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"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi bagaimana ketakutan mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen terhadap obat herbal dan konvensional dengan menganggap penghindaran penyakit sebagai alasan dari hubungan tersebut dan juga dengan melihat perbedaan kultur antara orang Belanda dan orang Indonesia. Penilitian empiris terhadap 81 responden dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan dari penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketakutan memberi pengaruh positif ke perilaku terhadap obat herbal, penghindaran penyakit tidak menjadi alasan dibalik hubungan tersebut, dan kultur mempengaruhi perilaku terhadap obat herbal secara independen, atau terpisah dari ketakutan. Walaupun hasil dari penelitian bisa berkontribusi terhadap studio bat herbal, tidak ada hasil signifikan mengenai obat konvensionil.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to investigate how fear influences a consumer?s attitude towards herbal and conventional medicine, whilst considering how disease avoidance can explain the relationship, and how the attitudes differ in the Dutch and Indonesian culture. In order to achieve the objective, empirical research on 81 participants was performed. The results show that fear influences a positive attitude towards herbal medicine. Moreover, disease avoidance did not explain the relationship, and that culture, separate from fear, independently influenced the consumer?s attitude towards herbal medicine. Despite the contribution for herbal medicine, no significant remarks were found for conventional medicine;"

"ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to study the influence of the usage of fear appeals in advertising regarding the impact of uncertainty avoidance on consumer behavior, specifically on their purchase intention and willingness to pay. Fear appeals that have been used for this research are product central fear fear of threats or consequences of not having the product , and product peripheral fear fear with no direct association to the product . The analysis for this research has not just been conducted using respondents rsquo actual level of uncertainty avoidance, but has also tried to see whether the level of uncertainty avoidance of consumers can be manipulated and whether it yields a different impact.This research has studied the impact of the utilization of fear regarding commercial products only. The findings of this research have suggested that when consumers are faced with advertisements that are induced with fear appeals, people with high and low uncertainty avoidance respond differently.

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ABSTRAKTujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti pengaruh dari penggunaan rasa takut dalam iklan dan dampaknya terhadap kultur pengindaran ketidakpastian ke perilaku konsumen, khususnya pada niat pembelian dan kemauan membayar. Rasa takut yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rasa takut yang sentral terhadap produk takut akan konsekuensi atas tidak memiliki produk , dan rasa takut yang periferal terhadap produk takut yang tidak berhubungan langsung terhadap produk .Analisis untuk penelitian ini tidak hanya diambil menggunakan level penghindaran ketidakpastian responden yang sebenarnya, namun juga mencoba apabila level penghindaran ketidakpastian responden dapat dimanipulasi dan apakah akan menghasilkan hasil yang berbeda.Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh dalam penggunaan rasa takut dalam iklan terhadap produk komersial saja. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa responden yang dihadapkan pada iklan yang telah diinduksi oleh rasa takut, orang dengan tingkat penghindaran ketidakpastian tinggi dan rendah merespons stimuli secara berbeda."

"Plants have been the chief source of compounds of medicine for thousand of years. Plants die also the source of many medicines ft>r the majority of the world's population, The role of biotechnology is very important for multiplying, conserving the spesies, and enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Endophytes of novel secondary metabolites offering the potensial for medical and industrial exploitation. Natural products from various endophytic microbes have been investigated. Some examples of natural products observed from endophytic microbes are antibiotics, antiviral compounda; anticancers; antimalarial compounds; antioxidants, antidiabetics nad immunosuppressive compounds."

"Plants have been the chief source of compounds of medicine for thousand of years.Plants are also the source of many medicines for the majority of the world?s population. The role of biotechnology is very important for multiplying, conserving the spesies, and enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Endophytes are microbes that inhabit plants are currently considered to be a wellspring of novelsecondary metabolites offering the potensial for medical and industrial exploitation. Natural products from various endophytic microbes have been investigated. Some examples of natural products observed from endophytic microbes are antibiotics, antiviralcompounds, anticancers, antimalarial compounds, antioxidants, antidiabetics, and immunosuppressive compounds."

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan jangka panjang steroid sebagai kontrol inflamasi pada uveitis non-infeksi dan idiopatik dapat menyebabkan efek samping, dan hal tersebut memicu kebutuhan untuk agen imunomodulator lainnya. Penggunaan herbal dan obat tradisional saat ini sedang meningkat. Beberapa herbal memiliki efek imunomodulator dan diduga memiliki peran dalam uveitis. Akan tetapi, bukti penggunaan herbal pada uveitis belum diketahui secara pasti.Tujuan: Untuk meninjau bukti-bukti ilmiah mengenai efikasi, keamanan, dan mekanisme penggunaan herbal pada uveitis dan model uveitis.Metode: Tinjauan sistematis berdasarkan panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis. Kata kunci uveitis dan herbal serta sinonim terkait digunakan pada database PubMed, CENTRAL, dan ScienceDirect. Penelitian herbal sebagai terapi ajuvan uveitis pada manusia dan penelitian herbal pada model uveitis dipilih. Penelitian kemudian ditelaah dan dinilai validitasnya.Hasil: Dua uji klinis, satu laporan kasus, dan 32 penelitian hewan mengenai penggunaan herbal pada uveitis ditelaah secara kualitatif. Intervensi ekstrak Echinacea purpurae (pada uveitis anterior) dan kurkuma menghasilkan proporsi kasus inaktif yang tinggi: 85.70% dan 81.48%. Durasi bebas steroid pada kelompok ajuvan Echinacea lebih lama secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok steroid saja (p<0.05). Intervensi herbal pada model uveitis mencakup 8 preparat herbal, 14 ekstrak herbal, dan 18 komponen herbal. Flare akuos dan skor klinis menurun secara signifikan. Penelitian yang didapat menunjukkan tak adanya efek samping atau kematian.Kesimpulan: Echinacea dan kurkuma menunjukkan potensi yang baik, sementara Gardeniae fructus, Scutellariae radix, Berberis aristata, dan Yanyankang potensial untuk dilanjutkan menjadi penelitian klinis. Penelitian dengan level of evidence yang lebih tinggi dan risiko bias yang lebih rendah masih dibutuhkan. Data keamanan masih minimal. Mekanisme yang didapat dapat menjadi landasan untuk penelitian lanjutan.

