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"ABSTRAKFreedom of movement dalam sistem Schengen merupakan salah satu instrumen kebijakan Uni Eropa yang bertujuan untuk memfasilitasi warga UE dan warga nonUE, untuk bergerak secara bebas, baik sementara maupun permanen, di wilayah Schengen. Namun demikian, apabila dilihat dari waktu ke waktu, masih ditemukan perdebatan serta permasalahan, khususnya dalam penerapannya. Oleh karena itu, Tugas Karya Akhir ini bertujuan untuk meninjau literatur yang membahas penerapan konsep freedom of movement dalam sistem Schengen. Dalam pengorganisasian literatur, penulis menggunakan metode kronologi dan taksonomi. Melalui metode kronologi, literatur terbagi ke dalam empat periodisasi mengenai penerapan freedom of movement dalam sistem Schengen; di antaranya: [1] awal tahun 1990-an, integrasi Eropa dan ambiguitas posisi hukum warga nonUE, [2] pertengahan tahun 1990-an, restriksi dan diskriminasi terhadap warga nonUE, [3] tahun 2000-an, implikasi agenda enlargement di wilayah Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur, [4] tahun 2011-2015, isu pencari suaka dan pengungsi pasca Arab Spring dan krisis pengungsi. Sedangkan dalam metode taksonomi, terdapat peningkatan penggunaan sudut pandang politik dan keamanan oleh scholars dalam membahas topik tersebut. Lebih lanjut, sebagian besar literatur melihat bahwa penerapan konsep freedom of movement dalam sistem Schengen menjadi semakin restriktif dan diskriminatif terhadap warga nonUE.

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ABSTRACTFreedom of movement within Schengen system aims to facilitate the movement of individuals-both EU-nationals and non-EU nationals-either for temporary or permanent purpose. However, from time to time, there are still debacles and problems, especially regarding its implementation. Therefore, this literature review aims to analyze the evolution on the implementation of freedom of movement within Schengen system. For the literature organization, the writer used chronology and taxonomy as its method. Chronologically, literatures regarding the implementation of freedom of movement within Schengen system were divided into four periodization; they were: [1] early 90s, European integration and ambiguity of the legal position of non-EU nationals, [2] mid 90s, restriction and discrimination towards non-EU nationals, [3] 2000s, the implication of EUs enlargement agenda in Central and Eastern Europe, [4] 2011-2015, asylum seekers and refugee at the time of Arab Spring and refugee crisis. In addition to that, there was increasing intensity of scholars using both political and security perspectives in discussing the topic. Furthermore, most of the literatures captured that the implementation of freedom of movement within Schengen system had turned out to be more restrictive and discriminative towards non-EU nationals."

"ABSTRAKSebagai negara netral, Swiss tidak tergabung dalam banyak organisasi regional. Absennya Swiss dalam keanggotaan organisasi internasional menjadi pemicu dari anomali Swiss dengan keanggotaannya dalam Schengen yang dimulai pada tahun 2008. Latar belakang masuknya Swiss dalam Schengen merupakan sebuah tanda tanya jika disandingkan dengan netralitas Swiss. Sebagai sebuah negara yang mengandalkan perdagangan internasional, aktivitas perpindahan orang dan barang merupakan poin penting perekonomian Swiss. Kerja sama bilateral dan multilateral pun menjadi senjata bagi Swiss untuk mempertahankan pendapatan negara. Banyaknya imigran juga menjadi perhatian khusus bagi Swiss. Sebagai dampaknya, isu-isu negatif seputar ekonomi dan keamanan meningkatkan instabilitas di tingkat federasi. Melalui metode penulisan sejarah, penulis memaparkan data-data yang terkait dengan Swiss terhadap Schengen, di balik minimnya keanggotaan Swiss dalam Uni Eropa. Hingga pada akhirnya, aspek ekonomi dan keamanan menjadi latar belakang utama dari masuknya Swiss dalam Schengen.

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ABSTRACTAs a neutral country, Switzerland is not incorporated in many regional organizations. The absence of Switzerland in the membership of international organizations became the trigger of the Swiss anomaly with its membership in Schengen which began in 2008. The background of Swiss entry in Schengen is a question mark when juxtaposed with Swiss neutrality. As a country that relies on international trade, the movement of people and goods is an important point of the Swiss economy. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation also became a weapon for Switzerland to maintain state revenue. The number of immigrants is a particular concern to Switzerland. As a result, negative economic and security issues increase instability at the federation level. Through the method of historical writing, the authors describe the data associated with Switzerland against Schengen, behind the lack of Swiss membership in the European Union. Until finally, the economic and security aspects became the main background of Switzerland 39;s entry into Schengen."

