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"Telah dilakukan sintesis katoda LiFePO4 dengan penambahan variasi Vanadium sebagai bahan aditif. Dalam penelitian ini bubuk LiFePO4 dibuat dengan LiOH, NH4H2PO4, dan FeSO4.7H2O sesuai stoikiometri melalui proses hidrotermal. Pada tahapan berikutnya, dilakukan pencampuran pelarut dan bubuk H4NO3V sebagai variasi dari katoda aktif bahan dan karbon hitam sebanyak 4% wt. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses hidrotermal untuk membentuk LiFePO4 murni dengan warna abu-abu terang. Setelah proses sintering, didapatkan hasil berwarna abu-abu gelap sebagai karakteristik partikel LiFePO4. Bahan katoda LiFePO4 murni disintesis pada suhu 180 °C dalam autoclave dengan waktu penahanan selama 20 jam dan selanjutnya disintering 750 °C dengan penahanan selama 4 jam. Hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan analisis termal (STA), difraksi sinar-X (XRD), mikroskop elektron (SEM), dan sifat listrik melalui spektroskopi impendansi (EIS). Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa temperatur pembentukan LiFePO4 dari uji STA adalah antara 653,8 – 750,0 °C. Hasil XRD menunjukkan LiFePO4 memiliki struktur olivin dengan grup ruang ortorombik, sementara hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa LiFePO4 berbentuk bulat dan teraglomerasi. Hasil uji EIS menghasilkan nilai impedansi atau hambatan sebesar 158 Ω untuk LiFePO4 murni hasil sintesis dan 59 Ω untuk LiFePO4 dengan doping vanadium 5%.

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Vanadium-doped LiFePO4 used as cathode for lithium ion battery has been suscessfully synthesized. In this work, LiFePO4 was synthesizwed from LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O at stoichiometric amount through a hydrothermal method. Vanadium was added in the forms of H4NO3V powder at concentration variations and 4% wt carbon black. The hydrothermal process has been successfully carried out to form a pure LiFePO4 with a light gray color. After the sintering process, a dark gray powder as the characteristics of LiFePO4 particles were obtain. Pure LiFePO4 was synthesized at 180 °C in an autoclave for 20 hours and was sintered at 750 °C for 4 hours. The craharacterization includes thermal analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscope (SEM), and electrical impendance spectroscopy (EIS). The STA results showed that LiFePO4 formation temperature is at 653.8 – 750.0 °C. The XRD results showed LiFePO4 are having olivine structure with orthorhombic space group, whereas the SEM results showed that LiFePO4 has round shape with agglomerated microstructure. EIS test results showed impedance of 158 Ω for pure LiFePO4 and 59 Ω for LiFePO4 doped 5% vanadium."

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan sumber energi elektrik yang ramah lingkungan. Penambahan Ni komposit dalam baterai berbasis Li-ion dapat meningkatan performa dari baterai LiFePO4. Dalam penelitian ini, LiFePO4 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3, H3PO4, dan LiOH melalui cara solid-state dan dilakukan perlakuan panas yaitu sintering. Setelah itu, prekursor dikompositkan dengan tiga variasi penambahan konten Nikel dalam % berat, yaitu 5, 7 dan 10% melalui metode solid-state dengan ball mill diberi label LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni dan LFP/10-Ni. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) is a promising candidate as an environmental friendly electric energy sources. The addition of Nickel composite in Lithium-ion battery based can enhance the performance of LiFePO4 batteries. In this experiment, LiFePO4 was synthesized using Fe2O3, H3PO4, and LiOH by solid-state method and heat treated with sintering process. After that, the precursor were composited with the various Nickel composition, in % wt, 5, 7.5 and 10% with solid-state method by using ball mill and labeled as LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni and LFP/10-Ni respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of Nickel addition on structure and morphology of the resulting samples."

