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"Material komposit merupakan gabungan dari dua material atau lebih menjadi satu sehingga memiliki sifat-sifat baru yang diinginkan. Sifat-sifat material komposit tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh proses manufakturnya. Vacuum infusion merupakan proses manufaktur material komposit modern yang dapat menggantikan metode konvensional. Pada penelitian ini, diperoleh desain peralatan vacuum infusion untuk proses manufaktur material komposit, dengan cetakan berupa kaca yang berukuran 1x1m, wadah resin berupa tabung PVC dengan volume 1L, resin trap berupa tabung kaca dengan volume 1L, dan pompa vakum dengan daya ½ HP serta vacuum speed 7 CFM. Untuk menguji peralatan ini, dilakukan studi pengaruh variasi jumlah lapisan bahan penguat terhadap waktu infusi resin. Luas dan jumlah lapisan bahan penguat divariasikan. Diperoleh waktu infusi resin untuk luas bahan penguat 15x20cm dari dua hingga enam lapis (dalam detik): 88, 115, 145, 174, dan 196; 15x25cm dari dua hingga enam lapis (dalam detik): 119, 142, 168, 198, dan 235; 15x35cm dari dua hingga enam lapis (dalam detik): 181, 203, 235, 263, dan 303. Selain itu diperoleh jumlah lapisan bahan penguat maksimum untuk luas bahan penguat 15x20cm, 15x25cm, dan 15x35cm yang dapat diakomodir masing-masing sebanyak 31 lapis, 29 lapis, dan 25 lapis.

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Composite material is a combination of two or more materials into one material that has the new desired properties. However, the manufacturing process influences the properties of the composite material made. Vacuum infusion is a modern composite material manufacturing process, which can replace conventional manufacturing process. In this study, the design of vacuum infusion equipment for composite materials manufacturing process are manufactured, and consists of: 1x1m glass as the mold, 1L PVC tube for the resin container, 1L glass tube for the resin trap, and ½ HP vacuum pump with 7 CFM vacuum speed. In order to tests this equipment, a study of the influence of reinforcement layers on the resin infusion time is done. The area and reinforcement layers are variated. The resin infusion time for 15x20cm reinforcement from two until six layers (in seconds): 88, 115, 145, 174, and 196; 15x25cm from two until six layers (in seconds): 119, 142, 168, 198, and 235; 15x35cm from two until six layers (in seconds): 181, 203, 235, 263, and 303. Also, the result for the number of maximum reinforcement layers for each 15x20cm, 15x25cm, and 15x35cm area are respectively 31 layers, 29 layers, and 25 layers."

"Material komposit adalah kombinasi dua atau lebih komponen berbeda yang membentuk material dengan sifat baru. Penyusun material komposit terdiri dari bahan penguat dan matriks. Vacuum infusion ialah proses pembuatan komposit dimana resin dihisap pompa vakum untuk membasahi serat pada cetakan. Terdapat permasalahan terkait geltime resin pada vacuum infusion yang membuat munculnya white spot pada material komposit. Hal ini menyebabkan waktu infusi resin harus diperhatikan. Pada penelitian ini, jumlah dan lapisan serat divariasikan. Didapatkan data waktu infusi resin pada luas serat woven roving 15x20 cm dari dua hingga enam lapis dalam detik : 55, 59, 66, 71, 78; 15x25 cm dari dua hingga enam lapis dalam detik : 119, 142, 168, 198, 235; 15x35 cm dari dua hingga enam lapis dalam detik : 181, 203, 235, 263, 303. Pada pengolahan data, didapatkan hasil panjang dimensi serat maksimum yang dapat dialiri resin, dengan hasil pada jumlah 2 lapisan: Luas 0,4825 m2, Panjang 3,21 m; 3 lapisan: Luas 0,4524 m2, Panjang 3,01 m; 4 lapisan: Luas 0,4506 m2, Panjang 3,00 m; 5 lapisan: Luas 0,4402 m2, Panjang 2,93 m; 6 lapisan: Luas 0,4391 m2, Panjang: 2,92 m. Selain itu, didapatkan jumlah lapisan serat maksimum yang dapat dialiri resin untuk luas 15x20 cm, 15x25 cm, dan 15x35 cm masing-masing 147, 145, dan 123 lapis. Untuk mencegah permasalahan geltime resin, serat woven roving yang dibuat menjadi komposit tidak boleh melewati luas, panjang, dan jumlah lapisan serat maksimum hasil penelitian ini. Pada penelitian ini diketahui resin lebih cepat mengalir pada serat woven roving dibanding serat chopped strand mat.