"This book explores Madan Mohan Malaviyas long-term involvement in the politics of Indian nationalism. Drawing on a variety of sources ranging from public documents to the private papers of other leading nationalists of the time, the book looks at the changing nature of the Indian freedom movement by focusing on what Malaviya did, whom he relied on for support, and how he saw his own actions and role in Indian public life. It examines whether Malaviyas career resulted in certain changes in Indian politics and, if so, in what directions, or whether it exploited existing forces of change in politics and society. It also considers various stages of Malaviyas leadership and his ability to retain and wield authority, as well as his relationship with his followers, the Indian National Congress leadership, the Sikh leaders, and various leaders and workers of the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha. It investigates the means of communication between them, the barriers and contradictions, and tries to assess the way they influenced one another. Finally, the book investigates how the method and manner of Malaviyas nationalist propaganda and some of the campaigns that he launched influenced the different communities across India."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang ancaman separatis yang ditimbulkan Oleh Gerakan Papua Merdeka terhadap kedaulatan NKRI. Keticlakpuasan yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat Papua sejak paska penjajahan Belanda menimbulkan keinginan untuk memisahkan diri dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Beragam pcnycbab munculnya keinginan untuk memisahkan diri tersebut, salah satu yang utama karena masyarakal Papua menganggap bahwa pemerinlah pusat bclum mampu menycjahtcrakan rakyat Papua. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain dcskriptif analitis dan penelitian intelijen stratejik. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan kepacla pcmcrintah pusat bahwa ketidakpuasan masyarakat Papua dapat mcngancam stabilitas dan kedaulatan NKRI. Keinginan untuk memisahkan diri tersebut muncul sebagai akibat dari adanya ketidakpuasan, marjinalisasi budaya dan sosial, ekplorasi SDA, pelanggaran HAM serta adanya dukungan dari dunia intcmasional. Oleh karena itu pemerintah perlu menerapkan stratcgi kebijakan yang tepat untuk mengeliminir Gcrakan Papua Merdeka.

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This thesis discusses about separatist threat posed by Papua Freedom Movement against sovereignty ot`NKRI. Dissatisfaction felt by the people of Papua from Dutch colonial post raises a desire to secede from The Republic of Indonesia. Various causes emerge of the desire to secede, one of the main because of the Papuan people assume that the central govemment has not been able to provide welfare for the Papuans. This study was a qualitative research with descriptive analysis design and strategic intelligence research.

The results of this study suggest to the central government that the dissatisfaction of the Papuans could threaten the stability and sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. The desire for secession is emerging as a result of dissatisfaction, social and cultural marginalization, exploration of natural resources, human rights violations and the support from the intemational community. Therefore, govemment needs to implement appropriate policy strategies to eliminate the Papua Freedom Movement."

"enulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneliti seruan freedom of speech dalam puisi berjudul Ikhtiyar karya Azzedine Mihoubi yang merupakan seorang penyair dan mantan menteri Kebudayaan Aljazair tahun 2015-2019. Puisi digunakan sebagai media menyampaikan pendapat para demonstran sebagai salah satu bentuk kebebasan pendapat. Akan tetapi seorang demonstran di Aljazair ditangkap sebagai tahanan politik setelah membacakan puisinya yang berisi kritik kepada pemerintah. Melihat peristiwa penangkapan tersebut, puisi Ikhtiyar menjadi menarik untuk diteliti. Karena puisi tersebut dibuat oleh seorang penyair yang pernah menjabat di pemerintahan. Pemerintahan pada umumnya sering menerima krtik dari rakyatnya sebagai bentuk kebebasan berpendapat dan Mihoubi menunjukan dukungan atas kebebasan berpendapat melalui puisi Ikhtiyar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode pendekatan kualitatif dan deskriptif berdasarkan teori retorika Arab atau balagah dan teori isotopi. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa teori balagah dan teori isotopi merupakan teori yang tepat untuk melihat seruan dan tema freedom of speech dalam puisi Ikhtiyar. Dalam puisi ini ditemukan banyak seruan freedom of speech yang ditujukan kepada rakyat Aljazair. Selain ditemukan tema freedom of speech, puisi ini juga terdapat sub-tema perjuangan, persaudaraan setanah air dan musuh negara.

