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"Children are a nation's greatest inheritance shaping the country's future. In Indonesia, it is estimated that almost 40% of the population or around 85 million are children who are in their developing years. One of a parents' roles is to observe that their children's dental structure is growing suitably for their age. Most parents have a concern that their children have (or will have) a malocclusion or malposition caused by combined features of disharmony in their teeth. Such a disharmony will affect the overall facial structure development process, e.g. in the jaw, facial bones and soft tissues such as lips, cheeks and even the tongue. Should such condition occur on a child, it may have a negative psychological affect on a growing child, such as causing low self-esteem. A child's dental development needs parents' special attention as it concerns their overall dental health. On the other hand, many parents do not have proper knowledge of the normal dental growth/development. In case of abnormal development the parents should at least know whether or not their child needs orthodontic care. With the Orthodontic Treatment Needs Indicator (OCNI) the parents can easily determine at an early stage whether or not the child needs to have an orthodontic treatment. The OCNI involves a set of question to parents and child regarding the child's dental development, and has a simple a self-assessment-based scoring with the help of a dentist as consultant. An OCNI score intends to achieve a better orthodontic treatment process for the potential patient, to improve the quality of the child's dental health and to achieve healthy and productive teeth."

"Latar belakang: Perawatan ortodonti interseptif dapat mengurangi prevalensi maloklusi di Indonesia yang tinggi yaitu sebesar 80, namun hingga saat ini faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kebutuhan subjektif akan perawatan ortodonti interseptif belum diketahui. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan kebutuhan normatif perawatan ortodonti interseptif, sikap terhadap estetika gigi, pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut, jenis kelamin, dan tingkat sosioekonomi dengan kebutuhan subjektif perawatan ortodonti interseptif. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional, subjek penelitian adalah 101 murid SDI Al-Azhar 17 Bintaro berusia 8-11 tahun, yang dilakukan pemeriksaan klinis menggunakan kaca mulut dan probe, sedangkan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan normatif perawatan ortodonti interseptif digunakan alat ukur IKPO-I, dan untuk mengetahui variabel lainnya dengan kuesioner. Hubungan antarvariabel dianalisis dengan uji koefisien kontingensi dan uji korelasi Eta. Hasil: Menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin dengan kebutuhan subjektif perawatan ortodonti interseptif p-value=0,625, kebutuhan normatif perawatan ortodonti interseptif r=0,178, sikap terhadap estetika gigi r=0,059, pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut r=0,028, dan tingkat sosioekonomi r=0,068 dengan kebutuhan subjektif perawatan ortodonti interseptif. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebutuhan normatif perawatan ortodonti interseptif, sikap terhadap estetika gigi, pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut, jenis kelamin, dan tingkat sosioekonomi dengan kebutuhan subjektif perawatan ortodonti interseptif.

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Background: Interceptive orthodontic treatment can reduce the high prevalence of malocclusion in Indonesia which is 80, however, factors influencing the perceived need for interceptive orthodontic treatment is unknown.

Objectives: To analyze the relationship between normative orthodontic treatment need, dental aesthetic self perception, oral health knowledge, gender, socioeconomic status, and perceived need for interceptive orthodontic treatment.

Methods: The design of this study is cross sectional, subjects are 101 students at Al Azhar 17 Bintaro Elementary School aged 8 11 years. Data were obtained through clinical examination using dental mirror and probe. IKPO I is used to know the normative interceptive orthodontic treatment need and questionnaire is used to know other variables. The relationship between variables are analyzed with contingency coefficient analysis and Eta correlation analysis.

Results: Showed no significant relationship between gender p value 0,625, normative orthodontic treatment need r 0,178, dental aesthetic self perception r 0,059, oral health knowledge r 0,028, socioeconomic status r 0,068, and perceived need for interceptive orthodontic treatment.

Conclusion: There are no significant relationship between normative orthodontic treatment need, dental aesthetic self perception, oral health knowledge, gender, and socioeconomic status and perceived need for interceptive orthodontic treatment need."