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Composite material is two or more different components combination to form material with new properties. Composite material consists of reinforcement and matrix. Vacuum infusion is process to make composite in which resin sucked by vacuum pump to moisten fiber in mold. There is a problem in vacuum infusion related to geltime resin, makes white spots appear on composite. This make resin infusion time should be considered. In this research, area and reinforcement layers are variated. This research obtain resin infusion time data for woven roving 15x20 cm in two until six layers in seconds 55, 59, 66, 71, 78 15x25 cm in two until six layers in seconds 119, 142, 168, 198, 235 15x35 cm in two until six layers in seconds 181, 203, 235, 263, 303. Data processing obtained maximum fiber area and length that can flown by resin, with result at 2 layers, Area 0,4825 m2, Length 3,21 m 3 layers Area 0,4524 m2, Length 3,01 m 4 layers Area 0,4506 m2, Length 3,00 m 5 layers Area 0,4402 m2, Length 2,93 m 6 layers Area 0,4391 m2, Length 2,92 m. Maximum fiber total layers that can flown by resin obtain for 15x20 cm, 15x25 cm, and 15x35 cm such as 147, 143, and 125 layer. To overcome resin geltime problem, woven roving fiber that will made must not surpass area, length and total layers maximum in this research. In this research we known that resin is more quickly flow in woven roving fiber than chopped strand mat."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ketebalan resin terhadap depth of cure resin komposit serat sebagai substruktur. Lima belas spesimen dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok ketebalan berbeda: 3, 4, dan 5 mm n=5 . Masing-masing spesimen disinari dengan iradiansi 800 mW/cm selama 20 detik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan depth of cure kelompok 1 adalah 81 , kelompok 2 adalah 78 dan kelompok 3 adalah 34. Nilai tersebut berbeda bermakna secara statistik melalui uji One-way ANOVA dan Post-hoc. Games-Howell. Disimpulkan bahwa ketebalan mempengaruhi depth of cure resin komposit serat sebagai substruktur.

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The aim of this study is to know the effect of resin thickness on the depth of cure of fiber reinforced resin composite as substructure. Fifteen specimens are divided into 3 different thickness groups 3, 4, and 5 mm n 5 . Each specimen was cured with irradiation of 800 mW cm for 20 seconds. The result showed the depth of cure of group 1 was 81 , group 2 78 and group 3 34. The result was significantly different using One way ANOVA and Games Howell Post hoc test. It was concluded that resin thickness has effect on the depth of cure of fiber reinforced resin composit as substructure."

"Salah satu upaya kontrol infeksi terhadap LED-curing unit (LCU) adalah menggunakan plastik transparan (cling wrap). Untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan LCU yang dilapisi cling wrap dalam variasi jarak penyinaran terhadap kekuatan tarik diametral resin komposit, dibuatlah 60 spesimen yang disinari dengan LCU berlapis dan tanpa pelapis dalam 6 variasi jarak penyinaran (0,5-5 mm). Spesimen diuji dengan uji tekanan diametral menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Dengan hasil uji statistik yang memperlihatkan perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara kelompok yang disinari dengan LCU berlapis dan tanpa pelapis, disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan LCU yang dilapisi cling wrap memberikan pengaruh pada kekuatan tarik diametral resin komposit.

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One of infection control method for LED-curing unit (LCU) is by using transparent plastic barrier (cling wrap). To evaluate the influence of using plasticwrapped LCU in curing distance variances to diametral tensile strength of composite resin, 60 disc-shaped specimens are formed and cured by using plasticwrapped and unwrapped LCU in 6 groups of curing distance (0.5-5 mm). The diametral compression test is done by using Universal Testing Machine. The result of statistical analysis showed the significant difference between the groups cured by plastic-wrapped and unwrapped LCU. Then, the use of plastic-wrapped LCU influences the diametral tensile strength of composite resin."

