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"Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi doping Asam Perklorat terhadap sifat dielektrik Polianilin. Sintesis PANi konduktif dilakukan melalui serangkaian proses terdiri dari reaksi oksidatif kimiawi untuk melangsungkan proses polimerisasi selama 8 jam dengan hasil berupa PANi Emeraldin (PANi-ES). Tahapan proses sintesis PANi-ES ini diikuti dengan tahapan deprotonisasi untuk membentuk PANi basa atau PANi emeraldin-base (PANi-EB). Tahapan sintesis akhir adalah berupa tahapan untuk menimbulkan sifat konduktifitas listrik PANi melalui doping asam kuat perklorat (HClO4) dengan cara mencampurkan PANi-EB sebanyak 8 gram kedalam larutan asam perklorat dengan variasi fraksi volume 80-200 ml/l. Proses pengeringan PANi melaui metode pengeringan vakum mengambil waktu 1 minggu. Selama proses polimerisasi berlangsung dilakukan pengukuran temperatur larutan, perubahan pH dan viskositas serta ukuran rata-rata partikel PANi. Sampel yang terbuat dari PANi hasil sintesis tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan spektrofotometer FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), LCR (Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), Resistance (R)) meter , PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), dan VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi, konduktivitas, ukuran partikel, dan daya serap gelombang mikro dengan rentang frekuensi tertentu (8-12 GHz). Hasil karakterisasi berdasarkan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Polianilin (PANi) yang telah terdoping asam protonik (terprotonasi) telah menjadi polimer konduktif dan memiliki karakteristik puncak pita serapan IR pada bilangan gelombang antara 1325 cm-1 sampai 1575 cm-1. Ukuran partikel rata-rata Polianilin hasil sintesis adalah 20,7-36,24 mikrometer. Polianilin yang memiliki konduktivitas listrik tertinggi yaitu Polianilin dengan doping asam protonik HClO4 yang konsentrasinya 200 mL/L sebesar 5,2 mS/cm dan memiliki daya serapan gelombang mikro -3,45 dB pada frekuensi 10,44 GHz.

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Results of a study which aimed at to determine the effect of concentration of Perchloric Acid to the dielectric properties of Polyaniline are reported. In this study, conductive PANi was synthesized through a series of chemical oxidative reactions to carry out the polymerization process for 8 hours, which resulted in a PANi Emeraldin (PANi-ES). The synthesize processes of PANi-ES were followed by de-protonisation stage to form emeraldin-base PANi (PANi-EB). The final stage of conductive PANi was a protonisation stage to generate the electrical conductivity in synthesized PANi. This physical property was obtained through doping treatment by mixing between PANi-EB of 8 grams in mass and Perchloric Acid solution of 80-200 ml/l volume fractions. The drying process of conductive PANi was carried out through a vacuum drying method which required at least 1 week duration. During the polymerization process taking place, the temperature, a change in pH and viscosity as well as the mean size of the particles of solution were evaluated. The synthesized PANi were characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), LCR (Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), Resistance (R)) meter, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), and VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) to determine the functional groups, electrical conductivity, mean particle size, and the absorption of microwaves in the specific frequency range (8-12 GHz). According to the test results, it is shown that Polyaniline (PANi) doped by protonic acid (protonated) became a conductive polymer characterized by infra-red absorption peaks at wave numbers between 1325 cm-1 and 1575 cm-1. The mean particle size of changed from each starting from 20.7 to 36.24 micrometers during polymerization. PANi which has the highest electrical conductivity (5.2 mS/cm) was obtained in polyaniline which doped by HClO4 of 200 ml/L volume fraction. It has a reflection loss value of -3,45 dB at the frequency 10,44 GHz."