"Telah dilakukan proses sintesis metode hidrotermal untuk membuat katoda LiFePO4 dengan variasi penambahan unsur vanadium dan pelapisan dengan dua jenis sumber karbon. Pada penelitian ini, pembuatan material aktif LiFePO4 diawali dengan pencampuran bahan-bahan dasar LiOH, NH4H2PO4, dan FeSO4.7H2O sesuai stoikiometri. Setelah proses sintesis, dilakukan penambahan unsur vanadium yang berasal dari bubuk H4NO3V sebagai variasi dari material aktif katoda dan dua jenis sumber karbon, yaitu karbon aktif dari bambu dan karbon hitam masing-masing sebanyak 2 wt. Bahan-bahan tersebut dicampur dengan menggunakan ball-mill dan selanjutnya dilakukan karakterisasi analisis termal dengan STA untuk menentukan temperatur sintering. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa temperatur pembentukan LiFePO4 adalah sekitar 639°C. Kemudian dilakukan proses sintering selama 4 jam dan setelahnya dilakukan karakterisasi dengan menggunakan difraksi sinar-X XRD dan mikroskop elektron SEM. Hasil karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa LiFePO4/V/C terbentuk struktur olivin, sementara hasil SEM LiFePO4/V/C menunjukkan persebaran yang cukup merata serta ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil dan beberapa teraglomerat. Dilanjutkan dengan proses pembuatan baterai dari bahan sintesis dan diuji melalui spektroskopi impedansi EIS untuk menunjukkan konduktivitas. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pelapisan karbon pada material aktif meningkatkan konduktivitas yang cukup tinggi, namun saat penambahan vanadium konduktivitas menurun drastis.

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Synthesis of hydrothermal methods has been made to prepare LiFePO4 cathodes with variations in the addition of vanadium elements and coatings with two types of carbon sources. In this study, the preparation of LiFePO4 beguns with the precursor of LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O according to stoichiometry. After the synthesized, the addition of vanadium elements from H4NO3V powder as a variation of the cathode active material and two types of carbon sources, the activated carbon from bamboo and carbon black respectively 2 wt. The materials were mixed using a ball mill and subsequently characterized the thermal analysis with STA to determine the sintering temperature. The result shows that LiFePO4 formation temperature is at 639°C. Then sintering process is done for 4 hours and afterwards characterization is done by using X ray diffraction XRD and electron microscope SEM.

The result of characterization with XRD shows that LiFePO4 V C phase formed olivine structure, while the SEM result of LiFePO4 V C shows fairly even distribution and smaller particle size and some agglomerated microstructure. The batteries were prepared from the as synthesized materials and was tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS to show the conductivity. The results show that carbon coating on the active material increases the high conductivity, while the addition of vanadium conductivity decreases dramatically."

"Telah dilakukan sintesis LiFePO4/C sebagai material katoda baterai lithium ion dengan menggunakan metode hidrotermal dari bahan LiOH, NH4H2PO4, FeSO4.7H2O, carbon black dan sukrosa. Proses hidrotermal dilakukan pada suhu reaktor 180⁰C dengan lama waktu penahanan 20 jam. Penambahan karbon dilakukan dengan 2 cara. Pertama menggunakan sukrosa sebagai sumber karbon yang dilarutkan bersama prekusor dan kedua menggunakan carbon black yang ditambahkan setelah proses hidrotermal sebelum proses kalsinasi. Temperatur kalsinasi divariasikan pada 500, 600 dan 750⁰C selama 5 jam. Proses dekomposisi termal dianalisis menggunakan DTA-TGA analyzer, karakterisasi fasa dilakukan dengan XRD, morfologi dengan SEM/EDX, nilai konduktifitas dan kapasitansi material dengan LCR-EIS, dan performa baterai dengan pengujian charge-discharge menggunakan baterai analyzer. Hasil LiFePO4/C yang murni berbentuk flake berhasil disintesis dengan penambahan carbon black 5 wt%, sedangkan untuk penambahan karbon melalui pelarutan sukrosa masih terdapat pengotor Fe3(PO4)2 pada hasil kalsinasi. Temperatur kalsinasi optimal adalah 750⁰C dengan ukuran kristalit 39,7 nm, tebal butiran flake 80 nm dan besar butiran rata-rata 427 nm. Konduktifitas LiFePO4 murni terukur 5 x 10-7 S/cm dan konduktifitas LiFePO4/C adalah 2,23 x 10-4 S/cm yang dihasilkan dari sampel dengan tambahan carbon black 5wt% kalsinasi 750⁰C. Dari pengujian charge/discharge didapatkan siklus terbaik dihasilkan oleh sampel LiFePO4/C yang dikalsinasi 750⁰C yang stabil dengan tegangan 3,3-3,4 V, kapasitas spesifik dihasilkan pada 0,1 C = 11,6 mAh/g ; 0,3C = 10,78 mAh./g dan 0,5 C = 9,45 mAh/g.