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Background: In non-infectious and idiopathic uveitis, long-term corticosteroid use can lead to undesirable side effects, and it warrants the need for other immunomodulatory agents. Use of herbal or traditional medicine is currently on rise. Some herbs displayed immunomodulatory features and are expected to have a role in managing uveitis. However, herbal roles in uveitis have not been established yet.

Objective: To review the human and animal evidence of herbal efficacy, safety, and mechanisms in uveitis.

Method: A systematic review was performed using standardised Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guideline. Uveitis and herbal-related keywords were entered in PubMed, CENTRAL, and ScienceDirect databases to obtain evidences regarding herbal therapy in clinical (as adjuvant) and pre-clinical trials. The selected studies were reviewed, extracted, and assessed for their validities.

Result: Two clinical trials, one case report, and thirty-two animal studies were qualitatively reviewed. Echinacea purpurae extract (in anterior uveitis) and curcuma displayed high efficacy in inactive case proportion: 85.70% and 81.48%, respectively. Steroid-free duration in Echinacea adjuvant group was significantly longer than steroid group (p<0.05). Herbal intervention in experimental model consisted of eight herbal preparation, fourteen herbal extracts, and eighteen herbal components, with decreased aqueous flare measurement and clinical scoring, and no mortality. Review on animal models proposed an involvement of both innate and adaptive immunity in herbs mechanisms.

Conclusion: Echinacea and curcumin showed good potencies, while Gardeniae fructus, Scutellariae radix, Berberis aristata, and Yanyankang were potential to be continued as clinical trial. Studies with higher level of evidence and lower risk of bias are still needed. There were still lack of safety data. The proposed mechanisms were a good foundation to design further research."

"Latar Belakang: Karies merupakan penyakit kronis infeksius yang telah tersebar luas secara global. Streptococcus mutans dianggap sebagai patogen utama yang bertanggung jawab atas perkembangannya. Karena itu, bakteri Streptococcus mutans umumnya menjadi target utama dalam pencegahan karies. Reduksi jumlah S. mutans dengan berbagai tindakan pencegahan seperti kemoprofilaksis dapat menyebabkan penurunan signifikan dari terjadinya karies gigi. Obat kumur merupakan salah satu kemoprofilaksis dengan sarana penghantaran antibakteri yang aman dan efektif. Chlorhexidine telah terbukti menjadi agen kemoprofilaktik yang efektif terhadap S. mutans. Namun, chlorhexidine juga telah dilaporkan menunjukkan banyak kekurangan dan keterbatasan dalam penggunaannya sehingga diperlukan antibakteri alternatif yang lebih aman dan efektif, salah satunya berupa obat kumur herbal. Penggunaan antibakteri berbahan alami mungkin juga dapat membantu mengontrol spesies yang resisten terhadap antibakteri sintetik. Tujuan: Systematic review ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi literatur ilmiah yang relevan untuk menganalisis perbandingan efek antibakteri obat kumur herbal dan chlorhexidine terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan secara online hingga bulan Desember 2020 melalui tiga electronic database, yaitu PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Scopus menggunakan pedoman PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) sebagai panduan penulisan. Hasil: Penelusuran literatur mengidentifikasi sebanyak tiga studi yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2013-2017. Dari ketiganya, dua studi menunjukkan obat kumur herbal memberikan efek antibakteri yang serupa dengan chlorhexidine, dan satu studi menunjukkan obat kumur herbal memberikan efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans yang lebih efektif daripada chlorhexidine. Kesimpulan: Obat kumur herbal dapat menunjukkan efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans yang serupa atau lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan chlorhexidine.

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Background: Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease that still remains a major oral health problem worldwide. Streptococcus mutans is considered to be a major causative agent of dental caries. Thus, prevention of dental caries generally targets Streptococcus mutans. Reduction of Streptococcus mutans by various preventive measures such as chemoprophylaxis have shown a significant reduction in dental caries. Among the various antibacterial delivery systems, mouthwashes are one of the safest and effective vehicles. Chlorhexidine mouthwash has been shown to be an effective chemoprophylactic agent against Streptococcus mutans. However, it has also been reported to possess certain drawbacks and limitations in its use. This indicates a safer and more effective alternative antibacterial agent is needed, one of which is herbal mouthwash. The use of natural antibacterials may also help control species that are resistant to synthetic antibacterials. Objective: This systematic review mainly aimed to evaluate relevant scientific literature in the interest of analyzing the antibacterial effect of herbal mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: Online literature searching was carried out until December 2020 through three electronic databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) guidelines as a guide. Results: Three eligible studies published in 2013-2017 were identified. Among the three studies, two showed that herbal mouthwash provides an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans similar to chlorhexidine while the other one showed herbal mouthwash provides a more effective antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans in comparison to chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Herbal mouthwash may exhibit similar or superior antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans compared to chlorhexidine"