"Polianilin PANi adalah salah satu polimer konduktif yang paling banyak dipelajari. Pada penelitian ini, PANi telah berhasil disintesis melalui reaksi polimerisasi oksidatif kimia yang dilangsungkan pada 3 temperatur larutan berbeda yaitu masing-masing pada 17 0C, 27 0C dan 57 0C. Selama proses polimerisasi anilin berjalan terlihat adanya peningkatan temperatur larutan meskipun tidak signifikan sehingga selama durasi 500 menit reaksi berjalan, temperatur larutan relatif sama. Hasil dari reaksi polimerisasi oxidatif adalah berupa emeraldine base polyaniline atau PANi-EB. Struktur PANi dikonfirmasi dengan FTIR ditandai dengan adanya vibrasi stretching C-N bilangan gelombang 1144 cm-1 dan vibrasi stretching C=C dari benzenoid pada bilangan gelombang 1493 cm-1. Sifat konduktif PANi diperoleh melalui pemberian protonasi menggunakan asam kuat masing-masing HCl dan HClO4. Diperoleh hasil, nilai konduktivitas PANi-EB sebesar 0,92-4,67 x 10-6 S/cm. Nilai konduktivitas ini mengalami peningkatan 102 kali pasca doping menggunakan HCl dan 106 kali pasca doping HClO4. Nilai konduktivitas listrik tertinggi adalah sebesar 4,678 S/cm. Semua PANi hasil sintesis memiliki kemampuan penyerapan gelombang elektromagnetik pada rentang frekuensi 10 GHz-15 GHz. Nilai RL tertinggi sekitar -11 dB pada frekuensi 10,5 GHz dan 12.5 GHz diperoleh dari PANi-EB hasil polimerasi pasca deprotonasi.

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Polyaniline PANi is one of the most studied conductive polymers. In this study, PANi has been successfully synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization reactions that were carried out at 3 different solution temperatures, respectively at 17 0C, 27 0C and 57 0C. During the aniline polymerization reaction, there was an increase in the temperature of the solution, although not significant, hence, during a duration of 500 minutes reaction time, the solution temperature was relatively un changed. Polymerization reaction has resulted PANi in the form of emeraldine base polyaniline or PANi EB. The formation of PANi was confirmed by FTIR, which characterized by vibration stretching C N at wave number 1144 cm 1 and vibration stretching C C of benzenoid at wave number 1493 cm 1. The conductive property of PANi was obtained through doping by a protonation using strong acids HCl and HClO4. It was found that conductivity value PANi EB was 0.92 4.67 x 10 6 S cm. This conductivity value increased 102 times after doped with HCl and 106 times after doped with HClO4. The highest electrical conductivity value was 4.678 S cm. All synthesized PANi has the ability to absorb electromagnetic waves in the frequency range 10 GHz 15 GHz. The highest RL values of about 11 dB at frequencies 10.5 GHz and 12.5 GHz were obtained from PANi EB."

"Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan sintesis PANi konduktif melalui serangkaian proses terdiri dari reaksi oksidatif kimiawi untuk melangsungkan proses polimerisasi selama 8 jam dengan hasil berupa PANi Emeraldin (PANi-ES). Tahapan proses sintesis PANi-ES ini diikuti dengan tahapan deprotonisasi untuk membentuk PANi basa atau PANi emeraldin-base (PANi-EB). Tahapan sintesis akhir adalah berupa tahapan untuk menimbulkan sifat konduktifitas listrik PANi melalui doping asam lemah CH3COOH dengan cara mencampurkan PANi-EB sebanyak 8 gram kedalam 40-160 ml larutan asam asetat. Proses pengeringan PANi melaui metode pengeringan vakum mengambil waktu 1 minggu. Selama proses polimerisasi berlangsung dilakukan pengukuran temperatur larutan, perubahan pH dan viskositas serta ukuran rata-rata partikel PANi. Keberhasilan sintesis Pani konduktif diindikasikan oleh spektrum FTIR dan pengukuran nilai konduktifitas listriknya. Hasil evaluasi kedua indikator tersebut menujukkan bahwa semua PANI yang telah didoping memiliki puncak karakteristik transmisi IR antara lain pada angka gelombang 3000, 1500, 1400, 1300 dan 800 cm-1. Sedangkan konduktifitas listrik yang diperoleh dari PANi-EB sebesar 0,18 S/cm meningkat drastis menjadi 459, 955, 1158 dan 864 S/cm setelah didoping dengan asam lemah CH3COOH dengan ratio antara PANi dan asam berturut-turut adalah 1:5; 1:10; 1:15 dan 1:20. PANi hasil sintesis melalui proses polimerisasi dan doping asam lemah ini bersifat dielektrik dengan nilai permitivitas listriknya adalah ε'= 0.01 ≤ ε ≤ 18 dan ε"=0.01 ≤ ε ≤17 dalam rentang frekuensi 8-12 GHz. Sebagai konsekuensi sifat dielektrik, PANi hasil sintesis memiliki kemampuan menyerap gelombang elektromagnetik, meskipun pada jangkau frekuensi pengujian, nilai Reflection Loss (RL) yang baik diperoleh pada PANi dengan nilai konduktifitas yang rendah.

