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"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai variasi morfologi organ vegetatiftanaman bidara upas (Merremia mammosa) yang dikumpulkan di daerah jawaserta aktivitasnya sebagai anti-plasmodium secara in-vitro. Penelitian bertujuanuntuk memperoleh informasi karakter morfologi organ vegetatif tanaman bidaraupas dan aktivitas anti-plasmodium secara in-vitro. Tahapan penelitian meliputipengambilan sampel di lapangan, pengamatan morfologi secara visual, ekstraksi,skrining fitokimia, uji aktivitas antimalaria ssecara in-vitro. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan sembilan sampel tanaman yang diamati membentuk dua kelompokutama yaitu kelompok PKL, HAJ dan Purwakarta serta kelompok JJ, HAA,Balittro, KRP, NL dan KRB. Dua kelompok utama dapat dibedakan berdasarkankarakter permukaan daun lebih agak kasar (HAJ) atau lebih licin mengkilat(Purwaka), bentuk umbi, warna pangkal umbi,warna permukaan umbi, banyaknyaserat umbi, warna daging umbi setelah kering, kulit umbi, getah umbi dan warnaakar umbi. Hasil skrining fitokimia kesembilan sampel umbi tanaman bidara upas(Merremia mammosa) menunjukkan bahwa kesembilan umbi tanaman bidaraupas memiliki kandungan senyawa aktif yang sama yaitu mengandung senyawaflavonoid, saponin dan terpenoid. Sehingga secara fitokimia, dari kesembilansampel esktrak n-heksan umbi bidara upas, diambil satu sampel yaitu sampelekstrak n-heksan dari Juragan Jamu (JJ) dari Sleman Jogyakartau ntuk diujiaktivitas anti-plasmodium. Hasil uji aktivitas anti-plasmodium menunjukkanbahwa ekstrak n-heksan umbi bidara upas bersifat anti-plasmodium dengan nilaiIC50 3,36, sehingga umbi bidara upas memiliki aktivitas kuat sebagai antiplasmodiumsecara in-vitro

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ABSTRACTMorphological Variation study on plant vegetative organs of bidara upas(Merremia mammosa) collected in the area of Java and its activities antiplasmodiumas in-vitro. The aim of the study is to obtaining information onmorphological characters of vegetative organs of plants bidara upas collected inthe area Java and anti-plasmodium activity in vitro. The study include fieldsampling, visual morphological observation, extraction, phytochemical screening,and testing antimalarial activity in-vitro. The results showed whole plant sampleswere observed to form two main groups, namely the first group of PKL, HAJ andPurwakarta and a second group consisting of JJ, HAA, Balittro, KRP, NL andKRB. The two main groups can be distinguished by the character form bulbs,tubers base color, the color of the surface of the bulb, the amount fiber of bulb,such as tuber flesh color after drying, tubers, bulbs and color sap tuber. The resultsof nine samples of phytochemical screening tubers of plants bidara upas(Merremia mammosa) showed that all nine plant bulbs bidara upas containsflavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. So that phytochemicals, of the nine samplesof n-hexane extract the tubers bidara upas, was taken one sample of n-hexaneextracts of Juragan Jamu (JJ) from Yogyakarta's Sleman was tested antiplasmodiumactivity. Anti-plasmodium activity test results showed that n-hexaneextract the tubers are bidara upas anti-plasmodium with IC50 values of 3.36, so thebulbs bidara upas have strong activity as anti-plasmodium in vitro"

"ABSTRAKAhaetulla prasina merupakan spesies ular dari famili Colubridae yang tersebar luas dari Asia hingga Kepulauan Indonesia. Persebarannya yang luas dapat dijadikan petunjuk untuk menjelaskan sejarah pembentukan Kepulauan Indonesia dan mempelajari proses penyebaran serta adaptasinya melalui variasi morfologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjelaskan variasi morfologi dan menganalisis pola pengelompokan dari populasi A. prasina yang berada di Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menghitung dan mengukur karakter pada 64 spesimen A. prasina koleksi Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense yang berasal dari empat kawasan. Analisis karakter dilakukan dengan Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Cluster Analysis (CA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat variasi karakter meristik antar individu dan variasi karakter morfometrik yang tidak terlihat signifikan, namun terdapat perbedaan ukuran kepala pada populasi Kalimantan dibandingkan dengan populasi lainnya. Proses penyebaran A. prasina yang belum terlalu lama dan proses adaptasi terhadap mangsa diduga menjadi penyebab tidak signifikannya variasi morfologi populasi antar kawasan meskipun terdapat sedikit perbedaan pada populasi Kalimantan. Selanjutnya, analisis DNA diperlukan untuk memetakan variasi genetis dari A. prasina di Indonesia.