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LiFePO4/C has been succesfully synthesized through hydrothermal method from LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O as starting materials and either carbon black or sucrose as carbon source used as cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this work, hydrothermal reaction temperature was at 180C for 20 hours.Carbon sources were added in two routes. Firstly, sucrose solution was mixed with precursor solution before hydrothermal reaction. Secondly carbon black was added after hydrothermal reaction before calcination process. Calcination temperatures were performed at 500, 600, and 750C each for 5 hours. Thermal decomposition process was analyzed using DTA-TGA analyzer, phases and morphological were characterized by using XRD and SEM/EDX measurement, conductivity and electrical capacity were characterized by EIS measurement, and batteries performance were tested with charge discharge testing by battery analyzer. Pure LiFePO4/C flake shaped was successfully synthesized with the addition of 5 wt% carbon black, while the addition of carbon through the dissolution of sucrose still contained impurity from Fe3(PO4)2 in calcination product. Optimal calcination temperature was obtained at 750⁰C with crytallite size of 39.7 nm, flake particles diameter of 80 nm with particles average length of 427 nm. Pure LiFePO4 conductivity was measured to be 5 x 10-7 S/cm and conductivity LiFePO4/C was 2.23 x 10-4 S/cm produced from samples with carbon black addition of 5 wt% and calcined at 750⁰C. Charge/discharge cycles test showed that best battery performance was obtained from the sample with carbon black of 5wt% calcined at 750⁰C, with a stable voltage 3.3 to 3.4 V, specific capacity of 0.1 C = 11.6 mAh/g ; 0.3C = 10.78 mAh./g dan 0.5 C = 9.45 mAh/g."

"Telah dilakukan sintesis LiFePO4 melalui metode hidrotermal dengan penambahan variasi vanadium dan pelapisan karbon aktif dari bambu untuk katoda baterai litium ion. Pada sintesis LiFePO4, bahan dasar yang digunakan adalah serbuk LiOH, NH4H2PO4 dan FeSO4.7H2O yang diukur sesuai stokiometri dengan perbandingan molar 2:1:1. Setelah proses sintesis, dilakukan penambahan variasi vanadium yang berbahan dasar H4NO3V dan pelapisan karbon aktif yang berasal dari bambu sebanyak 4 wt. Pencampuran dilakukan menggunakan ball-mill lalu dikarakterisasi menggunakan analisis termal STA untuk menentukan temperatur sintering. Hasil STA menunjukkan bahwa transisi fasa mulai terjadi pada temperatur 639°C yang kemudian menjadi acuan untuk menentukan proses sintering. Hasil sintering selanjutnya dikarakterisasi menggunakan difraksi sinar-X XRD, mikroskop elektron SEM, dan spektroskopi impedansi EIS. Hasil karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa LiFePO4 yang terbentuk memiliki struktur berbasis olivin dengan grup ruang ortorombik serta terjadi pergeseran puncak akibat penambahan vanadium. Hasil SEM menunjukan morfologi LiFePO4 yang teraglomerasi, meskipun berkurang seiring meningkatnya kadar vanadium. Hasil uji EIS menunjukan bahwa terjadi peningkatan konduktivitas dari 2.02x10-5 S/cm pada 0 menjadi 4.37x10-5 S/cm pada 5 vanadium. Hal yang sama juga terjadi dengan adanya karbon sintesis dari gula namun pelapisan karbon aktif dari bambu menghasilkan konduktivitas yang lebih baik.

