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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Tingkat konsumsi susu masyarakat Indonesia cukup tinggi. Susu yang banyak dikonsumsi anak-anak dan remaja adalah susu formula dan susu UHT. Kalsium yang dikonsumsi dari susu akan diserap melalui mekanismesistemik kemudian diserap dan disekresikan oleh kelenjar saliva menjadi kalsiumbebas dalam saliva. Kalsium saliva merupakan komponen saliva yang dibutuhkanuntuk proses mineralisasi plak bakteri menjadi kalkulus. Kalkulus merupakankondisi lokal penyebab timbulnya penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Untukmenganalisis apakah terdapat perbedaan kadar kalsium saliva anak berkalkuluspengonsumsi susu formula dan UHT. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan secaraanalitik observasional laboratorik dengan pendekatan cross sectional pada 24 anakberkalkulus pengonsumsi susu formula, dan 24 anak pengonsumsi susu UHT usia5-7 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria. Pemilihan subjek melalui seleksi kuisioner danpemeriksaan. Sampel penelitian diambil dari saliva anak. Pengukuran kadarkalsium saliva dengan spektrofotometri serapan atom. Hasil penelitian diolahsecara statistik dengan menggunakan t-Test tidak berpasangan dengan nilaip<0,05. Hasil: Rerata kadar kalsium saliva anak berkalkulus pengonsumsi susuformula lebih rendah (4,079±1,193 mg/dL) dari anak berkalkulus pengonsumsisusu UHT (4,271±1,315 mg/dL). Analisis t-Test tidak berpasangan menunjukkanbahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,05) antara rerata kadar kalsiumsaliva anak berkalkulus pengonsumsi susu formula dan susu UHT, dan secarastatistik bermakna (p=0,001). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermaknaantara kadar kalsium saliva anak berkalkulus pengonsumsi susu formula dan susuUHT. Kadar kalsium saliva anak berkalkulus pengonsumsi susu formula lebihrendah nilainya dari anak berkalkulus pengonsumsi susu UHT.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The level of milk consumption Indonesian is high. Milk the mostmostly consumed children and teenager is formula milk and ultra hightemperature (UHT) milk. Calcium of milk will be absorbed by the mechanisms ofbodys syistemic and then will be absorbed and secreted by salivary glands to becalcium free in saliva (calcium ions). Salivary calcium are saliva component onpromoting mineralization bacterial plak in dental calculus formation. Dentalcalculus is local condition to contribute in periodontal disease. Purpose: toanalyze the difference of salivary calcium level between children who has dentalcalculus whom consumption formula milk and UHT milk. Method: The researchis Analitic of obeservasional laboratoric with cross sectional approach, Subjec hasbeen take from cuesioner and examination. Saliva samples were collected from 24children aged 5-7 years who has supra gingival calculus whom consumptedformula milk and 24 children who has supra gingival calculus whom consumtedUHT milk. Salivary calcium level was assesed by atomic absorptionspectrofotometry. The data were procesed by using not paired t-Test statistics.Results: salivary calcium level mean of formula milk group (4,079±1,193 mg/dL)is lower than UHT milk group (4,271±1,315 mg/dL). There is a significantdifference salivary calcium level between children who has dental calculus whomconsumed formula and UHT milk (p=0,001). Conclusion: There is a significantdifference salivary calcium level between children who has dental calculus whomConsumed Formula and UHT Milk."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit jantung koroner adalah penyakit yang terjadi karena aliran darah ke jantung tersumbat akibat aterosklerosis. Dental kalkulus terjadi sebagai konsekuensi supersaturasi saliva terutama oleh kalsium fosfat. Peningkatan kadar kalsium dalam saliva adalah kharakteristik periodontitis. Hipotesis yang penting dalam kardiologi adalah infeksi kronik berkontribusi pada aterosklerosis. Tujuan: Menganalisis keterkaitan antara kadar kalsium dan fosfat terhadap akumulasi kalkulus penderita Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK). Metode: Pemeriksaan Kalkulus Indeks pada 60 subjek penderita PJK dan 40 subjek kontrol serta pengambilan sampel saliva dan darah yang kemudian dianalisis di Laboratorium Klinik. Hasil: Tidak terdapat korelasi bermakna dengan p>0,05 antara kadar kalsium dan fosfat terhadap akumulasi kalkulus pada PJK dan non PJK. Kesimpulan: Kadar kalsium dan fosfat dalam saliva dan darah penderita PJK tidak berhubungan dengan akumulasi kalkulus. Penelitian lebih jauh perlu dilakukan.