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ABSTRAKAhaetulla prasina is a colubrid snake, which has widespread from Asia to Indonesia Archipelago. This widespread distribution can explain the formation and biogeographical history of the Indonesian Archipelago through the distribution and adaptation process that are derived from morphological variations. The aims of this research was to explain and analyze the morphological variation and group pattern of A. prasina population in Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. This research was done by manually counting and measuring the characteristics of 64 A. prasina specimens collected from the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense which comes from four islands of Indonesia. The morphological characters were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results showed meristic character variation among individuals and morphologically character variation that are have lower significance. However, there were different in head characters and size on the Kalimantan population in compared to other populations. A relatively short distribution period and the adaptation towards its prey could be the main reason why there is the morphological variations although our analysis showed they have lower significance in all samples except slightly different characters in Kalimantan population. Furthermore, DNA analysis is necessary to show genetic variation of A. prasina in Indonesia."

"[Dendrobium crumenatum merupakan jenis anggrek yang memiliki variasi morfologi akibat adanya persebaran yang luas. Studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa penelitian terhadap variasi morfologi bunga Dendrobium crumenatum belum dilakukan, salah satunya akibat penjelasan deskripsi yang tidak sama dari tiap-tiap pulau. Oleh karena itu, penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk membuat deskripsi yang sama dan lebih lengkap, kemudian menganalisis karakter-karakter yang signifikan berbeda dan memberikan gambaran mengenai pola pengelompokan berdasarkan pola biogeografi. Penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan 78 spesimen vegetatif dan 51 spesimen bunga. Sebanyak 33 karakter dari 37 spesimen bunga dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ukuran perhiasan bunga, tepi lobus tengah, bentuk sepal dorsal dan sepal lateral, kalus, dan perbandingan panjang lobus tengah dan lobus samping labellum merupakan karakter-karakter yang signifikan berbeda. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan tiga kelompok yang terpisah, yaitu kelompok 1 (Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Sulawesi) sebagai Dendrobium crumenatum, kelompok 2 (Nusa Tenggara) sebagai Dendrobium sp., dan kelompok 3 (Sulawesi Utara dan Maluku) sebagai Dendrobium papilioniferum. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi bahan referensi untuk mengubah distribusi Dendrobium crumenatum, menjadikan Dendrobium papilioniferum menjadi jenis yang terpisah, dan menjadi data awal publikasi jenis baru Dendrobium dari Nusa Tenggara.;Dendrobium crumenatum is an orchid species that have morphological variation due to the broad distribution. The literature study shows that the study of morphological variation about Dendrobium crumenatum has not been done, one of them as a result of the description which are not the same from each island. Therefore, the aims of this research are to make the same and complete description, then analyze the significantly different characters and give a description of grouping based on biogeographic patterns. The conducted research using 78 specimens vegetative and 51 specimens of flowers. A total 33 morphological characters from 37 flower spesimens were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The analysis shows that the size of the flower parts, the edge of the middle lobe, dorsal sepals and lateral sepals form, callus, and the length ratio between middle lobe and the side lobe labellum are significantly different characters. The analysis also shows three separate groups, namely the group 1 (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes) as Dendrobium crumenatum, group 2 (Lesser Sunda) as Dendrobium sp., and group 3 (North Sulawesi and Moluccas) as Dendrobium papilioniferum. Results of this study can be a reference material to restrict the distribution of Dendrobium crumenatum, to make Dendrobium papilioniferum a separate species, and be an early data into new species publication about Dendrobium sp. of Lesser Sunda.;Dendrobium crumenatum is an orchid species that have morphological variation due to the broad distribution. The literature study shows that the study of morphological variation about Dendrobium crumenatum has not been done, one of them as a result of the description which are not the same from each island. Therefore, the aims of this research are to make the same and complete description, then analyze the significantly different characters and give a description of grouping based on biogeographic patterns. The conducted research using 78 specimens vegetative and 