"ABSTRAKKeberhasilan perawatan ortodonti, ditentukan oleh penegakan diagnosis yang tepat. Penegakan diagnosis ortodonti berisikan data-data lengkap, yang terkumpul dalam satu bentuk rekam medis terdiri dari anamnesis, analisis wajah, analisis fungsional, analisis kebutuhan ruangan dan analisis radiografi. Pengetahuan untuk menegakkan diagnosis, dan menentukan rencana perawatan ortodonti cekat didapat melalui suatu program pendidikan spesialis yang mempunyai standar kompetensi yang ditetapkan oleh kolegium dan disahkan oleh KKI. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana penggunaan prosedur diagnostik ortodonti sebelum perawatan ortodonti dimulai serta melihat gambaran kasus maloklusi yang dilakukan oleh ortodontis dan non ortodontis. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 61 murid-murid SMP dan SMA Yaspen Tugu Ibu I Depok yang memakai alat ortodonti cekat. Penelitian dimulai dengan pengisian kuesioner yang telah disediakan dan dipandu oleh peneliti sendiri. Penelitian ini dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan ekstra oral berupa digit examination dan pengambilan foto profil untuk pemeriksaan profil wajah dan sudut tangent line. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan prosedur diagnostik ortodonti lebih banyak dilakukan oleh kelompok ortodontis dibandingkan oleh kelompok non ortodontis. Pada gambaran kasus maloklusi yang dilakukan oleh ortodontis dan non ortodontis, terlihat bahwa kelompok non ortodontis melakukan perawatan ortodonti dengan alat cekat pada variasi maloklusi yang sama dengan kelompok ortodontis.

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ABSTRACTThe success of orthodontic treatment is determined by correct diagnose. Determination of orthodontic diagnose shall consists of complete data, which was collected in a form of medical record consisting of anamnesis, facial analysis, functional analysis, space requirement analysis and radiographic analysis. Knowledge in determining diagnoses and deciding correct fixed orthodontic treatment plan shall be obtained from specialist educational program which has competency standard issued by collegium and endorsed by KKI. The intention of this research was to see how the implementation of orthodontic diagnostic procedure prior to orthodontic treatment started and to see malocclusion case overview done by orthodontist and non orthodontist. Research was conducted toward 61 SMP and SMA Yaspen Tugu Ibu I Depok students using fixed orthodontic appliance. Research was started by filling in questionnaire prepared and guided by the researcher herself. Research was continued by extra oral examination in the form of digit examination and capturing profile pictures to analyze facial profile and tangent line angle. The result shows that implementation of orthodontic diagnostic procedure is more often done by orthodontist group rather than non orthodontist group. In malocclusion case overview done by orthodontists and non orthodontist, it is shown that non orthodontist group does orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance on the same malocclusion variation with orthodontist group."

"Latar belakang: Maloklusi merupakan bentuk penyimpangan oklusi ideal dan menjadi masalah gigi dan mulut dengan prevalensi tertinggi ketiga di dunia. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2018, proporsi penduduk Indonesia yang melakukan perawatan ortodonti untuk mengatasi maloklusi masih sangat rendah yaitu hanya 0,3%. Rendahnya proporsi tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan berbagai faktor seperti pengetahuan, motivasi, dan hambatan. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan, motivasi, dan hambatan terhadap perawatan ortodonti pada mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia Metode: Studi analitik observasional potong lintang pada 318 mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia Angkatan 2017. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu tiga buah kuesioner tentang pengetahuan, motivasi dan hambatan melalui adaptasi lintas budaya. Hasil: Lebih dari 50% responden memiliki pengetahuan, hambatan, dan kemampuan terhadap perawatan ortodonti dengan kategori sedang. Terdapat 36,2% responden yang memiliki motivasi terhadap perawatan ortodonti tinggi. Uji korelasi Spearman menunjukan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (p≤0,05) antara pengetahuan dan motivasi terhadap perawatan ortodonti; antara pengetahuan dan hambatan terhadap perawatan ortodonti; serta antara motivasi dan hambatan terhadap perawatan ortodonti. Motivasi merupakan faktor yang memiliki nilai korelasi terbesar (r=0,798, p≤0,05)terhadap perawatan ortodonti. Kesimpulan: Mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia angkatan 2017 memiliki tingkat motivasi tinggi untuk melakukan perawatan ortodonti, tetapi memiliki tingkat pengetahuan, hambatan, dan kemampuan terhadap perawatan ortodonti sedang. Terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan, motivasi, dan hambatan terhadap perawatan ortodonti. Motivasi memiliki nilai korelasi paling besar terhadap perawatan ortodonti.