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In this study, conductive PANi has been synthesized through a series of chemical oxidative reactions to carry out the polymerization process for 8 hours, which resulted in a PANi Emeraldin (PANi-ES). The synthesize processes of PANi-ES were followed by de-protonisation stage to form emeraldin-base PANi (PANi-EB). The final stage of conductive PANi was a protonisation stage to generate the electrical conductivity in synthesized PANi. This physical property was obtained through doping treatment by mixing between PANi-EB of 8 grams in mass and 40-160 ml of weak acid CH3COOH solution. The drying process of conductive PANi was carried out through a vacuum drying method which required at least 1 week duration. During the polymerization process taking place, the temperature, a change in pH and viscosity as well as the average size of the particles of solution were measured. The success of the synthesis of conductive Pani was indicated by FTIR spectrum and their respective electrical conductivity values. Results of evaluation for both indicators showed that all doped PANI have an infra-red spectrum characteristic of PANi indicated by absorptions at wave numbers 3000, 1500, 1400, 1300 dan 800cm-1. Whereas the electrical conductivity value obtained from PANi-EB was 0,18 S/cm. This value was increased dramatically to 459; 955, 1158 and 864 S/cm after doped by a weak acid CH3COOH with the ratio between PANi and acid, respectively is 1: 5; 1:10; 1:15 and 1:20. Hence, the synthesized PANi through polymerization and doping with the weak acid solution has resulted in the dielectric materials with a typical of the electric permittivity value ε'= 0.01 ≤ ε ≤ 18 and ε"=0.01 ≤ ε ≤17 in the frequency range of 8-12 GHz. Consequently, the Synthesized PANi has the ability to absorb electromagnetic waves, though the value of Reflection Loss (RL) which obtained in current frequency low was relatively low."

"ABSTRAKPolianilin PANI telah disintesis melalui metode polimerisasi oksidatif Anilin secara kimiawi dengan Ammonium Peroksidisulfat APS sebagai inisiator. Dilakukan dengan sistem penetesan, dijaga laju tetes dan diberi pengadukan stirer selama 8 jam pada suhu ruang 28?C . Kemudian hasil polimerisasi berupa Polianilin garam emeraldin PANI-ES diberi perlakukan dedoping, sehingga menjadi Polianilin basa emeraldin PANI-EB . Setelah itu, PANI-EB diberi perlakukan doping protonasi dengan asam protonik CHOOH, HNO3 HCl, HClO4 dengan metode pengadukan selama 10 jam pada suhu ruang. Setiap protonasi menggunakan skala 1:10 untuk PANI-EB dan dopan asam protonic di dalam reaktor. Kemudian, sempurnanya proses polimerisasi ditandai dengan meningkatnya ukuran partikel hingga 54.716 m pada menit ke-270, tercapainya viskositas hingga 1.87 mPa pada waktu yang sama dan perubahan suhu terjadi selama proses polimerisasi. Indicator tersebut untuk menunjukkan progress perpanjangan rantai molukel polimer. Kehadiran Polianilin dikonfirmasi dengan pengujian FTIR pada masing-masing spectrum, yaitu reaksi sempurna ketika ikatan rangkap pada spektrum 3442 cm-1 hilang dan muncul molekul baru benzenoid dan quinoid pada spectrum 1300-1600 cm-1 memastikan semua molekul anilin telah berubah menjadi PANI tanpa residu didalamnya. Hal tersebut mengkonfirmasi bahwa PANI telah sukses disintesis dengan proses polimerisasi oksidatif. Sementara itu, nilai konduktivitas PANI diberikan dari asam protonic. Nilai konduktivitas PANI meningkat dengan penambahan dopan asam protock, berupa asam kuat, seperti asam Formik HCOOH , asam Nitrat HNO3 , asam Klorida HCl and asam Perklorat HClO4 , dimana nilai konduktivitas didapat berturut-turut 0.1023, 0.1220 , 291.7690 and 13496.5003 S/cm dengan diukur menggunakan LCR Meter pada arur DC. Nilai tersebut meningkat dari sebelumnya, dimana tidak ada dopan yang digunakan, menghasilkan nilai konduktivitas 0.00099 S/cm untuk PANI-EB and 4479.9371 S/cm untuk PANI ES. Maka didapat PANI-HClO4 memiliki konduktivitas terbaik. Kemudian untuk yang memiliki kemampuan serapan gelombang mikro terbaik adalah PANI-EB dengan -29.69 dB pada frekuensi 11.812 GHz, sedangkan HClO4 memiliki kemampuan serapan terburuk yaitu -2.74 dB pada frekuensi 12.400 GHz.