51 specimens of flowers. A total 33 morphological characters from 37 flower spesimens were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The analysis shows that the size of the flower parts, the edge of the middle lobe, dorsal sepals and lateral sepals form, callus, and the length ratio between middle lobe and the side lobe labellum are significantly different characters. The analysis also shows three separate groups, namely the group 1 (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes) as Dendrobium crumenatum, group 2 (Lesser Sunda) as Dendrobium sp., and group 3 (North Sulawesi and Moluccas) as Dendrobium papilioniferum. Results of this study can be a reference material to restrict the distribution of Dendrobium crumenatum, to make Dendrobium papilioniferum a separate species, and be an early data into new species publication about Dendrobium sp. of Lesser Sunda., Dendrobium crumenatum is an orchid species that have morphological variation due to the broad distribution. The literature study shows that the study of morphological variation about Dendrobium crumenatum has not been done, one of them as a result of the description which are not the same from each island. Therefore, the aims of this research are to make the same and complete description, then analyze the significantly different characters and give a description of grouping based on biogeographic patterns. The conducted research using 78 specimens vegetative and 51 specimens of flowers. A total 33 morphological characters from 37 flower spesimens were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The analysis shows that the size of the flower parts, the edge of the middle lobe, dorsal sepals and lateral sepals form, callus, and the length ratio between middle lobe and the side lobe labellum are significantly different characters. The analysis also shows three separate groups, namely the group 1 (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes) as Dendrobium crumenatum, group 2 (Lesser Sunda) as Dendrobium sp., and group 3 (North Sulawesi and Moluccas) as Dendrobium papilioniferum. Results of this study can be a reference material to restrict the distribution of Dendrobium crumenatum, to make Dendrobium papilioniferum a separate species, and be an early data into new species publication about Dendrobium sp. of Lesser Sunda.]"

"Isolasi merupakan faktor utama dalam biogeografi pulau, disini kami mencoba memahami fenomena filogeografi kelompok londok pohon Asia Tenggara yaitu genus Bronchocela di Kepulauan Indonesia dengan dukungan data morfologi (ukuran tengkorak), molekuler (DNA mitokondria dan inti) dan data evolusi. Genus Bronchocela kosmopolit, morfologi sangat bervariasi tersebar dan terisolasi di hutan yang terfragmentasi di kepulauan Indonesia. Variasi yang kompleks pada genus ini menyebabkan kesulitan dalam penentuan batas spesies dengan jelas. Sebanyak 520 individu spesimen koleksi museum telah diperiksa untuk diuji mengenai dampak isolasi pulau secara geografis terhadap struktur morfologi populasi. Uji statistic dilakukan dengan menggunkan analisis univariat dan multivariat. Sejauh ini baru diketahui hanya hanya empat spesies yang teridentifikasi di wilayah Indonesia, setelah dilakukannya penelitian ini setidaknya teridentifikasi menjadi enam spesies. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik dilakukan berdasarkan marka DNA mitokondria yaitu 16s rRNA (~500 bp) dan ND2 (~1300 bp) serta gen inti yaitu oocyte maturation factor mos (CMOS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa B. cristatella yang tersebar luas, dalam penelitian ini terbukti sebagai spesies kompleks yang setidaknya terdiri atas tiga spesies berbeda. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik DNA mitokondria dan inti menggunakan Maximum Likelihood (ML) dan Bayesian Inference (BI) menunjukkan adanya enam garis keturunan evolusi Bronchocela di Indonesia. Tingkat variasi selama ini mungkin diremehkan karena tingginya tingkat kesamaan morfologi yang disebabkan oleh sifat arboreal. Haplotipe network berdasarkan gen mitokondria ND2 dengan jelas menunjukkan adanya delapan garis keturunan. Indeks isolasi diestimasi melalui uji interaksi dua arah (ANOVA) antara luas daratan dan ukuran tubuh dari setiap populasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pulau-pulau yang lebih besar mendukung kehidupan londok yang berukuran besar dibandingkan dengan pulau-pulau yang lebih kecil (fenomena dwarfisme pulau) dan sejalan dengan teori isolasi pulau. Hasil analisis waktu BEAST berbasis penggabungan menghasilkan pohon filogenetik dengan dua klade utama dan mengungkapkan nenek moyang terbaru atau most recent common ancestor (MRCA) untuk Bronchocela berasal sekitar 42 juta tahun yang lalu di daratan Asia. Pohon filogenetik menununjukkan bahwa klade basal Bronchocela terdiri dari B. burmana dan taksa nenek moyangnya yang sebagian besar terbatas di Semenanjung Malaysia. Pohon kredibilitas clade maksimum atau Maximum Credibility Clade (MCC) skala waktu geologi menunjukkan bahwa genus Bronchocela berevolusi pada zaman Miosen awal (~18,7 juta tahun yang lalu) dan memulai spesiasi cepat pada Miosen akhir. Pohon filogenetik menununjukkan bahwa klade basal Bronchocela terdiri dari B. burmana dan taksa nenek moyangnya yang sebagian besar terbatas di Semenanjung Malaysia. Dalam penelitian ini, distribusi klade berdasarkan keberadaan spesies londok dalam pohon filogenetik. Model State-dependent Speciation and Extinction (SSE) digunakan untuk merekonstruksi Ancestral Range Estimation (ARE). Hasil simulasi silsilah Bronchocela dengan ARE sesuai hipotesis kami bahwa daratan Sunda merupakan asal muasal genus ini dan menjalan kepulauan Sunda Besar, kepulauan Sulu, Sulawesi, dan Maluku utara pada zaman Miosen. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan baru mengenai isolasi pulau di wilayah yang belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya dan hal ini menyiratkan bahwa pola distribusi Bronchocela sebagian besar dibentuk oleh peristiwa dispersal pada pra-Pliosen yang diikuti oleh peristiwa vicarian yang mendalam. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa perubahan iklim Pliosen dapat berdampak besar pada diversifikasi spesies dan demografi spesies-spesies hutan ini.

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Isolation is the main factor in insular biogeography, here we try to understand the insular biogeographical phenomenon of the southeast Asian arboreal lizard genus Bronchocela across the Indonesian Archipelago with the support of morphological (including skull morphology), molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA) and evolutionary data. The morphologically highly variable, cosmopolitan arboreal forest lizards of the genus, Bronchocela are dispersed and isolated in fragmented island forests across the Indonesian Archipelago. These species exhibit complex morphological variations, which weaken clear species delimitation. To determine the effects of geographical island isolation on the morphological structure of the populations, 520 individuals of museum specimens (including name-bearing types) were examined across Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian Archipelago. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on morphometric characters. So far only four species have been identified within Indonesian territory and after evaluating morphological and morphometric evidence at least six distinct species have been recognised. We screened two mitochondrial markers comprising 16s rRNA (~500 bp) and ND2 (~1300 bp), with intervening nuclear loci (CMOS) to obtain a robust phylogenetic hypothesis. Based on both morphology and genetics, we delimit potential biogeographic boundaries of the species composition. The previously widely distributed Bronchocela cristatella is here considered as a species complex with at least three distinct species. The phylogeny of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA using Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) revealed at least six evolutionary lineages within the Indonesian Bronchocela. This level of variation has probably been underestimated because of the high levels of morphological similarity brought about by the arboreal lifestyle. The haplotype networks based on the ND2 mitochondrial gene differentiated the eight lineages. An isolation index was estimated and defined for each island landmass based on its area and tested for two‐way interactions (ANOVA) between landmass and the mean body sizes of each population. Our results show the significant influence of the larger islands supporting larger-bodied lizards compared to the smaller islands, agreeing with the island theory. The coalescent-based BEAST time-analysis yielded a phylogenetic tree with two major clades. It revealed that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for the Bronchocela genus originated approximately 42 MYA in mainland Asia. The basal clade of Bronchocela consists of B. burmana and its ancestral taxa which are mostly confined to the Malay Peninsula. The geological time-scaled maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree indicated that the genus Bronchocela evolved in the early Miocene epoch (~18.7 MYA) and started rapid speciation in the late Miocene. We divided the distribution of the clade into regions based on the species in the phylogenetic tree by its presence in those regions, and we used the State-dependent Speciation and Extinction (SSE) models to reconstruct Ancestral Range Estimation (ARE). As we hypothesised, ancestral Range Estimation (ARE) analyses supported that mainland Sundaland served as the origin for Bronchocela, which colonized the Great Sundaic Islands, the Sulu Archipelago, Sulawesi, and Northern Moluccas during the Miocene epoch. Our results provide new insights into insular isolation in a previously unstudied region, and it implies that the distribution pattern of Bronchocela has been largely shaped by pre-Pliocene dispersal followed by deep vicariance events. We further demonstrate that Pliocene climatic changes can have profound effects on species diversification and demography in these forest species."

