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"Investors gain from their investments in form of capital gain or dividend. Investor would choose to have dividends than capital gain, this is because dividend have less uncertainty opposite to a capital gain that will be receive in future time. However not all company pays dividend. This is because dividend policy is an important factor that must be considered by management in managing the company due to the significant influence to the company itself, as well as other parties such as shareholders and creditors. For companies, the distribution of dividends will reduce the company's cash so that funds are available to finance the operating and investment activities will be reduced. The general public also considers that the company is able to pay dividends as the company that has credibility. This study are trying to indentify the trend of dividend payment policy in Indonesia and find what factors that are affecting the company in dividends policy. The result of logistic regression shows that Profitability measured by ROA, Sales Growth, EPS Growth, and Capital Expenditure have significant effect on the likelihood that a firm pays dividends.

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Investor memperoleh keuntungan dari investasi mereka berupa capital gain atau dividen. Investor akan memilih untuk memiliki dividen daripada capital gain, hal ini karena dividen memiliki ketidakpastian dibandingkan dengan capital gain yang akan diterima dalam waktu mendatang. Namun tidak semua perusahaan membayar dividen. Kebijakan dividen merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang harus diperhatikan oleh manajemen dalam mengelola perusahaan. Hal ini karena kebijakan dividen memiliki pengaruh signifikan untuk perusahaan serta pihak-pihak lain seperti pemegang saham dan kreditur. Bagi perusahaan, pembagian dividen akan mengurangi kas perusahaan sehingga dana yang tersedia untuk membiayai operasi dan kegiatan investasi akan berkurang. Masyarakat umum juga menganggap bahwa perusahaan mampu membayar dividen sebagai perusahaan yang memiliki kredibilitas. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengidentifikasi tren kebijakan pembayaran dividen di Indonesia dan menemukan faktor-faktor apa yang mempengaruhi perusahaan dalam kebijakan dividen. Menggunakan regresi logistik, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Profitabilitas yang diukur dengan ROA, Pertumbuhan penjualan, Pertumbuhan EPS, dan Belanja Modal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kemungkinan perusahaan membayar dividen."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konsep beneficial owner dalam perjanjian penghindaran pajak berganda OECD Model yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dalam sengketa pajak sehubungan aplikasi tax treaty pasal 10,11,12. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Penulis menggunakan situasi fakta sengketa pajak, jurnal ilmiah dan OECD Model serta Commentary-nyauntuk mendapatkan solusi permasalahan. Hasil pengkajian menunjukan bahwa beneficial owner tidak lagi diinterpretasikan secara teknis dibawah hukum domestik negara yang mengadakan perjanjian (tax treaty), namun harus diartikan dibawah pengertian internasional, salah satunya melalui OECD Commentary. Di bawah pengertian internasional sesuai OECD Commentary, beneficial owner merupakan isu legal. Selama pihak penerima penghasilan memiliki wewenang untuk menggunakan dan menikmati penghasilan tanpa dibatasi secara kontrak untuk meneruskan secara langsung kepada pihak lain, maka pihak tersebut adalah beneficial owner.Konsep beneficial owner ditujukan untuk menentukan pihak yang berhak mengaplikasikan treaty dan tidak digeneralisasi sebagai anti avoidance rule yang dapat menyebabkan perluasaan makna konsep ini dan menimbulkan ketidakpastian. Secara substansi, konsepbeneficial owner tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Perubahan terletak dari penyusunan kata dan penambahan beberapa kriteria untuk melengkapi konsep beneficial owner secara komprehensif dengan tujuan agar diadakannya tax treaty yaitu mencegah pengenaan pajak berganda dapat tercapai.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of beneficial owner in the tax treaty OECD Model which is an issue of tax disputes application article 10,11,12. This study uses a descriptive analysis method. The author uses the fact situation, journal and the OECD Model with its commentary to solve the problem. The result show that the beneficial owner is no longer technically be interpreted under the domestic law of the country which has an agreement (tax treaty), but must be interpreted under international understanding, such as through OECD Commentary. Under international meaning according the OECD Commentary, the beneficial owner is a legal issue. As long as the income beneficiary has the authority to use and enjoy the income without a limited contract to pass directly to another person, that party is the beneficial owner. The concept of beneficial owner is intended to determine which person has the right to apply the treaty and not generalized as an anti-avoidance rule that could lead to expansion of the meaning of this concept and create uncertainty. In substance, the concept of beneficial owner does not change significantly. The change is from the addition of several criteria to complete a comprehensive concept of beneficial owner in order to prevent double taxation."