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ABSTRACTPolyaniline PANI has been synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer with ammonium persulphate APS as an initiator. It is prepared by keeping flow rate and stirring during 8 hours at room temperature 28 C . The first result will be obtained Polyaniline emeraldin salt PANI ES then changing to form Polyanline emeraldin base PANI EB . The stable PANI EB was doped by additional of protonic acid CHOOH, HNO3 HCl, HClO4 respectively at room temperature then keep mixing for 10 hours. The ratio was used 1 10 for each additional of protonic acid. The maximum value was obtained from this reaction of polymerization process was indicated by increasing particle size up to 54.716 m, Viscosity value reaching 1.87 mPa. s and the highest temperature was observed during the polymerization process was 33 C at 270 minutes. All those indicators indicated that there is propagation process of polymer molecule chains. The present of molecule PANI was then confirmed by their respective FTIR spectrum, i.e. the complete reaction when the double bond at 3442 cm 1 was disappearing on the spectrum using FTIR Spectrophotometer, a new species of benzoic and quinoid molecule at 1300 1600 cm 1 to ensure that all aniline molecules had been converted to be PANI with no residual inside. It is concluded that PANI has successfully synthesized through the oxidative polymerization process. The electrical conductivity value of PANI is driven by protonic acids. The conductivity value increased with the addition of protonic acids as strong acid doping agent, i.e. Formic acid HCOOH , Nitric acid HNO3 , Hydrochloric acid HCl and Perchloric acid HClO4 , whereby the conductivity level obtained were 0.1023, 0.1220 , 291.7690 and 13496.5003 S cm respectively was measured by LCR Meter at DC current. Those values are an increase from the previously obtained where no dopant was used resulting in conductivity levels of 0.00099 S cm for PANI EB and 4479.9371 S cm for PANI ES. Thus, PANI HClO4 is the best in term of the conductivity value. The best material candidate for microwave absorbing material is PANI EB, which has the highest reflection loss value of 29.69 dB at a frequency of 11.812 GHz, whereas PANI HClO4 only have 2.74 dB at a frequency of 12.400 GHz."

"Polyanilin (PANi) adalah salah satu jenis polimer konduktif yang masih mendapat perhatian besar dan menjadi subjek investigasi intensif sampai saat ini. Dalam studi ini, PANi disintesis melalui metode reaksi polimerisasi oksidatif kimia. Sampel untuk penyelidikan dipersiapkan melalui penggunaan surfaktan dengan tiga variasi yaitu, larutan reaksi tanpa menggunakan surfaktan, dengan menggunakan surfaktan sodium octylsulfate atau SOS (NaC8H17SO4) dan sodium dodecylsulfate atau SDS (NaC12H25SO4) masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 1%. Selama proses polimerisasi, data pH, viskositas, densitas, dan suhu larutan diukur secara berkala. Hasil dari reaksi adalah serbuk PANi basa emeraldin atau PANi-EB yang kemudian didoping dengan HClO4 untuk memperoleh sifat konduktivitas listrik. Semua PANi yang disintesis dievaluasi oleh FTIR, TGA, DSC, PSA dan FPP. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perpanjangan rantai karbon surfaktan tidak berkontribusi banyak terhadap peningkatan nilai konduktivitas listrik. Perpanjangan rantai karbon surfaktan hanya memengaruhi distribusi ukuran partikel. PANi konduktif dengan penambahan 1% SDS memiliki distribusi ukuran partikel dengan ukuran partikel rata-rata ~ 191 nm dan PANi konduktifif dengan penambahan 1% SOS memiliki ukuran partikel rata-rata 291 nm. Kedua nilai ini jauh lebih halus dibandingkan dengan nilai ukuran rata-rata partikel PANi bebas surfaktan (~ 723 nm). Konduktivitas listrik PANi / SOS 1% dan PANi / SDS 1% setelah didoping dengan HClO4 masing-masing adalah 1,16 S/cm dan 1,12 S/cm.