"Dinamika keanekaragaman hayati seringkali dikaitkan dengan perubahan lingkungan, termasuk kedalaman perairan, produktivitas, sifat sedimen, ketersediaan oksigen, morfologi, serta gangguan fisik lainnya. WPPNRI 573 adalah salah satu dari 11 wilayah pengelolaan perikanan di Indonesia yang memiliki karakteristik geografis dan oseanografis yang unik. Isu yang berkembang pada WPPNRI 573 antara lain eksploitasi berlebih, degradasi habitat, pencemaran dan penangkapan tidak ramah lingkungan, serta masuknya spesies invansif yang terjadi karena kurangnya wawasan dan perhatian pemerintah, serta kurangnya sumberdaya manusia dalam hal pengelolaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan informasi terkait resiko ancaman kepunahan keanekaragaman hayati serta variasi morfologi yang mempengaruhinya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis spasial dan spasio-temporal dengan Red List Index sebagai model penilaian distribusi wilayah resiko keanekaragaman hayati. Sampel data keanekaragaman hayati dikumpulkan dari GBIF.org dalam rentang tahun 1989-2023. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa resiko terhadap ancaman kepunahan kehati di wilayah WPPNRI 573 cenderung rendah. Spesies lebih dominan berdistribusi secara mengelompok pada zona epipelagik dan semakin terdistribusi secara menyebar pada zona laut yang semakin dalam. Morfologi berpengaruh signifikan dalam level moderat terhadap distribusi keanekaragaman pada kategori nilai resiko ancaman yang sama. Kedalaman memiliki pengaruh yang paling besar, diikuti dengan lereng. Sedangkan orientasi, kelengkungan, dan kekasaran tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan.

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The biodiversity dynamics are often associated with environmental changes, including water depth, productivity, sediment characteristics, oxygen availability, geomorphology, and other physical disturbances. WPPNRI 573 is one of 11 fisheries management areas in Indonesia that has unique geographical and oceanographic characteristics. Issues that occurred in WPPNRI 573 include overexploitation, habitat degradation, pollution, and non-eco-friendly fishing, as well as the entry of invasive species that occur due to lack of government insight and attention, and also lack of human resources in terms of management. This study aims to present information about the risk of biodiversity extinction threats and geomorphological variations that affect it. The method used is spatial and spatial-temporal analysis with Red List Index as a model for assessing the distribution of biodiversity risk areas. Samples of biodiversity data were collected from GBIF.org between 1989 and 2023. The results revealed that the risk of biodiversity extinction in the WPPNRI 573 area tends to be low of biodiversity extinction risk status. Species are predominantly distributed in clusters in the epipelagic zone, and also dispersed in deeper marine zones. Geomorphology has a significant moderate effect on the distribution of diversity in the same threat risk value category. Depth has the most influence, followed by a slope. While aspect, curvature, and ruggedness do not have a significant effect."