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LiFePO4 synthesis process has been carried out by hydrothermal method followed by vanadium doping and bamboo activated carbon coating for lithium ion battery cathode. In the LiFePO4 synthesis process, precursor of LiOH, NH4H2PO4 and FeSO4.7H2O was measured according to stoichiometry with 2 1 1 molar ratio. The synthesis process is produced powder LiFePO4 pure light gray.The as synthesized LiFePO4 was then mixed with H4NO3V powder and activated carbon from bamboo as much as 4 wt. Then characterized by thermal analysis STA to determine sintering temperature. The STA results show that the transition temperature starts to occur at 639°C which is then used as sintering process. The sintering results were further characterized using X ray diffraction XRD , electron microscopy SEM , and impedance spectroscopy EIS.

The results of characterization by XRD show that the LiFePO4 phase formed has an olivine based structure with orthorhombic groups and a peak shift due to the addition of vanadium. The SEM results show the agglomerated lithium morphology of LiFePO4, although it decreases with increasing levels of vanadium. The result of EIS test showed that there was an increase of conductivity from 2.02x10 5 S cm at 0 to 4.37x10 5 S cm in 5 vanadium. The same is true of the carbon synthesis of sugars but the activated carbon from bamboo as a coating produces better conductivity. "

"Telah dilakukan penelitian sintesa Li4Ti5O12 untuk aplikasi komponen anoda pada baterai lithium keramik. Sintesa dilakukan dengan metoda SSR (solid state reaction) dari bahan serbuk Li2CO3 dan TiO2. Percobaan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan optimasi parameter sintesa, yaitu dengan melakukan variasi suhu sinter dan lama waktu penahanan sinter. Proses diawali dengan kalsinasi pada suhu 700oC selama 1 jam. Kemudian dilakukan penggerusan dengan mortal hingga lolos 200 mesh. Sebelum disinter terlebih dahulu serbuk dipastakan dalam larutan metanol 99% sebagai pendispersi sehingga diharapkan campuran homogen. Variasi suhu sinter dilakukan pada suhu 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C dan 950°C masingmasing selama 2 jam. Sedangkan variasi waktu dilakukan pada suhu sinter 850°C dengan variasi waktu 1jam, 4 jam dan 8 jam. Identifikasi fasa yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan XRD, struktur mikro dengan SEM/EDX, konduktifitas grain dan grain boundary dengan spektrum impedansi AC. Untuk mengetahui porositas dan densitas dilakukan untuk pengujian dengan mengacu pada standar ASTM C 20-92. Sifat mekanik bahan dipelajari dari uji kekerasan mikrohardness dengan metoda Vickers. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan konduktifitas listrik tertinggi adalah ~ 1.0 10-7 S/cm dihasilkan dari suhu 850oC selama 2 jam. Prototip baterai lithium keramik telah dibuat LTO/LATP/LMO dengan tambahan elektrolit LiClO4. Tegangan sel mampu mencapai 2.5 V pada first charging, sementara pengujian kapasitas charge/discharge menunjukkan kapasitas discharge maksimal hanya 7%. Sel baterai juga menunjukkan gejala self discharge.

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Li4Ti5O12 as anode material for lithium ceramic battery has been synthesized. Synthesis has been done by solid state reaction (SSR) method with the powder of Li2CO3 and TiO2 as starting materials. Research has been done to get optimum parameters during the synthesizing anode material by varying sinter temperature and time. Synthesis of anode material was initiated by calcination process, where the mixture of Li2CO3 and TiO2 was heated at 700oC for 1 hour. The obtained material from this step was further ground and sieved 200 mesh. Methanol with a purity of 99% was added to the powder after grinding. The purpose of this step is to get a homogene mixture. The sinter process of this homogene mixture was done by heating this material with temperature variation of 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C and 950°C for 2 hours each. Varying sinter time of 1, 4, and 8 hours was done during sintering anode material at 850°C. The obtained phases from sintering was done by XRD, microstructure by SEM/EDX, and conductivity of grain and grain boundary by AC Impedance Spectroscopy. The porosity and density of the obtained material were determined, referring to ASTM C 20-92 standard measurement. The mechanical property was studied by microhardness with vickers method. This research showed that the anode material has a high electrical conductivity around 1.0 10-7 S/cm by sintering at 850oC for 2 hours. Prototype of lithium ceramic battery LTO/LATP/LMO was made with an addition of LiClO4. Battery performance was analyzed by charge/discharge capacity test. Cell voltage at first cycle was excellently reach about 2.5 Volt. It showed that the maximum discharge capacity of the cell was only 7% from charge capacity. The cell also showed a self discharge phenomenon."