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This research aims to examine the invocation of the freedom of speech within Azzedine's poem entitled “Ikhtiyar”, written by Mihoubi Azzedine, who is a poet and a former Minister of Culture of Algeria from 2015-2019. Poetry is utilized as a medium to convey the opinion of demonstrators as a form of a freedom of speech. However, a protester in Algeria was arrested as a political prisoner after reading out loud his poetry which embodied criticism towards the government. Considering the arrest incident, the poetry of Ikhtiyar has become intriguing to research due the fact that the poem was composed by a poet who had served in the government. In general, the government often receives criticism from its people as a form of free-speech. On that ground, Mihoubi emphasized his support towards the civil-liberty through the Ikhtiyar poetry. This research was conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach based on the Arabic rhetoric theory or balagah and the isotopic theory. Within the research, it is found that the balagah theory and the isotopic theory are suitable to examine the exclamation and the theme of freedom of speech in the Ikhtiyar poetry. Within this poem, it has discovered that there are many calls for the free-speech addressed to the Algerian people. Along the freedom of speech, this poem also encloses several sub-themes of struggles, compatriots, and enemies of the state."

"Tesis desain ini berawal dari sebuah konsep exaggeration yang menjadi awal penemuan sebuah metode perancangan yang berbasis pada konteks. Konteks yang tidak bisa dilepaskan dalam sebuah perancangan dianalisis menggunakan metode layering yang menjadi bagian penting dari konsep exaggeration. Metode layering dalam konteks spasial melibatkan interaksi yang terjadi pada tiga layer, Layer pertama merupakan layer yang menggambarkan adanya hasrat manusia yang perlu dipenuhi. Kemudian layer tersebut ditanggapi oleh layer kedua yang mencoba memasukkan order ke dalamnya. Namun order tersebut seringkali tidak bisa memenuhi kebutuhan pada layer pertama yang akhirnya memunculkan layer ketiga sebagai tanggapan atas layer dua untuk memenuhi layer pertama. Dalam proses perancangan selanjutnya, layer ketiga merupakan layer terjadinya perkembangan desain yang terbentuk dari interaksi antara layer satu dan layer dua. Perkembangan metode layering diimplementasikan melalui gagasan choreography of movement yang menjadikan movement sebagai hal utama yang menjadi dasar dalam perancangan sebuah pasar di daerah Tanah abang.

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This design thesis begins from the concept of exaggeration as an initial idea to context based design method. Context inherent in design process is analyzed by layering method, which is an important aspect on exaggeration. Layering method on spatial context involves three layers of interaction. The first layer describes the human desire to be fulfilled. The second layer responds to the first by trying to impose order into it. However, the order is often unable to meet the needs of the first layer, and this eventually leads to the formation of the third layer in response to the second layer to meet the human desire on the first layer.

In the design process, the third layer is where the design ideas develop, the created by interaction between the first and the second layer. The development of layering method then focuses on the idea of choreography of movement, in which movement becomes the main basis for design development of market in Tanah Abang."

"[ ABSTRAKArtikel ini membahas mengenai Perjanjian Schengen dan Maastricht. Perjanjian ini pada awalnyahanya bekerjasama di bidang ekonomi. Namun, setelah kerjasama ekonomi berkembang, negara-negara anggotaingin memperluas kerjasama di bidang politik, budaya, pendidikan, hukum, dan lain-lain. Perluasan kerjasamaini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan rasa persatuan dan kesatuan antar negara-negara Eropa sehingga dapatmewujudkan integrasi Eropa yang kuat. Perjanjian Schengen dan Perjanjian Maastricht merupakan langkahlangkahke kesatuan Eropa yang utuh. Kedua perjanjian ini menghasilkan berbagai keputusan di bidang politikdan ekonomi yang semakin meningkatkan kerjasama antar negara Eropa.

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ABSTRACT

This article discusses the Schengen and Maastricht Treaty. This treaty was originally only in the field

of economic cooperation. However, after developing economic cooperation, the member states want to expand

cooperation in the fields of politics, culture, education, law, and etc. Expansion of cooperation is intended to

increase the sense of unity amongst European countries so as to realize a strong European integration. Schengen

and the Maastricht Treaty are the steps to European unity intact. Both of these treaty resulted in numerous

decisions in the political and economic fields that are increasing cooperation among European countries., This article discusses the Schengen and Maastricht Treaty. This treaty was originally only in the field

of economic cooperation. However, after developing economic cooperation, the member states want to expand

cooperation in the fields of politics, culture, education, law, and etc. Expansion of cooperation is intended to

increase the sense of unity amongst European countries so as to realize a strong European integration. Schengen

and the Maastricht Treaty are the steps to European unity intact. Both of these treaty resulted in numerous

decisions in the political and economic fields that are increasing cooperation among European countries.]"