"Compared to the domestic shipping companies, the role of foreign shipping companies in Indonesia's economy is Very dominant. The large demand of export and import transportation could not be handled by domestic shipping companies due to many weakness, such as the inadequate of high-quality ships, lack of financial institution Support, and management skill in international competition. Until this day the potency of natlonal?s cargo for domstic or international still dominated by foreign shipping companies. According to the Indonesian National Shipowners Association (INSA), the effect of that unequal at least US$ 12 billion of yearly potential income goes to foreign shipping companies. Those amounts are the total of international shipping expenses shipping companies. Those amounts are the total of internalional shipping expenses (US$ 10.5 billions) and domestic shipping expenses (3 trillions Rupiah). The 95% from average 450 millions ton/year of total export cargo from Indonesia are carried by foreign ships, as for domestic ship is 5%. For domestic cargo, the national shipping companies only obtained 89.9 millions ton or 59.99% as for foreign shipping companies they obtained 59 millions ton or 40.01%. Related to that, the author is interested to analyzing the taxation upon foreign shipping companies income. The subjects in this research is the implemetation operation of the tax levied of income tax based on the taxation policy subject to Indonesian taxation related to the foreign shipping companies income. As for the subject of this thesis is how to create assurance regarding the implementation of the tax levied of income tax from the foreign shipping companies income in Indonesia, in order to prevent tax avoidance or if taxpayer perform a tax evasion, it could be known as violation to the act of Income tax. The data compilation used qualitative method with descriptive analysis approach, which is describbing and analyzing the completed data. The data that used in this research were obtained by library research and field research techniques.All addition to economic capability shall taxable, including the addition to economic capability, which received or obtained by the operations of foreign ships in Indonesia. In this sector of business, the income could be in the form of freight, terminal handling charge, document fee, fuel adjusment factor, income from charter transaction by means of fully manned basis or bareboat basis, income from transactions of bareboat hire purchase, income from ship leasing, income from used ship overtaking, prolit from exchange rate, and income from fish shipping operation. Need synergy from income tax elements, that is tax policy, tax law and tax administration in order to taxed the income from foreign ships operation. Those elements shall be based on good taxation goal and principle, which contain principle of equity and certainty. Certainties are very important to create justice for taxpayers and tax personnel, whether the certainties in Tax Subject, Tax Object, tax tariff or tax procedure.Indonesia has own domestic rules regarding the foreign ship operating, but the origin country of that foreign ship also had their own domestic rules, so the coflict of taxation jurisdiction could be occur. Therefore, double tax prevention agreement is needed between the two countries in order to prevent the occurrence of tax evasion. The prevention of that double tax is obtained by agreement regarding with: a) elimination of dual residence, b) jurisdiction of each countries as domicile country and as source country, c) the prevention method for double tax must be applied by domicile country and d) establish the Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP).From the results of field study shows that are several kinds of income from foreign shipping Companies which has not been clearly arranged, so there is no law certainty which are terminal handling charge, document fee, fuel adjustment factor, bareboat basis charter fee, income from bareboat hire purchase, income from used boat overtaking, profit/loss from rate exchange, and income from operation of foreign fish ship.There are several operation modus of tax evasion which done by taxpayer caused by more than one agent authorization which is spreading in several city port in Indonesia, the situation when agent is been replaced and the previous agent felt no more responsibility, even in the tax levied by other party and taxpayer it self did not pay the withholding income tax.The ongoing analysis regarding the tradition of international taxation is the tradition of international taxation is the tradition is not placing the permanent establisment as tax requirement for the source country and Indonesia did not implemented those tradition. Analysis were also performed regarding the existence unclearly tax regulation for several kinds above mentioned income, the inappropriate name of article 15 Income tax, the income scope which has to be arranged in Indonesia's domestic regulation, the tax procedure and operation modus of tax evasion.The conclusion based on the analysis is the lax rights of source country upon the profit of ships operation on international traffic not based on the concept of permanent establishment, the name of article 15 income tax is inappropriate since it is not include in tax procedure criteria, the particular calculation norm for net income shall be clearly stating the income variables which is included in norm calculation and which is exclude in the tax treatment. Indonesia's domestic regulation have got to be changed to not placing the requirements of permanent establisment and in case of effective management existence in Indonesia, then the tax treatment is equal with domestic shipping companies taxpayer, the name article 15 Income Tax is changed to appropriate type of tax, regulation of income variable subjected to Income Tax which is final and not, single NPWP for one taxpayer, the use of term "tax levied" for fully manned basis charter and eliminated the uncertainty of regulation to create law certanty."