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Polyaniline (PANi) is one type of conductive polymers which still receive large attentions and being a subject of intensive investigation up to date. In this study, PANi was synthesized by a chemical oxidative polymerization reaction method. Samples for under investigation were prepared through three fixed variations during polymerization reactions respectively, using no surfactants, with surfactants of sodium octylsulfate SOS (NaC8H17SO4) and sodium dodecylsulfate SDS (NaC12H25SO4) of 1% concentration. During the polymerization process data of pH, viscosity, density and temperature of solutions were collected periodically. The result of the reaction is an emeraldine base PANi or PANi-EB, which was then doped with HClO4 for obtaining the electrical conductivity property. All synthesized PANi were evaluated by FTIR, TGA, DSC, PSA and FPP. The research work of current study concluded that the extension of carbon chain of the surfactant did not contribute much the increase in conductivity values. The extension of the surfactant carbon chain only affected the particle size distribution. Conductictive PANi with the addition of 1% SDS has a particle size distribution with a mean particle size ~ 191 nm and that of 1 % SOS has a mean particle size ~ 291 nm, which are much finer than that of 291 nm of PANi free of surfactant (~ 723 nm). The electrical conductivity of PANi / SOS 1% and PANi / SDS 1% after doped with HClO4 were respectively 1.16 S/cm and 1.12 S/cm."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan sintesis polianilin melalui polimerisasi oksidatif dengan menggunakan oksidator ammonium persulfate APS dengan metode kontinyu. Proses polimerisasi dilakukan dalam media asam kuat, HCl 1,5 M dibandingkan dengan media netral dengan variasi suhu lingkungan 20 oC, 30 oC dan 50 oC. Temperatur proses polimerisasi, pH larutan dan ukuran partikel dari polimer yang terbentuk setiap 5 menit hingga 60 menit pertama, dalam kurun waktu 8 jam. Nilai pH hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa selama pembentukan PANI tidak banyak berubah, suhu larutan selama proses relatif sama. Pertumbuhan ukuran partikel selama proses polimerisasi dalam menunjukkan adanya tahapan inisiasi, propagasi dan terminasi baik dalam media netral dan asam kuat. Dalam media netral, pertumbuhan ukuran partikel berjalan relatif lambat, dan didominasi oleh pembentukan oligomer anilin oligoanilin yang berantai pendek. Ukuran partikel rata-rata sebesar 29 ndash; 39 m diperoleh dari polimerisasi dalam kedua media. Kedua media juga menunjukkan semakin rendah temperature media semakin besar ukuran partikel yang dihasilkan. Efek doping dengan p-TSA terhadap PANI-EB dilakukan sebagai konfirmasi untuk menunjukkan penerapan dari polianilin terdoping. Diketahui bahwa semakin tinggi suhu maka konduktivitas semakin naik. Hal ini sebagai bukti polianilin terdoping bersifat sebagai semikonduktor. Semakin besar ukuran partikel dan semakin tinggi konsentrasi doping akan meningkatkan konduktivitas dan menurunkan energi gap dari PANI terdoping p-TSA yang berakibat pada penurunan serapan terhadap gelombang mikro.

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ABSTRACTThe synthesis of polyaniline was carried out by the oxidative polymerization method using ammonium persulfate APS by continuous method, in strong acid medium 1.5 M HCl and neutral medium with ambient temperature variation at 20 C, 30 C and 50 C. Measuring of the process temperature, the pH of the process solution and the particle size formation every 5 minutes to the first 60 minutes, and every hour until process has finished for 8 hours. The pH value of the measurements shows that during the formation of PANI does not change much, the temperature of the solution during the process is relatively the same. The growth of particle size during the polymerization process in indicating the presence of initiation, propagation and termination stages both in neutral and strong acid medium. In neutral media, growth of particle size formation runs relatively slowly, and it was dominated by the formation of short chain aniline oligomers oligoanilines . The average particle size of 29 39 m was obtained from polymerization in both media. Both media also show the lower the media temperature the larger the particle size have formed. The doping effect with p TSA on PANI EB was performed as a confirmation to demonstrate the application of a doped polyaniline. It is known that the higher the temperature the conductivity increases. This is a proof of polyaniline doped has behavior as semiconductor. The larger the particle size and the higher the doping concentration will increase the conductivity and decrease the gap energy of the p TSA doped PANI that decreased of microwave absorbing properties."

