3-18) tahun, kadar HbA1C 6,4 (5,5 -10,8)%. Nilai CMT sebelum, 1 bulan, 2 bulan dan 3 bulan sesudah tindakan adalah [492,0 (303-895) : 277,5 (97-809) : 264 (147-608) : 264,0 (142-660) µm] (p=<0,001). Tajam penglihatan terbaik adalah [1,02 (0,60-1,30) : 1,04 (0,60-1,70) : 1,06 (0,52-2,00) : 1,04 (0,52-2,00) LogMAR] (p=0,635). Terdapat komplikasi pasca tindakan pada pengamatan bulan kedua meliputi retinal detachment dan macular hole. Pada penelitian ini, tindakan vitrektomi dan ILM peeling pada pasien NPDR dengan EMD refrakter memberikan perubahan CMT yang bermakna. Tidak terdapat perubahan yang bermakna secara statistik pada nilai tajam penglihatan namun mayoritas subjek menunjukkan stabilitas tajam penglihatan.

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ABSTRACTDiabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the leading causes of blindness in diabetic patients. The main therapy of DME, up until now is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In certain situation, medical dilemma appeared as in such circumstances 50% patients that underwent series of intravitreal injection of anti VEGF experienced the refractory DME. Pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling is expected to be an alternative treatment in refractory DME. The aim of this study was to assess the result of vitrectomy and ILM peeling in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) with refractory DME. This study was a clinical trial with single arm intervention. The patients with NPDR with DME underwent vitrectomy and ILM peeling surgery. The assessment of the central macular thickness (CMT) and the visual acuity was conducted before the treatment and 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after. The complication after the treatment was assessed in each scheduled visit. The average age was 62.5 years old with range of 39-72 years old, the history duration of diabetes mellitus was 10 years (3-18) years, level of HbA1C was 6.4 (5.5-10.8)%. The CMT before treatment, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after treatment were [492,0 (303-895) : 277,5 (97-809) : 264 (147-608) : 264,0 (142-660) µm] (p=<0,001). The best corrected visual acuity was [1,02 (0,60-1,30) : 1,04 (0,60-1,70) : 1,06 (0,52-2,00) : 1,04 (0,52-2,00) LogMAR] (p=0,635). The recorded complication after the treatment was retinal detachment and macular hole. These complications were found on the 2nd month. This study concluded that there was a significant CMT changes in patients with NPDR and refractory DME who underwent vitrectomy and ILM peeling. There was no statistically significant changes in the visual acuity yet majority of the subjects showed a stable visual acuity after the treatment."