"Litium-Ferrous-Fosfat, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFP akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3 melalui cara solid-state dengan bantuan H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O. Setelah itu, nikel akan ditambahkan ke LFP secara komposit. Penambahan konten glukosa sebagai sumber karbon akan dilakukan dengan tiga variasi, 6%, 8% dan 10%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek variasi konten karbon pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium-iron-phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is one of promising candidate in development of battery cathode. In this experiment, the LFP will be synthesize using Fe2O3, H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O as precursors through solid-state process. Nickel will be added to the LFP/C to improve the properties of LFP/C. The addition of varies glucose content as a carbon source will be done, 6%, 8% and 10%. Material characterization of the samples will be done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the effect of glucose content on the material structure and morphology."

"Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui proses sintesis Li4Ti5O12 dengan struktur nanorod dan metode pembuatan komposit dari LTO nanorod dan unsur Sn dengan variasi jumlah Sn sebesar 5 , 10 , 15 . Sintesis LTO dilakukan dengan mensintesis TiO2 prekursor menggunakan proses sol ndash; gel, kemudian prekursor sol ndash; gel yang diperoleh akan dilakukan perlakuan hidrotermal dengan larutan NaOH 10M pada suhu 180oC selama 24 jam untuk memperoleh struktur nanorod, prekursor TiO2 nanorod akan dicampur dengan LiOH agar membentuk LTO nanorod. LTO nanorod kemudian dicampur dengan Sn untuk meningkatkan konduktivitas dan kapasitas LTO. Serbuk ini akan menjadi material aktif untuk anoda baterai litium ion. Untuk mengkarakterisasi produk sintesis dilakukan pengujian XRD, SEM EDS, dan pengujian performa baterai EIS, CV, dan CD. Hasil pengujian SEM menunjukan produk yang diperoleh memiliki struktur nanopartikel hasil struktur nanorod yang rusak akibat proses sintesis yang dilakukan, sedangkan pengujian CV menunjukan terjadi pergeseran nilai tegangan dan peningkatan nilai kapasitas LTO dibanding penelitian sebelumnya, peningkatan ini disebabkan struktur nano yang dimiliki sampel, sedangkan pergeseran nilai tegangan mengindikasikan terjadi microalloying yang akan meningkatkan voltase sel baterai.

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This research purpose is to know the process for synthesizing Li4Ti5O12 with nanorod structure and the method to create the composite of this Li4Ti5O12 with Sn powder with variation in the added amount of Sn powder is 5 , 10 , and 15 wt. Synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 is done through synthesizing TiO2 precursor with sol gel method, then these obtained precursors is treated hydrothermally in NaOH 10M solution for 24 hours at 180oC. This treatment purpose is to obtain nanorod structure in TiO2. The obtained nanorod precursor then mixed with LiOH to obtain Li4Ti5O12 with nanorod structure. These nanorod is mixed with Sn to improve the conductivity and capacity of Li4Ti5O12. The obtained powder then become the active material for Lithium Battery Anode. To characterize the synthesis products, several testing is done, which include XRD characterization, SEM EDS characterization, and battery performance testing, which consist of EIS, CV, and CD.

The result of SEM characterizations shows that the obtained product has nanoparticle structure which originated from damaged nanorod structures, this damage is caused by synthesis process done to the samples. Meanwhile the cyclic voltammetry testing shows a shift in reaction voltage and improvement in capacity compared to previous research, this improvement is caused by nano structure owned by the samples in current research, meanwhile the shift in voltage indicate microalloying is happened and will result in bigger battery cell voltage."