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Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a disease that happened because of blood flow being blocked by atherosclerosis. Dental calculus had happened as a consequence of saliva supersaturation by calcium and phosphate. Increasing salivary calcium levels is characteristic of periodontitis patients. An important hypothesis in Cardiology is chronic infections contribute in atherosclerosis.

Objective: To analyse the correlation between calcium and phosphate levels to calculus accumulation on CHD patients.

Method: Calculus index examination on 60 CHD patients and 40 non CHD patient. Collecting saliva and blood serum and then be analysed.

Result: Correlation analysis between calcium and phosphate levels with calculus accumulation in patients with CHD and non-CHD showed no significant p value, p> 0.05.

Conclusion: There are no correlation between calcium levels and phosphate levels with calculus accumulation in CHD patients. Further research need to be done."

"Dental black stain merupakan diskolorisasi gigi berupa garis pigmen hitam atau kumpulan titik hitam pada sepertiga servikal mahkota gigi. Plak pada gigi dengan dental black stain memiliki kadar kalsium dan fosfat yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan plak pada gigi tanpa dental black stain. Komposisi kalsium dan fosfat pada saliva dicurigai merupakan penyebab tingginya kadar kalsium dan fosfat plak pada gigi dengan dental black stain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar kalsium dan fosfat pada saliva anak dengan dental black stain dengan saliva anak tanpa dental black stain. Subjek penelitian berusia 4-8 tahun, sebanyak 30 anak yang terdiri dari 15 anak dengan dental black stain dan 15 anak tanpa dental black stain. Pengukuran kadar kalsium dan fosfat dilakukan dengan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar kalsium dan fosfat pada saliva anak dengan dental black stain lebih tinggi secara bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan saliva anak tanpa dental black stain.

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Dental black stain is discoloration of the teeth which appears as black pigmented line or collection of black dots on the cervical third of the tooth crown. Plaque on tooth with dental black stain has calcium and phosphate concentrations that were higher when compared to plaque on tooth without dental black stain. Calcium and phosphate composition in saliva suspected as the cause of calcium and phosphate level elevation in dental black staion plaque. This study aims to determine the level diffrence of calcium and phosphate in the saliva of children with dental black stain and without dental black stain. The subjects were children aged 4-8 years, as many as 30 children which consist of 15 children with dental black stain and 15 children without dental black stain. The samples were calcium and phosphate levels which obtained from children’s saliva. The levels of calcium and phosphate were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the levels of calcium and phosphate in the saliva of children with dental black stain were significantly higher when compared to the one without dental black stain."

"Sebelum adanya penggunaan susu formula sebagai pengganti ASI, gigi berlubang pada bayi jarang ditemukan.2,19 Dilaporkan pada anak riwayat ASI Eksklusif, karies jarang ditemukan karena mendapat komponen imunitas khususnyaIgA yang dapat memperlambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans.2,11 Pada anak riwayat susu formula komponen imunitas belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 34 anak ECC usia 18-48 bulan yang memiliki skor deft >1, dengan 17 subjek riwayat ASI eksklusif dan 17 subjek riwayat susu formula. Seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan skor deft, dan dilakukan pengukuran sampel saliva dengan ELISA. Rerata skor deft anak ECC kelompok riwayat ASI eksklusif lebih rendah dibanding susu formula. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC antara riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula (p=0,004).