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Background: Malocclusion is a deviation from ideal occlusion and becomes a dental and oral health problem globally with the third-highest prevalence. According to Riskesdas 2018, the proportion of the Indonesian population who had undergone orthodontic treatment to treat malocclusion is still very low, only 0,3%. The low proportion is probably due to various factors such as knowledge, motivation, and barriers. Objective: To assess the relationship between knowledge, motivation, and barriers to orthodontic treatment among University of Indonesia students. Methods: An analytical cross- sectional study was conducted among 318 University of Indonesia students class of 2017. The instrument used was three questionnaires about knowledge, motivation, and barriers through cross-cultural adaptation. Results: More than 50% of the respondents have a moderate level of knowledge, barriers, and orthodontic treatment ability. There are 36.2% of respondents who have high motivation towards orthodontic treatment. The Spearman correlation test shows a significant relationship (p≤0,05) between knowledge and motivation to orthodontic treatment; between knowledge and barriers to orthodontic treatment; and between motivation and barriers to orthodontic treatment. Motivation shows the highest correlation to orthodontic treatment (r=0,798, p≤0,05). Conclusion: University of Indonesia students class of 2017 have a high level of motivation to perform orthodontic treatment but have a moderate level of knowledge, barriers, and ability to orthodontic treatment. There is a relationship between knowledge, motivation, and barriers to orthodontic treatment. Motivation has the greatest correlation value to orthodontic treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan masalah utama kesehatan gigi dan mulut di Indonesia dengan prevalensi 88,8% dan masih menjadi masalah yang serius tidak hanya bagi perawatan kesehatan gigi, tetapi juga kesehatan secara umum. Karies gigi disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen utama dalam rongga mulut yaitu Streptococcus mutans yang memetabolisme karbohidrat menjadi asam. Selain itu, terdapat Streptococcus sanguinis yang tidak hanya merupakan bakteri komensal, tetapi juga bakteri perintis koloni yang turut berkontribusi dalam pembentukan biofilm sehingga memfasiltiasi perlekatan bakteri patogen ke permukaan gigi. Oleh karena itu, agen antibakteri terhadap karies gigi terus dikembangkan, termasuk tanaman obat. Sampai saat ini, 50% masyarakat Indonesia masih memanfaatkan tanaman obat dan 96% di antaranya merasakan manfaatnya. Salah satu tanaman obat yang terus diteliti khasiatnya adalah akar manis. Akar manis atau Glycyrrhiza glabra L. merupakan tanaman obat asli Indonesia yang dibudidayakan dalam skala besar dengan sistem budidaya yang telah dikenal oleh petani. Akar manis memiliki banyak manfaat di bidang medis, khususnya sebagai agen antibakteri. Akar manis mengandung senyawa kimia yaitu glycyrrhizin, flavonoid, tanin, saponin, dan glabridine yang diketahui memiliki efek antibakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis efektivitas ekstrak etanol akar manis dalam menghambat pertumbuhan serta membunuh koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis, serta membandingkan efektivitas antibakterinya dengan kontrol positif (chlorhexidine).Metode: Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol akar manis terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis dievaluasi dengan uji kadar hambat minimum (KHM) dan uji kadar bunuh minimum (KBM) dengan konsentrasi 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, dan 3,125% (v/v). Selanjutnya, uji statistik komparasi dengan One-way ANOVA dilakukan. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol akar manis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan membunuh koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans dengan nilai KHM dan KBM yaitu 6,25% dan 50%. Sementara itu, ekstrak juga dapat mengambat pertumbuhan serta membunuh bakteri Streptococcus sanguinis dengan nilai KHM dan KBM yaitu 25% dan 50%. Hasil uji statistik One-way ANOVA tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna dalam kedua kelompok (p>0.05). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol akar manis mampu menghambat pertumbuhan dan membunuh bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis yang dapat berpotensi menjadi agen antibakteri terhadap karies gigi. Selain itu, tidak terdapat perbedaan efektivitas antara ekstrak etanol akar manis dengan kontrol positif (chlorhexidine).

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Background: Dental caries is a major problem of oral health in Indonesia faced by 88,8% Indonesian population which poses a serious problem for dental health care as well as general health. Streptococcus mutans is the major causative pathogen of dental caries which metabolize carbohydrates into acids. In the other hand, Streptococcus sanguinis which are not only commensal bacteria, but also early colonizers contribute to the formation of biofilms thereby facilitating the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the tooth surface. Therefore, antibacterial agents against dental caries continue to be developed, including medicinal plants. To date, 50% of Indonesian people have been used medicinal plants and 96% of them feel the benefits. One of the medicinal plants which efficacy continues to be studied is licorice. Licorice or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a native Indonesian medicinal plant that has been cultivated on a large scale with cultivation system which has been known by farmers. Licorice has many benefits in the medical field, especially as an antibacterial agent. Licorice contains various chemical compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glabridine which are known to perform antibacterial effects.