"Asam risinoleat adalah asam lemak tak jenuh berantai panjang yang merupakan komponen utama asam lemak dalam minyak jarak (Ricinus communis L.); turunan esternya diketahui dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengemulsi dan antibakteri dalam kosmetik. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengaruh konsentrasi asam laurat terhadap sifat pengemulsi dan potensi antibakteri dari ester asam risinoleat teroksidasi. Hidrolisis minyak jarak dengan basa KOH menghasilkan persentase rendemen sebesar 97,82%. Asam risinoleat teroksidasi dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari oksidasi minyak jarak kepyar yang terhidrolisis dan asam risinoleat komersial dengan KMnO4, yang menurunkan bilangan iod masing-masing sebanyak 5,25 mg/g dan 2,62 mg/g. Dengan bantuan ZnCl2, esterifikasi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan rasio molar asam risinoleat teroksidasi dan asam laurat menjadi 3:1, 2:1 dan 1:1. Produk yang telah diperoleh dikarakterisasikan dengan KLT dan FT-IR, lalu sifat pengemulsinya diuji. Potensinya sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab bau badan dibahas dengan mengulas berbagai artikel ilmiah yang berhubungan dengan komponen penyusun ester maupun metode uji antibakteri yang dapat digunakan.

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Ricinoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid which is the main component of fatty acid in castor oil (Ricinus communis L.); its derivatives are known for their ability as emulsifier and antibacterial in cosmetics. This research focused on the effect of lauric acid concentration on emulsifying properties and antibacterial potential from oxidized ricinoleic acid esters. Castor oil hydrolysis with KOH base had chemical yields of 97,82%. Oxidized ricinoleic acid was obtained from the oxidation of hydrolyzed castor oil and commercial ricinoleic acid with KMnO4, which lowered their iodine value by 5,25 mg/g and 2,62 mg/g, respectively. With the help of ZnCl2, esterification was done by varying the molar ratio of oxidized ricinoleic acid and lauric acid by 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1. The obtained products were characterized with TLC and FT-IR, then their emulsifying properties were examined. Their antibacterial potential on bacteria causing body odor were discussed by reviewing many scientific articles related to the building components of ester and available antibacterial testing."

"Telah disintesis polianilin PANi dengan bantuan surfaktan sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS untuk meningkatan nilai konduktivitasnya. Surfaktan yang digunakan merupakan surfaktan jenis anionik yang dapat memberikan ionnya sebagai dopan kepada polianilin sehingga memudahkan terjadinya delokalisasi elektron. Polianilin disintesis dengan metode polimerisasi oksidatif kimia menggunakan 75 gram ammonium persulfat APS yang dilarutkan pada 650 ml HCl 1,5M sebagai larutan inisiator dan 75 ml anilin yang dilarutkan pada 650 ml HCl 1,5M sebagai larutan monomer. Surfaktan SDS dilarutkan pada 200 ml HCl 1,5M dengan konsentrasi 0,25 , 0,67 , 1 dan 2. Polianilin yang telah disintesis menghasilkan bentuk basa emeraldin dan dibuat konduktif melalui proses protonasi menggunakan asam perklorat HClO4. Polianilin yang telah jadi dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, PSA dan Four Point Probe. Struktur polianilin terkonfirmasi dari hasil karakterisasi FTIR pada bilangan gelombang 1488 dan 1566 cm-1 menandakan vibrasi dari ikataran rangkap C pada cincin benzenoid dan quinoid yang merupakan puncak karakteristik dari polianilin. Nilai ukuran partikel rata-rata dari polianilin yang disintesis dengan surfaktan berkisar pada 212 ndash; 401 nm. Nilai konduktivitas polianilin yang disintesis adalah 2,12 ; 2,94 ; 3,97 dan 0,1 untuk masing-masing konsentrasi SDS. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa penambahan surfaktan anionik yaitu sodium dodecyl sulfat memberikan peningkatan pada nilai konduktivitas polianilin sekitar dua kali dari polianilin tanpa surfaktan.

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Polyaniline PANi had been synthesized assisted by sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS surfactant to increase the value of conductivity. The surfactant used in this research was an anionic type, which can give its ion as dopan for polyaniline to facilitate the delocalization of electrons. Polyaniline was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using 75 gram ammonium persulfate APS was dissolved in 650 ml HCl 1.5M as iniator solution and 75 ml aniline was dissolved in 650 ml HCl 1.5M as monomer solution. The SDS surfactant was dissolved in 200 ml HCl 1.5M with a variation of concentration 0.25 , 0.67 , 1 and 2. The synthesized polyaniline produces emeraldin base and became conductive after protonation process with percholic acid HClO4 . Polyaniline was characterized by FTIR, PSA and four point probe. The polyaniline structure was confirmed by FTIR characterization at wavenumbers 1488 and 1566 which denoting the vibrations of C, double bond at benzenoid and quinoid ring which are the characteristic peaks of polyaniline. The mean particle size of polyaniline assisted by surfactant ranging from 212 to 401 nm. The values of conductivity of polyaniline are 2.12, 2.94, 3.97 and 0.1 for each SDS concentration. From this research, it is concluded that the addition of anionic surfactant, like sodium dodecyl sulfate, increasing the conductivity value of polyaniline about two times than polyaniline without surfactants. "