"Latar belakang: LCU-LED prototipe metode PWM iradiansi 900 dan 1.000 mW/cm2 telah dibuat untuk mengurangi panas dengan lama penyinaran 10 detik.Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh iradiansi terhadap kekuatan tarik diametral komposit resin nanofil.Metodologi: Spesimen disinar dengan LCU-LED prototipe iradiansi 900 dan 1.000 mW/cm2 serta LCU pembanding (900 mW/cm2). Komposit resin nanofil ditumpat ke dalam cetakan stainless steel. Uji kekuatan tarik diametral dilakukan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Analisis statistik menggunakan One-way ANOVA dan LSD(α=0.05).Hasil penelitian: Kekuatan tarik diametral dari iradiansi 900,1.000 mW/cm2 dan LCU pembanding secara berurutan adalah 48,75±5,3, 49,85±7,7 dan 49,48±5,3 MPa. Analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada semua kelompok (p>0.05).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh iradiansi sinar 900 dan 1000 mW/cm2 terhadap kekuatan Tarik diametral komposit resin nanofil.

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Background: Prototype LCU-LED using PWM with irradiance 900 and 1,000mW/cm2 has constructed that can reduce temperature for polymerizing in ten seconds.

Objective: To analyze the effect of difference irradiance on diametral tensile strength of the composite resin nanofilled.

Method: Speciments were polymerized using the prototype with irradiance of 900, 1.000 mW/cm2 and commercially avaiable(900 mW/cm2) as comparison. Diametral tensile strength was determined using Universal Testing Machine. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by LSD(α=0,05).

Result: Value of diametral tensile strength irradiance 900,1.000 mW/cm2 and commercial avaiable were 48.75 ± 49.85 ± 5.3 MPa and 7.7 MPa respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in groups(p>0.05).

Conclusion: There is no effect of light irradiance on the diametral tensile strength of composite resin nanofilled."

"Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the fracture toughness of a microhybrid and a flowable microhyrid resin composites. Methods. Test specimens (30x15x2)mm made of amicrohybrid and a flowable microhybrid were prepared in a double torsion mould and were then polymerized for 20 seconds using a light-curing device. Taken out from the mould, the specimens were than soaked in disfilled water (37°C) for 1 hour and then fractured in a double-torsion technique. t-Test was used to test significance difference between the microhybrid and flowable microhybrid resin composites. Result. The use of double-torsion technique resulted in crack initition and crack arrest which revealed Klc of 1.14 MN/m3/2 and 1.045 MN/m3/2 for the microhybrid and the flowable microhybrid resin composites, respectively. Both resin composites were insignificantly different in the fracture toughness values showed by t–Test. Conclusions. The present study suggested that there was no significant difference between the microhybrid and the flowable microhybrid resin composites tested. It appreared that filler fraction might not affect the fracture toughness of the resin composties tested."

"Resin komposit termasuk dalam material restoratif direk yang proses pengerasannya melalui proses polimerisasi dibantu dengan bantuan cahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak dan durasi penyinaran terhadap kekerasan permukaan resin komposit nanofilled. 60 spesimen resin komposit yang ditumpat dalam mold dibagi ke dalam 6 kelompok berdasarkan jarak dan durasi penyinaran yang berbeda yaitu 2 mm, 5 mm, dan 8 mm; serta 20 detik dan 40 detik. Rerata nilai tertinggi dimiliki oleh kelompok dengan jarak terkecil dan durasi penyinaran terlama sedangkan nilai rerata terendah terdapat pada kelompok dengan jarak terbesar dan durasi penyinaran tersingkat. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar tiap kelompok perlakuan dengan jarak yang berbeda, namun pada 2 kelompok yang memiliki jarak tip LED Light Curing Unit sebesar 8 mm, tidak ada perbedaan bermakna. Dapat disimpulkan, jarak tip LED Light Curing Unit dan durasi penyinaran berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan permukaan resin komposit nanofilled. Pengaruh durasi penyinaran hanya signifikan apabila jarak tip LED Light Curing Unit terhadap permukaan resin komposit kurang atau sama dengan 5 mm.