"Sistem administrasi Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) dalam ketentuannya mewajibkan Pengusaha Kena Pajak (PKP) untuk melakukan pemungutan PPN. Faktur pajak berfungsi sebagai instrumen yang digunakan sebagai bukti dari pemungutan dan pengkreditan PPN yang dilakukan PKP. Pada tahun 2014, berdasarkan permasalahan terkait penyalahgunaan faktur pajak diterbitkan kebijakan faktur pajak elektronik oleh DJP yang bertujuan memberikan kemudahan administrasi perpajakan bagi PKP dan fiskus dalam proses pemeriksaan. PT Pembangunan Perumahan (PP) - EPC menerapkan e-Faktur sebagai bentuk modernisasi sistem administrasi PPN perusahaannya. Setelah diimplementasikan lebih kurang lima tahun, masih terdapat beberapa kasus faktur pajak fiktif dalam sistem e- Faktur. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai penerapan kebijakan electronic tax invoice system pada PT PP – EPC dalam upaya antisipasi faktur pajak fiktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan e-Faktur dalam sistem administrasi PPN pada PT PP – EPC dan mengetahui upaya yang PT PP - EPC lakukan untuk mengantisipasi faktur pajak fiktif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa selama penerapan sistem administrasi PPN menggunakan e-Faktur di PT PP – EPC masih timbul beberapa kasus faktur pajak fiktif karena terdapat penyesuaian dan penyempurnaan sistem e-Faktur. Namun, seiring berkembangnya teknologi permasalahan tersebut menjadi berkurang karena dilakukan pengembangan sistem administrasi internal sebagai bentuk perencanaan pajak PT PP – EPC. Pembaharuan sistem administrasi PPN dilakukan secara komprehensif dan terintegrasi oleh DJP sehingga dapat mengurangi peluang kecurangan tersebut.

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The Value Added Tax (PPN) administration system in its provisions requires Taxable Entrepreneurs to collect VAT. The Tax Invoice serves as an instrument used as evidence of the collection and crediting of VAT. In 2014, based on problems related to misuse of tax invoices, the DGT issued an electronic tax invoice policy with the aim of facilitating tax administration for PKP and tax authorities in the audit process. PT Pembangunan Perumahan (PP) - EPC implemented e-Faktur as a form of modernizing the company's VAT administration system. After being implemented for approximately five years, there are still several cases of fictitious tax invoices in the e-Faktur system. This study discusses the application of the electronic tax invoice system policy at PT PP - EPC in an effort to anticipate fictitious tax invoices. This study aims to analyze the application of e-Faktur in the VAT administration system at PT PP - EPC and find out the efforts that PT PP - EPC did to anticipate fictitious tax invoices. This research is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach and qualitative data collection techniques. The results of this study indicate that during the implementation of the VAT administration system using e-Faktur at PT PP - EPC, several cases of fictitious tax invoices still arise because there are adjustments and improvements to the e-Invoice system. However, along with the development of technology, these problems have been reduced due to the development of an internal administration system as a form of PT PP - EPC tax planning. The DGT has updated the VAT administration system in a comprehensive and integrated manner so as to reduce the opportunities for fraud."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang Penentuan Status Beneficial Owner untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan Persetujuan Penghindaran Pajak Berganda (P3B). Penulisan difokuskan pada bagaimana menerapkan peraturan pajak domestik Indonesia dalam menentukan status beneficial owner. Juga bagaimana menerapkan ketentuan dalam P3B terkait dengan penentuan status beneficial owner. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif. Disimpulkan bahwa penentuan status beneficial owner harus diletakkan dalam konteks pencegahan penyalahgunaan P3B atau treaty abuse. Apabila terjadi penyalahgunaan terhadap fasilitas yang diberikan dalam P3B terkait dengan penentuan status beneficial owner, terdapat dasar untuk tidak memberikan treaty benefit. Dengan demikian treaty benefit tidak boleh dinikmati oleh Wajib Pajak yang tidak berhak karena bertentangan dengan maksud dan tujuan dari tax treaty.

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This thesis describes the determination of beneficial owner to prevent the abuse of tax treaty between contracting state. The writing is focused on how to apply the Indonesian domestic tax rules in determining the status of the beneficial owner. Also how to apply the provisions of the tax treaty in associated with determining the status of beneficial owner. This research is descriptive research. It can be concluded that determining the status of the beneficial owner must be placed in the context of abuse prevention of tax treaty. If there is abuse of the facilities provided in tax treaty associated with determining the status of the beneficial owner, the treaty benefit could not be provided to foreign tax payers. Thus the treaty benefits should not be enjoyed by the taxpayer who is not entitled because contrary to the intent and purpose of the tax treaty."