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Time before formula feeding has been found, baby tooth decay is definitely rare.2,19 Studies reported, children with exclusive breastfeeding have low caries as they have immunity component, specifically IgA, which may exhibits colony of S.mutans.2,11Meanwhile, immunity component of children with formula feeding is barely unknown. This study aimed to analyze the difference of quantity salivary sIgA Early Childhood Caries (ECC) children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history. Saliva samples were collected from 34 ECC children aged 18-48 months who have deft score >1, both exclusive brestfeeding and formula feeding history group are 17 subjects each. Deft score were examined, and quantity of salivary sIgA were assesed by ELISA. Deft score mean of exclusive breastfeeding history group is lower than formula feeding history group. There is a significant difference quantity salivary sIgA ECC children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history (p=0,004)."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Saliva merupakan hasil sekresi manusia yang mengandung berbagai macam zat seperti protein, hormon dan lain-lain. Aktivitas fisik dapat memengaruhi kandungan saliva seperti profil dan total protein di dalamnya. Protein dalam saliva dapat memengaruhi aktivitas progres karies. Perlu diketahui apakah aktivitas fisik memengaruhi aktivitas karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan profil dan total protein dalam saliva subjek pelari dan hubungannya dengan skor indeks DMFT. Metode: Profil protein diekspresikan menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE lalu dianalisis secara manual sedangkan total protein dihitung menggunakan prosedur Bradford. Hasil: Dalam saliva subjek pelari ditemukan protein dominan yaitu dengan berat molekul 60 kDa, 30 kDa dan 10 kDa sedangkan pada subjek non-pelari yaitu 60 kDa, 30 kDa dan 25 kDa. Protein yang hanya ditemukan dalam saliva subjek pelari yaitu 45 kDa dan 10 kDa sedangkan yang hanya ditemukan dalam saliva subjek non-pelari yaitu 15 kDa. Total protein saliva pada subjek non-pelari lebih tinggi yaitu 774,46 µg/mL sedangkan pada subjek pelari sebesar 547,89 µg/mL. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan profil dan total protein saliva antara subjek pelari dan non-pelari serta terdapat hubungan antara profil dan total protein saliva dan skor indeks DMFT.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Saliva is a secretion of the human body that contains various substances such as proteins, hormones and etc. Physycial activity could influence the contents of saliva such as the profiles and total of the proteins. Salivary proteins take role in caries progression activity. It is needed to be known whether physical activity affects caries progression. Objective: To analyze the difference of profiles and total of salivary proteins in runners and their correlations with DMFT index scroes. Methods: Protein profiles are expressed with SDS-PAGE procedure and then are analyzed manually, meanwhile the protein total is calculated using Bradford procedure. Results: The dominant proteins found in runners saliva are 60 kDa, 30 kDa and 10 kDa proteins and those found in non-runners saliva are 60 kDa, 30 kDa and 25 kDa. Proteins only found in runners saliva are 45 kDa and 10 kDa proteins and the ones only found in non-runners saliva is 15 kDa protein. Total of salivary proteins in non-runners is higher than the runners, which is 774,46 µg/mL compared to 547,89 µg/mL. Conclusion: There are differences found in the salivary proteins profiles and total in the runners and non-runners and there are correlations established between the salivary proteins profiles and total and the obtained scores of DMFT index."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi pada anak-anak. Saliva berkaitan penting dengan patogenesis ECC dan protein saliva kemungkinan mempunyai kaitan dengan kejadian ECC. Tujuan: Menganalisis level protein saliva yang diisolasi dari anak dengan ECC Metode: sampel saliva yang terstimulasi dan tidak terstimulasi diambil dari anak ECC. Konsentrasi protein saliva ditetapkan dengan metoda Bradford assay. Hasil: tidak terdapat perbedaan konsentrasi protein saliva tersimulasi dan tidak terstimulasi pada anak dengan ECC (two tail test, p≤0.05).

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Background: Early Childhood Caries ( ECC ) is one of the common health problems in children. Saliva has connection with the occurence of ECC and salivary proteins is probably related to the occurrence. Objective: to Analyze the level of proteins isolated from stimulated and unstimulated saliva taken from children with ECC. Methods: stimulated an unstimulated saliva samples were taken from children, age 3-5 years old, with ECC. Salivary protein levels were determained using Bradford Assay. Results: there is no consentration difference between protein consentration in stimulated and unstimulated saliva in children with ECC ( two- tail test, p≤0.05)"

"Dental black stain adalah diskolorasi ekstrinsik berwarna hitam di sepertiga servikal mahkota gigi permukaan bukal atau lingual. Logam yang diduga dapat menyebabkan dental black stain adalah ferum dan magnesium. Salah satu faktor risiko yang dicurigai sebagai penyebab terjadinya dental black stain adalah konsumsi susu UHT yang mengandung ferum dan magnesium. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengukur kadar ferum dan magnesium dalam plak dan saliva anak dengan dental black stain. Sampel penelitian adalah plak black stain dan saliva anak dengan dental black stain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar ferum 30,50% (plak) dan 7,68 ppm (saliva) serta kadar magnesium 0,23% (plak) dan 1,59 ppm (saliva).