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Composite resin is a material of choice for direct restorations. Hardening process of composite resin is triggered by light to begin the polymerization process. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of LED light curing unit's tip distance and curing time to surface hardness of nanofilled composite resin. 60 specimens were prepared into a mold and they were divided into 6 groups based on the different curing distance and time which is 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm along with 20 seconds and 40 seconds. The highest surface hardness was seen in group with 2 mm tip's distance and 40 seconds curing time, while the lowest was seen in group with 8 mm tip's distance and 20 seconds curing time. Significant differences were seen between different tip's distances but in 2 groups which has 8 mm tip's distances and different curing time, there is no significant differences. In coclusion, LED light curing unit's tip distance and curing time is affecting surface hardness of nanofilled composite resin. Curing time only affect the surface hardness if the tip's distance is less than 8 mm."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman dalam saliva buatan terhadap perubahan pH-nya dan kekasaran permukaan resin komposit Giomer Bulk-Fill. Jumlah spesimen 63 buah dibagi dalam sembilan kelompok perlakuan yaitu perendaman dalam saliva buatan pH 7; 5,5; dan 4,5 selama masing-masing 1 jam, 24 jam, dan 72 jam pada suhu 370C. Perubahan pH saliva buatan diukur menggunakan pH meter dan pengujian kekasaran permukaan spesimen menggunakan surface roughness tester. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada setiap kelompok perlakuan.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of immersion time on artificial saliva pH changes and surface roughness of Giomer Bulk Fill composite resin. Sixty three specimens were divided into nine groups with immersion in artificial saliva pH 7, 5.5, and 4.5 for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 72 hours at 370C respectively. The changes in artificial saliva pH were measured using a pH meter and the surface roughness measured using surface roughness tester. The results showed that there were significant differences between each groups."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh post-cure terhadap depth of cure DOC resin komposit serat dan membandingkan metode pengukuran DOC. Sembilan spesimen EverX Posterior warna A3 yang disinar dengan irradiansi 800-1000 mW/cm2 20 detik dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: diukur setelah penyinaran dan setelah 24 jam post-cure dengan profil kekerasan Vickers; serta metode ISO 4049. DOC yang diukur setelah penyinaran dan setelah 24 jam post-cure 3,02 0,02 mm dan 3,93 0,03 mm; serta metode pengukuran ISO 4049 4,88 0,13 mm. Disimpulkan terdapat peningkatan bermakna DOC yang diukur setelah 24 jam post-cure, dan metode ISO 4049 menghasilkan DOC bermakna lebih tinggi dari profil kekerasan Vickers.

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This study aims to identify the effect of post cure towards depth of cure DOC fiber reinforced composite and compare DOC measuring methods. Nine speciments of EverX Posterior shade A3 cured with light irradiation 800 1000 mW cm2 20s divided into 3 groups measured after curing and after 24 hours post cure with Vickers microhardness profile and ISO 4049 method. DOC that measured after curing and after 24 hours post cure are 3,02 0,02 mm and 3,93 0,03 mm and with ISO 4049 method 4,88 0,13 mm. It was concluded thatDOC measured after 24 hours post cure is significantly higher than immediately after curing, and ISO 4049 method produce significantly higher DOC than Vickers microhardness profile."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman larutan nanas terhadap kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill. Enam puluh spesimen resin komposit Tetric®N-Ceram Bulk-Fill shadeIVB berdiameter 6 mm dan tebal 3 mm dibagi menjadi dua kelompok perlakuan, yaitu perendaman dengan aquades sebagai kontrol dan larutan nanas pH: 3,8±0,1(n= 30). Sebelumnya seluruh kelompok direndam terlebih dahulu dalam aquades selama 24 jam dalam inkubator bersuhu 37oC sebagai baseline. Kemudian masing-masing kelompok tadi akan direndam kembali dalam larutan selama 1 hari, 3 hari dan 7 hari (n= 10). Kekerasan permukaan diukur menggunakan HMV-G SeriesVickers Micro Hardness Tester Shimadzu®dengan indenter Knoop. Setiap spesimen akan diindentasi dengan beban sebesar 50 gf, sebanyak 5 kali indentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05)antara perendaman 1 hari, 3 hari dan 7 hari pada kelompok perendaman larutan nanas dengan uji One-way ANOVA. Disimpulkan bahwa larutan nanas dapat menurunkan kekerasan permukaan resin komposit bulk-fill.

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This study aims to determine effect of pineapple solution immersion on surface hardness of bulk-fill composite resin. Sixty specimens of Tetric®N-Ceram Bulk-Fill composite resin shade IVB, 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick were divided into two groups, with immersion in aquades as a control and pineapple solutionpH: 3,8±0,1 (n= 30). Before immersion, all specimens were immersed in aquades for 24 hours and were saved in incubator at 37oC as a baseline.Each group of immersions would be divided into three groups, with immersion for 1 day, 3 days and 7 days (n= 10). The surface hardness was measured using HMV-G Series Vickers Micro Hardness Tester Shimadzu®with Knoop Indenter. Each specimen was indented with load of 50 gf for 5 times. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences (p <0.05) between pineapple solution immersion for 1 day, 3 days and 7 days with One-way ANOVA test. It can be concluded that pineapple solution can reduce surface hardness of bulk-fill composite resin."