"ABSTRAKTelah disintesis material polimer konduktif Polianilin (PANi) dengan menggunakanmetode polimerisasi oksidatif Anilin secara kimiawi (chemical) kemudian dilakukanpemberian doping asam protonik yang bervariasi berupa asam kuat HCl, HClO4, danH2SO4. Sampel-sampel ini kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakanspektrofotometer FTIR, Conductivity Meter, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), dan VNA(Vector Network Analyzer) untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi, nilai konduktivitas listrik,ukuran partikel, dan daya serap gelombang mikro dengan rentang frekuensi tertentu(rentang 8-12 GHz) yang terdapat pada material tersebut. Hasil karakterisasiberdasarkan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Polianilin (PANi) yang telah terdopingasam protonik (terprotonasi) atau telah menjadi polimer konduktif memilikikarakteristik puncak pita serapan IR pada bilangan gelombang antara 1141 cm-1 ?1177 cm-1. Ukuran partikel masing-masing bentuk Polianilin hasil penelitian telahmenjadi nanopartikel dengan rentang ukuran partikel masing-masing bentuk materialini mulai dari 4-9 nm. Polianilin yang memiliki konduktivitas listrik tertinggi yaituPolianilin dengan doping asam protonik HClO4 (PANi(HClO4)) sebesar 3,6 mS/cmdan memiliki serapan gelombang mikro terendah yaitu -6,98 dB pada frekuensi 11,34GHz. Nilai permitivitas terendah dimiliki oleh PANi(HClO4) akan tetapi dengan nilaipermitivitas yang rendah (dielectric constant negatif dan dielectric loss minimum)dan konduktivitas listrik yang tinggi, membuat serapan gelombang mikro kompositdengan PANi tersebut sebagai matriks akan meningkatkan jumlah serapan gelombangmikro dan meminimalisir gelombang mikro yang ditransmisikan. Serapan gelombangmikro material komposit tertinggi dimiliki oleh komposit dengan campuran PANirekayasa (PANi-ES) sebagai matriks dan Barrium Hexaferrite (BHF) yang telahdisonikasi selama 5 jam sebagai filler dengan perbandingan komposisi % berat PANirekayasa dan BHF 30 : 70. Material komposit tersebut adalah PANi(HClO4)/5BHFyang memiliki serapan gelombang mikro tertinggi yaitu -38,3 dB pada frekuensi12,28 GHz.

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ABSTRACTPolyaniline (PANi) conducting polymers have been synthesized using chemicaloxidative polymerization method on Aniline then carried granting varying protonicacid doping form strong acid HCl, HClO4, and H2SO4. These samples were thencharacterized using FTIR spectrophotometer, Conductivity Meter, PSA (Particle SizeAnalyzer), and VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) to determine the functional groups,the value of the electrical conductivity, particle size, and the absorption ofmicrowaves by a certain frequency range (range 8-12 GHz) contained in thesematerials. The results of the study showed that the characterization based onPolyaniline (PANi) which has been doped protonic acid (protonated) or has becomeconducting polymers have peaks characteristic IR absorption band at wave number of1141 cm-1-1177 cm-1. The particle size of each form of Polyaniline research hasbecome nanoparticles with a particle size range of each form of this material rangingfrom 4-9 nm. Polyaniline which has the highest electrical conductivity by dopingPolyaniline protonic acid HClO4 (PANi (HClO4)) of 3,6 mS / cm and has a lowabsorption of microwaves is -6,98 dB at a frequency of 11,34 GHz. Low permittivityvalue owned by PANi (HClO4) but with a lower value of permittivity (negativedielectric constant and minimum dielectric loss) and high electrical conductivity,making the absorption of microwaves by PANi composites such as matrix willincrease the amount of microwave absorption and minimize microwave transmitted.The highest microwave absorption of composite materials owned by the compositewith a mixture of modified PANi (PANi-ES) as a matrix and Barrium Hexaferrite(BHF) which had been sonicated for 5 hours as a filler with a composition ratio wt%modified PANi and BHF 30 : 70. The composite material is PANi(HClO4) / 5BHFwhich has the highest absorption of microwaves -38,3 dB at a frequency of 12,28GHz."