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of ethanol extract of licorice in inhibiting growth and killing Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis colonies and comparing the effectiveness of its antibacterial properties with the positive control (chlorhexidine).

Methods: The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of licorice against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with the concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6, 25%, and 3.125% (v/v). Furthermore, One-way ANOVA comparative statistical test was performed.

Results: The ethanol extract of licorice inhibit growth and kill Streptococcus mutans colonies with MIC and MBC values of 6.25% and 50%, respectively. The extract can also inhibit growth and kill Streptococcus sanguinis with MIC and MBC values of 25% and 50%. The One-way ANOVA statistical test results did not show any significant difference within the two groups (p> 0.05).

Conclusions: The ethanol extract of licorice can inhibit growth and kill Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis colonies which may potentially be antibacterial agents against dental caries. In addition, there was no difference in effectiveness between ethanol extract of licorice root and positive control (chlorhexidine)."

"Data epidemiologi surveilan harus memiliki nilai validitas dan reliabilitas tinggi. Indek CAST berpotensi sebagai alat penilaian epidemiologi karies gigi. Perawat gigi termasuk tenaga pelaksana upaya kesehatan gigi dalam program skrining. Tujuan: mendapatkan tingkat kesesuaian antara perawat gigi dan dokter gigi dalam menilai kebutuhan perawatan karies gigi anak umur 6-12 tahun menggunakan indek CAST. Uji diagnostik pendekatan crossectional pada 95 anak 6-12 tahun, pemeriksaan klinik, analisis pearson korelasion, ICC dan ROC. Tingkat kesesuaian antar pengamat baik (ICC 0,59-0,97). Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas cukup baik (sensitivitas 70-100%), dan spesifisitas (51-100%). Perawat gigi dapat menjadi salah satu tenaga epidemiologi suveilans dalam penilaian kebutuhan perawatan karies menggunakan indek CAST.

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Epidemiological surveillance data should have high values in validity and reliability. Index CAST were a potential epidemiology tools for dental caries assessment. Dental nurses are the executive personnel for screening programs in dental health care. To get the compatibility between dentists and dental nurses in assessing care needs of dental caries by using CAST index in children 6-12 years old.Diagnostic test with Cross Sectional approach, samples consists of 95 children between 6-12 years old, clinical examination, and all data analyzed by Pearson correlation, ICC and ROC tests respectively. There are good level of concordance between the observers (ICC 0.59 to 0.97) and the sensitivity and specificity values were good enough (sensitivity 70-100%) and specificity (51- 100%). Dental nurse can be one of the surveillance epidemiologists in the assessment of dental caries care needs by using CAST index."

"Latar Belakang: Pada tahun 2018 ditemukan angka prevalensi karies anak di Indonesia mencapai 90,2%. Sebelumnya saliva diketahui dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker karies dengan menguji kuantitatif bakteri, identitas konsentrasi protein, karakteristik psikokimia serta karakteristik biokimia. Tujuan: Menganalisis konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva anak ECC (early childhood caries) dan bebas karies serta kaitannya dengan skor dmf-t, OHI-S, viskositas saliva dan laju alir saliva. Metode: Mengukur konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada 33 sampel saliva anak tersimpan (22 sampel saliva anak ECC dan 11 sampel saliva anak bebas karies) dengan ELISA. Hasil: Analisis Mann Whitney antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva ECC dan anak bebas karies didapatkan nilai p=0 serta didapatkan nilai p=0 dan r= -0,641 saat dilakukan analisis Spearman. Analisis Kruskal Wallis pada konsentrasi malondialdehyde anak dengan skor dmf-t berbeda didapatkan nilai p=0,014 serta didapat nilai p=0,004 dan r=0,488 saat dilakukan analisis Spearman. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna serta korelasi antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde terhadap skor OHI-S, viskositas dan laju alir saliva berbeda. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva anak ECC berbeda dengan konsentrasi malondialdehyde anak bebas karies, semakin tinggi konsentrasi malondialdehyde maka semakin parah karies yang dialami anak. Anak dengan skor dmf- t yang berbeda memiliki konsentrasi malondialdehyde yang berbeda pula. Semakin tinggi skor dmf-t semakin tinggi pula konsentrasi malondialdehyde. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada anak bebas karies dan ECC terhadap skor OHI- S, viskositas saliva dan laju alir saliva.