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Dental black stain is a black extrinsic discoloration at the cervical third buccal or lingual surface of the tooth crown. Metals that may cause dental black stain are ferum and magnesium. The risk factor that suspected as the cause of dental black stain is the consumption of UHT milk which contains ferum and magnesium. The purpose of this study is to measure the levels of ferum and magnesium in plaque and saliva of children with dental black stain. Samples were black stain plaque and saliva of children with dental black stain. The results showed ferum levels 30.50% (plaque) and 7.68 ppm (saliva) as well as magnesium levels 0.23% (plaque) and 1.59 ppm (saliva)."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Residu medikamen kalsium hidroksida yang tertinggal dalam saluran akar dapat memengaruhi kualitas pengisian saluran akar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dua metode pembersihan medikamen kalsium hidroksida. Metode. Tiga puluh dua premolar rahang bawah dipreparasi dengan ProTaper Next hingga X3. Gigi kemudian diberikan medikamen kalsium hidroksida dan dilakukan pemindaian awal menggunakan Micro-CT. Setelah diinkubasi selama 7 hari pada suhu 37 C, medikamen kalsium hidroksida dibersihkan dengan larutan irigasi yang diaktivasi menggunakan instrumen sonik EDDY trade;, VDW dan menggunakan instrumen ultrasonik Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . Setelah dibersihkan, dilakukan pemindaian kedua dengan Micro-CT untuk mengetahui voume residu kalsium hidroksida. Data kemudian di rekonstruksi dan dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak NRecon dan CTAn. Hasil. Kelompok ultrasonik memiliki rerata volume residu kalsium hidroksida yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok sonik. Namun secara statistik tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna p=0,225 . Kesimpulan. Teknik sonik dan ultrasonik memiliki kemampuan yang sama dalam membersihkan medikamen kalsium hidroksida.

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ABSTRACTBackground. The residual calcium hydroxide medicinal residue in the root canal can affect the quality of root canal filling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two methods of cleansing the calcium hydroxide medicaments. Method. Thirty two mandibular premolars were prepared with ProTaper Next to X3. The tooth was then given a calcium hydroxide medicament and an initial scan was performed using Micro CT. after incubation for 7 days at 37 C, the calcium hydroxide medicaments were cleaned with irrigation solution which was activated using sonic instrument EDDY trade , VDW and using ultrasonic instrument Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . After cleaning, a second scan with Micro CT is done to determine the voume of calcium hydroxide residue. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using NRecon and CTAn software. Results. ultrasonic group had a lower mean residual volume of calcium hydroxide than the sonic group. However, statistically, there was no significant difference p 0,225 . Conclusion. Sonic and ultrasonic techniques have the same ability to clean the calcium hydroxide medicaments."

"Kalsium merupakan zat gizi yang berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan asupan kalsium berdasarkan frekuensi konsumsi susu, frekuensi konsumsi sumber kalsium lain, preferensi rasa susu, kebiasaan sarapan, aktivitas fisik, jenis kelamin, pengetahuan mengenai kalsium, dan uang saku. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dan dilakukan pada 120 siswa SMP Islam PB Soedirman Jakarta Timur selama bulan April 2016. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kuesioner dan asupan kalsium diukur dengan wawancara food recall 2x24 jam. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji t-test independent. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan 46% memiliki asupan kalsium kurang dengan rata-rata asupan kalsium 428± 340,3 mg. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan asupan kalsium yang signifikan berdasarkan frekuensi konsumsi susu, preferensi rasa susu, jenis kelamin, dan pengetahuan mengenai kalsium.

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Calcium plays a central role in human's growth. This research aims to explore and determine the differences of calcium intake based on milk consumption frequency, other calcium-rich foods sources frequency, milk-taste preferences, breakfast habit, physical activity, sex, calcium-related knowledge, and pocket money. This research adapts cross-sectional design with a total of 120 students of PB Soedirman Islamic Junior High School in West Jakarta during April 2016. Data was collected using questionnaire and food recall (2x24 hours) method to measure calcium intake. The data was analyzed using t-test independent test.

The results showed that 46% of the students had calcium intake below 924 mg/day and the average calcium intake was 428±340.3 mg. Bivariate analysis results showed significant mean-difference of calcium intake based on milk consumption frequency, milk taste preference, sex, and calcium-related knowledge."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Penggunaan konsentrasi kalsium dialisat ([Ca-D]) masih kontroversi. Di Indonesia masih digunakan [Ca-D] yang berbeda-beda antara 1,25 mmol/L ? 1,85 mmol/L. Studi DOPPS mendapatkan kegagalan dalam pencapaian kadar kalsium (Ca), fosfat (PO4), produk CaxP dan hormon paratiroid (HPT) sesuai yang ditargetkan K/DOQI dan semua penyebab risiko mortalitas secara signifikan berhubungan dengan tingginya [Ca]-D

Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan kadar Ca darah, PO4, HPT dan kalsifikasi vaskular pada penggunaan [Ca]-D tinggi dan rendah. Metode : Penelitian adalah studi potong lintang analitik dilakukan di Unit Hemodialisis Divisi Ginjal-Hipertensi RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jumlah subyek 46 orang. Dua puluh tiga pasien menggunakan [Ca]-D rendah (1,25 mmol/L) dan 23 pasien menggunakan [Ca]-D tinggi (1,85 mmol/L). Penelitian dilakukan Oktober 2013 ? Mei 2014. Analisis statistik dengan uji Mann Whitney dan uji Chi square. Menggunakan SPSS 20.0.Hasil : Sebanyak 46 pasien, terdiri dari 25 laki-laki dan 21 perempuan, dengan rerata usia 50,87 + 12,74 tahun. Lama HD 45,50 (6-168 bulan). Subyek penelitian yang mencapai target kontrol metabolisme sesuai panduan K/DOQI 2002 pada [Ca]-D rendah : Ca terkoreksi, PO4, produk Ca xPO4, dan HPT yang mencapai target sebanyak 8(34,8%), 10(43,5%), 15(65,2%) dan 2(8,7%) pasien. Pada [Ca]-D tinggi didapatkan 10(43,5%), 8(34,8%), 15(65,2%), 8(34,8%) pasien. Penelitian kami mendapatkan dengan [Ca]-D tinggi hasil lebih baik, hal ini tidak sama dengan hasil penelitian DOPPS. Berbeda dengan PO4 yang hasilnya lebih baik dengan [Ca]-D rendah, namun hasil kami juga lebih baik dari penelitian DOPPS. Hasil pada HPT lebih buruk pada [Ca]-D rendah dibandingkan DOPPS, hal ini mungkin disebabkan kami tidak menggunakan vitamin D untuk mengatasi hiperparatiroid sekundernya. Kalsifikasi vaskular dengan metode KAA pada [Ca]-D tinggi sebanyak 13(48,1%) sedangakan pada [Ca]-D rendah sebanyak 14(51,9%). Dengan metode KAAb pada [Ca]-D tinggi didapatkan kalsifikasi sebanyak 16(47,1%) dan pada [Ca]-D rendah didapatkan 18(52,9%) kalsifikasi. Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaan kadar Ca, PO4, produk Ca x PO4, HPT dan kalsifikasi vaskular, pada penggunaan [Ca]-D tinggi dan rendah, tetapi yang berbeda bermakna hanya Ca dan HPT.

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ABSTRACTBackground : The use of calcium dialysate is still controversial. In Indonesia, the dose for [Ca-D] still varies between 1,25 mmol/L ? 1,85 mmol/L. DOPPS study shows failure in achieving optimal calcium, phosphate as well as parathyroid hormone level in the blood as targetted by K/DOQI and is related to significantly increased mortality and is closely related with increased [Ca]-D.Aim : Evaluate the difference in Serum Ca, PO4, PTH levels and vascular calcification in concentrations of [Ca]-D high and low.Methods : This is a cross sectional study done in Hemodialysis unit in Nephrology Division of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. Total subject recruited was 46 patients, 23 patient using low concentration [Ca]-D (1.25 mmol/L) and 23 patients using high concentration [Ca]-D (1.85mmol/L). Research was conducted in October 2013 until May 2014. Analysis was performed using Mann Whitney test and Chi Square, statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0.Result : A total of 46 patients consisting of 25 men and 21 women, with mean age of 50,87 + 12,74 years. Mean length of Dialysis was 45,50 months (6-168 months). Subjects using low concentration [Ca]-D who reached target concentration according to K/DOQI consisted of : corrected Ca in 8 (34,8%) patients while in high concentration [Ca]-D consisted of 10(43,5%) patients, better than DOPPS study. In terms of phosphate levels, low concentration [Ca]-D achieved target PO4 level in 10(43,5%) patients while high concentration [Ca]-D achieved target in 8(34,8%) patients. Corrected Ca x PO4 target levels were obtained equally in both groups which was 15(65,2%) patients. Target PTH level was achieved in low concentrated [Ca]-D up to 2(8,7%) patients, very low may be caused we did not use vitamin D and 8(34,8%) patients in high concentrated [Ca]-D. Vascular calcification using KAA method showed incidence of 13(48,1%) in high concentrated [Ca]-D and 14(51,9%) in low concentrated [Ca]-D group. On the other hand, KAAb methods revealed calcification of 16(47,1%) in high concentrated [Ca]-D and 18(52,9%) calcification in low concentrated [Ca]-D.Conclusion : There is a difference in Ca, PO4, Ca X PO4 product serum level and vascular calcification in high and low [Ca]-D in both group however, statistically significant difference was found only in serum Ca and PTH levels."