"Nikel merupakan logam hasil ekstraksi dari bijih sulfida, bijih laterit, dan batuan mineral laut dalam. Nikel banyak dibutuhkan di sektor industri logam paduan, baterai, electroplating, dan lainnya. Nikel biasanya diekstraksi dalam bentuk feronikel atau nikel murni sesuai kebutuhan industri. Bijih nikel yang paling banyak ditemukan di Indonesia merupakan mineral jenis laterit. Nikel laterit di Indonesia terbagi menjadi jenis limonit dan saprolit. Mineral jenis limonit memiliki kandungan nikel lebih rendah daripada jenis saprolit.Bijih nikel jenis saprolit biasa diolah dengan metode pirometalurgi dan jenis limonit diolah dengan metode hidrometalurgi, dimana hal ini ditentukan berdasarkan kandungan nikelnya. Proses hidrometalurgi bijih nikel laterit dilakukan dengan teknik pelindian menggunakan larutan asam sulfat pada temperatur tinggi untuk menghasilkan perolehan kadar nikel yang tinggi. Pada temperatur atmosfer, perolehan nikel bernilai rendah.Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan karakterisasi elektrokimia bijih nikel laterit menggunakan larutan asam sulfat pada temperatur atmosfer. Larutan asam sulfat yang digunakan divariasikan untuk penelitian ini dengan konsentrasi larutan 1 M, 2 M, 4 M, dan 6 M. Metodologi penelitian dilakukan dengan alur preparasi sampel dan larutan, karakterisasi dengan SEM-EDAX dan metode Petrografi, serta karakterisasi elektrokimia menggunakan metode OCP, EIS, dan LSV.Hasil dari ketiga pengujian tersebut menunjukkan laju pelarutan tertinggi terjadi pada pelarutan dengan konsentrasi 6 M. Peningkatan konsentrasi menurunkan nilai OCP pengujian. Berdasarkan uji LSV, lapisan pasif terbentuk pada pelarutan pada tiap konsentrasi. Peningkatan konsentrasi menyebabkan pemecahan lapisan pasif hingga konsentrasi 4 M, namun lapisan pasif terbentuk kembali pada peningkatan hingga 6 M berdasarkan uji EIS. Ketiga pengujian tersebut menunjukkan perilaku pelarutan meningkatnya laju pelarutan dengan penambahan konsentrasi, namun menimbulkan pembentukan kembali lapisan pasif pada konsentrasi asam melebihi 4 M.

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Nickel was an extracted metal from sulphide ore, laterite ore, and deep-sea mineral rocks. Nickel was needed in the industrial sector of alloy metal, batteries, electroplating, and others. Nickel was usually extracted in the form of pure ferronickel or nickel according to industrial needs. The nickel ore most commonly found in Indonesia was laterite type minerals. Laterite nickel in Indonesia was divided into limonite and saprolite types. Limonite minerals had lower nickel content than saprolite types.

Saprolite type nickel ore was usually processed by the pyrometallurgical method and the limonite type was processed by the hydrometallurgical method, where was determined based on the nickel content. The hydrometallurgical process of laterite nickel ore was carried out by leaching technique using a solution of sulfuric acid at high temperatures to produce high nickel content. At atmospheric temperatures, recovery of nickel was low.

Therefore, this study aimed to conduct an electrochemical caharacterization of laterite nickel ore using a solution of sulfuric acid at atmospheric temperature. The sulfuric acid solution used for this study was varied with concentration of 1 M, 2 M, 4 M, and 6 M. The research methodology flow was carried out first with sample and solution preparation, SEM-EDAX characterization and Petrographic method, and electrochemical studies using the OCP, EIS, and LSV methods.

The results showed the highest dissolution rate occurred at dissolution of 6 M concentration. The increasing concentration decreased the OCP value. Based on the LSV test, a passive layer was formed at each concentration of dissolution. Increased concentration causes the breakdown of the passive layer for adding concentration to 4 M, but the passive layer was formed again at increasing concentration up to 6 M based on the EIS test. The electrochemical characterization revealed the dissolution behavior increased the dissolution rate with the addition of concentration, but caused the formation of the passive layer again at the acid concentration exceeding 4 M."