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Background: In 2018, prevalence rate of children’s caries in Indonesia reached 90,2%. Previously, saliva was known as a caries biomarker by testing quantitative bacteria, protein concentration identity, psychochemical and biochemical characteristics. Objective: Analyze malondialdehyde concentration in children’s saliva with ECC (early childhood caries) and caries-free and its relation to dmf-t score, OHI-S, salivary viscosity and salivary flow rate. Methods: Measuring malondialdehyde concentration from 33 stored children’s saliva samples (22 samples ECC and 11 samples caries-free) using ELISA. Results: Mann Whitney analysis between malondialdehyde concentration from ECC children’s saliva and caries free children obtained p=0 and then p=0, r= -0,641 for Spearman analysis. Kruskal Wallis analysis of malondialdehyde concentrations in children with different dmf-t scores obtained p=0,014 and p=0,004, r=0,488 for Spearman analysis. There was no significant difference and there was no significant correlation between malondialdehyde concentration and OHI-S score, viscosity and different salivary flow rates. Conclusion: Malondialdehyde concentration in ECC children’s saliva was different from malondialdehyde concentration in caries free children, higher malondialdehyde concentration show worse caries experienced in children. Children with different dmf-t scores had different malondialdehyde concentrations. Higher dmf-t score show higher malondialdehyde concentration. There was no relation between malondialdehyde concentration in caries-free children and ECC to OHI-S score, salivary viscosity and salivary flow rate."

"Latar belakang: Karies merupakan salah satu penyakit kronis dalam rongga mulut dengan angka kejadian cukup tinggi pada anak-anak. Karies gigi yang terjadi pada bayi dan anak usia pra-sekolah dikenal dengan istilah Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Data penelitian dari beberapa negara Asia Tenggara menunjukkan prevalensi kejadian ECC pada anak usia 3-6 tahun sebanyak 25-95%. Selain itu, sebuah penelitian di Jakarta menunjukkan prevalensi ECC sebesar 52,7%. Etiologi ECC melibatkan interaksi antara organisme patogen, substrat karbohidrat terfermentasi, kerentanan host, dan waktu. Sebagai salah satu faktor host, saliva berperan dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan dinamis antara demineralisasi dan remineralisasi. Saliva mengandung proline-rich protein (PRP) yang memiliki sifat antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kadar proline-rich protein saliva sebagai indikator Early Childhood Caries. Metode Penelitian: Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang analitik secara laboratorik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 14 anak dengan ECC dan 14 anak bebas karies. Saliva diperoleh dari seluruh subjek dan kadar PRP diukur menggunakan metode ELISA sandwich. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji Mann Whitney U menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05) antara kadar PRP saliva anak ECC dan anak bebas karies. Kesimpulan: Kadar proline-rich protein saliva dapat digunakan sebagai indikator Early Childhood Caries.

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Backgrounds: Caries is one of the chronic diseases in the oral cavity with a fairly high incidence in children. Caries experienced by infants and pre-school children is known as Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Research data from several countries in Southeast Asia showed that the prevalence of ECC in children aged 3-6 years old ranges from 25 to 95%. In addition, a study in Jakarta showed prevalence of Early Childhood Caries about 52.7%. Etiology of ECC involves interactions between pathogenic organisms, fermented carbohydrate substrates, host vulnerabilities, and time. As one of host factor, saliva plays a role in maintaining a dynamic balance between demineralization and remineralization. Saliva contains proline-rich protein (PRP) that has antibacterial properties. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concentration of proline-rich protein saliva as an indicator of Early Childhood Caries. Methods: The design of this study is cross-sectional analytical laboratory. This study was conducted on 14 children with ECC and 14 caries-free children. Saliva were taken from all subjects and the PRP levels were measured using ELISA sandwich method. Results: Data analysis using the Mann Whitney U test showed that there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the levels of salivary proline-rich protein in children with ECC and caries-free children. Conclusion: The levels of salivary proline-rich protein can be used as an indicator of Early Childhood Caries."