"[Telah dilakukan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 dengan metode penambahan material logam nano Cu dan CNTs. Metode ini menjadi pilihan yang menarik karena mudah dan murah dalam proses pembuatannya. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur serbuk LiFePO4 (komersil) dengan variasi presentase berat nano tembaga (komersil) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % dan 5 wt. % nano karbon (komersil)kemudian di proses vacuum mixing dan film applicator. Pengujian XRD, SEM dan EDX dilakukan pada serbuk yang diterima untuk mengkonfirmasi fasa, ukuran butir serta ada tidaknya impurities. Hasil XRD dan EDX pada serbuk nano Cu menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi oksidasi dan terbentuk menjadi CuO dan Cu2O, serta ditemukanadanya impurities elemen S sebesar 8.5 wt. %. Komposisi fasa yang dihasilkan dari proses penambahan didapat dari menganalisis pola difraksi XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalahLiFePO4 namun ditemukan adanya impurities berupa Cu4O3 pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, dan 10 wt. % PVDF. Konduktivitas listrik diuji material katoda LiFePO4 dengan EIS, dan hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 meningkat seiiring dengan penambahan nano Cu namun tidak terlalu signifikan (dalam satu orde), hal ini dikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu.Pada variasi penambahan nano C dan nano Cu terjadi peningkatan sebesar 3 orde dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 8.4 x 10-5 S/cm pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C. Penambahan nano karbon pada LiFePO4 lebih efektif dalam peningkatan konduktivitas dibandingkan dengan penambahan nano Cudikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu yang tidak dapat dihindari. Morfologi material katoda dan distribusi nano Cu dan nano karbon dianalisis menggunakan SEM/EDX, menunjukkan material yang dicampur pada variasi penambahan nano Cu cukup homogen, struktur butir spherical, sedangkan pada variasi penambahan nano Cu dannano karbon struktur butir polyhedral dengan ukuran butir berada pada rentang 100- 500 nm. Struktur butir ini mempengaruhi hasil cole plot dimana pada variasi penambahan Cu terbentuk semicircle sedangkan pada penambahan nano C tidak;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding Cu Nano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive option because it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentage by weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs (commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD, SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and the presence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powder showed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discovered the existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzing the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found any impurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode material was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on the same order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano C and Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The addition of CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode material morphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX, showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous, spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTs structures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects the grain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formed semicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not., Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.]"

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP - LiFePO4) adalah salah satu jenis katoda dalam baterai lithium-ion. LFP memiliki struktur olivine yang membuat katoda ini bersifat stabil. Bahan pembentuk LFP tergolong murah dan LFP dapat digunakan untuk jangka panjang berkat cycle rate yang tinggi. Namun, dalam aplikasinya katoda ini memiliki konduktifitas dan kapasitas yang rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis LFP akan menggunakan metode ball-milling yang dibantu dengan ultrasonic treatment yang akan mengurangi ukuran partikel dan mempercepat penguraian precursor Fe2O3, mengakibatkan peningkatan kapasitas pada siklus tinggi. Penambahan bubuk nikel dengan jumlah 7.5%wt merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan konduktifitas dan kapasitas LFP yang rendah. Selain itu, penggunaan bubuk nikel juga merupakan opsi yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan menggunakan bahan aditif lainnya. Penelitian ini akan membandingkan LFP/C, LFP/Ni, dan dua sampel yang sama dengan penambahan metode ultrasonic. Pengamatan SEM dan XRD membuktikan bahwa dengan ultrasonic treatment partikel menjadi lebih halus dan nikel berhasil masuk ke LFP sebagai reinforcing composite.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP - LiFePO4) is one type of cathode in a lithium-ion battery. LFP has an olivine structure which makes this a stable cathode. LFP precursors are relatively cheap and LFP can be used for the long term thanks to its high cycle rate due to the olivine structure. However, in its application this cathode has low conductivity and capacity. In this research, LFP synthesis will use a ball-milling method which is assisted by ultrasonic treatment which will reduce particle size and accelerate the dissolution of Fe2O3 precursors, resulting in increased capacity at higher cycles. The addition of 7.5%wt of nickel powder is one way to increase conductivity and low LFP capacity. In addition, the use of nickel powder is also a cheaper alternative compared to using other additives. This study will compare LFP/C, LFP/Ni, and the same two samples with the addition of the ultrasonic method. SEM and XRD observations has proven that ultrasonic treatment has made the particle size become smoother and nickel successfully enters the LFP as a reinforcing composite."